As of 1998, criticisms of the lack of diversity in franchises like Barbie, led to dialogue on creating non-exclusive models of Western ideals in body type for young girls. Mattel responded to these criticisms.
As of 2003, attempts to find a general definition of beauty have failed, leading some authors to claim that such laws cannot be formulated.
As of 2004, physiologists had shown that women with hourglass figures were more fertile than other women because of higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates.
In 2004, Umberto Eco wrote "On Beauty: A History of a Western Idea".
According to Patton's 2006 study, the stereotype of African-American women's inferiority maintains a system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of women of all races, and also black men.
In 2007, Umberto Eco wrote "On Ugliness".
In 2008, commentators suggested that the preference for a waist-hip ratio of approximately 0.70 may not be universal, especially in non-Western cultures where women have to do work such as finding food.
A 2017 experimental study concluded that Asian cultural idealization of "fragile" girls was impacting Asian American women's lifestyle, eating, and appearance choices.
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