History of Justice in Timeline

Justice, in its broadest sense, is the concept of treating individuals fairly. A core definition, found in the Institutes of Justinian, defines justice as the constant and perpetual will to render to each their due. This encapsulates the fundamental principle of ensuring that individuals receive what they are owed or deserved, forming a basis for various interpretations and applications of justice.

1976: Publication of "Doing Justice"

In 1976, Andrew von Hirsch suggested in his book "Doing Justice" that there is a moral obligation to punish greater crimes more severely than lesser ones, with utilitarian ideals playing a secondary role within that constraint.

Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishments (Report of the Committee for the Study of Incarceration)

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2003: Emory University Research on Inequity Aversion

In 2003, research conducted at Emory University involving capuchin monkeys demonstrated that other cooperative animals also possess a sense of fairness and that "inequity aversion may not be uniquely human".

2008: UCLA Studies on Fairness

In 2008, studies at UCLA indicated that reactions to fairness are "wired" into the brain, activating the same area that responds to food in rats, suggesting fairness satisfies a basic need.

History of Justice in Timeline

1976: Publication of "Doing Justice"

2003: Emory University Research on Inequity Aversion

2008: UCLA Studies on Fairness

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