A scholar is defined as an individual possessing deep expertise within an academic field, often engaged in research. This encompasses academics working in universities as professors, teachers, or researchers, typically holding advanced degrees. The term extends beyond academia to include independent scholars and public intellectuals who contribute to scholarly discourse through publications and public engagement, even without formal university affiliation. The essence of a scholar lies in their pursuit and dissemination of knowledge within a specific discipline.
1910: Intellectuals in Joseon Korea
In 1910, the intellectuals in Joseon Korea were the literati, who were part of the 'chungin' or 'middle people' according to the Confucian system. They formed the petite bourgeoisie, including scholar-bureaucrats who administered the Joseon dynasty's rule.
1912: End of Scholar-officials in Imperial China
In 1912, Imperial China's system of Scholar-officials, who were civil servants appointed by the Emperor to govern, ended after being in place since 206 BC. These officials were skilled in calligraphy, Confucian philosophy, and earned academic degrees via Imperial examination.
2010: Independent Scholars in the US
In 2010, twelve percent of US history scholars were independent, typically holding a Master's degree or PhD, and differentiated from popular history hosts by their analytical rigor and academic writing style.
2011: Examination of Scholar Attributes
In 2011, an examination outlined attributes commonly accorded to scholars, describing them with slight variations in definition.
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