Immunization is the process of strengthening the immune system against infectious agents. Active immunization involves exposing the body to a harmless form of an antigen (immunogen), triggering an immune response and developing immunological memory. This primes the immune system, particularly T cells, B cells, and antibodies, for a rapid response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen. Memory B and T cells are crucial for this swift reaction. Passive immunization, in contrast, involves directly introducing antibodies or immune cells into the body, providing immediate but temporary protection without requiring the body to produce its own immune response.
1962: Vaccination Assistance Act
In 1962, the Vaccination Assistance Act was enacted in the United States, leading to a nationwide movement towards achieving a socially optimal outcome regarding immunization through government subsidies, addressing inconsistencies in local and state-level programs.
1979: Polio Eliminated in the U.S.
In 1979, thanks to health care professionals and scheduled vaccinations, polio was eliminated in the U.S.
1999: Higher mortality rates in African Americans
In 1999, African Americans had higher mortality rates from influenza and pneumonia than European Americans.
2018: Higher mortality rates in African Americans
In 2018, African Americans continued to have higher mortality rates from influenza and pneumonia than European Americans.
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