History of Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts in Timeline

The Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts, stemming from the 1947 Partition, are largely rooted in the Kashmir dispute and cross-border terrorism. Key conflicts include the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the latter triggered by the Bangladesh Liberation War. Other notable events include the Kargil War in 1999 and various military standoffs. These conflicts have shaped the geopolitical landscape of the region and continue to influence relations between India and Pakistan.

October 1947: Start of the First Kashmir War

In October 1947, the First Kashmir War began when Pakistan feared the Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India. Tribal forces, supported by the Pakistani army, attacked and occupied parts of the state, leading the Maharaja to sign the Instrument of Accession to India for military aid.

1947: Partition of British India

In 1947, the Partition of British India occurred, leading to the creation of India and Pakistan.

April 1948: UN Security Council Resolution 47

On April 22, 1948, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 regarding the Kashmir conflict.

January 1949: Cease-fire Declared

On January 1, 1949, a formal cease-fire was declared, solidifying the Line of Control, with India gaining control of about two-thirds of the state and Pakistan roughly a third.

1955: Avoided War

In 1955, war was expected between India and Pakistan due to warlike posturing, but a full-scale conflict did not occur.

1971: Pakistan's Nuclear Doctrine

During the 1971 war, the situation influenced Pakistan's nuclear doctrine, which includes a first strike policy if its armed forces cannot halt an invasion.

1971: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

In 1971, The Indo-Pakistani War occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

1971: Crisis in East Pakistan

In 1971, the crisis in East Pakistan, between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and West Pakistani leaders Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, escalated, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the intervention of India after a pre-emptive strike by Pakistan.

1972: Simla Agreement

In 1972, the Simla Agreement was signed, where India gifted back around 15,010 square kilometers of Pakistani territory captured during the 1971 war as a gesture of goodwill.

1984: Operation Meghdoot

In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot, securing the Siachen Glacier.

1985: Clashes in Siachen

In 1985, clashes erupted in the Siachen Glacier area as Pakistan attempted to dislodge India.

1987: Further Clashes in Siachen

In 1987, further clashes took place in the Siachen Glacier area as Pakistan continued its efforts to remove India.

1995: Pakistan Attempts to Oust India from Siachen

In 1995, Pakistan made additional unsuccessful attempts to dislodge India from the Siachen Glacier.

July 1999: End of Organized Hostilities in Kargil

By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased, marking a major military defeat for the Pakistani Army, which faced international pressure to withdraw and suffered heavy casualties.

August 2022: Study on Nuclear War Impact

In August 2022, a study published in 'Nature Food' indicated that a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could lead to over 2 billion deaths indirectly through starvation during a nuclear winter.