Euphoria is a state characterized by intense feelings of pleasure, excitement, well-being, and happiness. It can be induced by natural rewards like exercise, laughter, music, and dancing, as well as social activities. Euphoria can also manifest as a symptom of neurological or neuropsychiatric conditions such as mania, and is associated with romantic love and sexual activity. Notably, many addictive drugs induce euphoria, contributing to their recreational use.
In 1903, euphoria was referred to as "pleasant excitement" and "the sense of ease and well-being" in an article in The Boston Daily Globe.
In 1920, Popular Science magazine described euphoria as "a high sounding name" meaning "feeling fit": normally making life worth living, motivating drug use, and ill formed in certain mental illnesses.
In 1921, Robert S. Woodworth's textbook Psychology: A study of mental life, describes euphoria as an organic state which is the opposite of fatigue, and "means about the same as feeling good."
In 1940, The Journal of Psychology defined euphoria as a "state of general well being ... and pleasantly toned feeling."
In 1957, British pharmacologist D. A. Cahal did not regard opioid euphoria as medically undesirable but an effect which "enhance[s] the value of a major analgesic."
The 1977 edition of A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry called euphoria "a mood of contentment and well-being," with pathologic associations when used in a psychiatric context. As a sign of cerebral disease, it was described as bland and out of context, representing an inability to experience negative emotion.
A clinical study from January 2019 assessed the effect of a dopamine precursor (levodopa), dopamine antagonist (risperidone), and a placebo on reward responses to music. The research suggests that increased dopamine neurotransmission acts as a sine qua non condition for pleasurable hedonic reactions to music in humans.
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