Justice, in its simplest form, is the principle of fair treatment for all individuals. A core definition, derived from sixth-century Roman law, describes justice as the unwavering commitment to ensuring everyone receives what they deserve. This concept of giving each person their due is central to understanding justice in its broadest sense.
1976: Doing Justice
In 1976, Andrew von Hirsch published "Doing Justice," proposing that while proportional punishment is a moral obligation, utilitarian principles can play a secondary role in administering justice.
2003: Inequity Aversion in Animals
A 2003 Emory University study on capuchin monkeys indicated that a sense of fairness and aversion to inequity might not be unique to humans.
2008: Fairness and the Brain
A 2008 UCLA study suggests that reactions to fairness are biologically ingrained, activating the same brain area associated with reward.