Marxism, originating from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is a socioeconomic analysis and political philosophy based on historical materialism. It analyzes class relations, social conflict, and social transformation through a dialectical and materialist lens. Over time, Marxism has evolved into diverse branches, inspiring numerous left-wing political movements globally. Its core tenets revolve around the analysis of societal structures through the lens of class struggle and historical development, significantly shaping the modern world's political landscape.
In 1905, the failure of the Russian Revolution led to renewed theoretical effort by Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg towards an appreciation of Marx's crisis theory and efforts to formulate a theory of imperialism.
In 1906, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz wrote criticisms of Marx's value theory, alleging internal inconsistencies.
In 1907, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz further criticized Marx's value theory, alleging internal inconsistencies.
In 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power from the Russian Provisional Government during the October Revolution, establishing the first socialist state based on soviet democracy and Leninism.
In 1919, the Soviet Government established the Communist Academy and the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute for doctrinal Marxist study and the publication of official ideological documents.
In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was founded, eventually leading to conflict with the Kuomintang over China's future.
In 1924, with Lenin's death, an internal struggle in the Soviet Communist movement began, primarily between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky, resulting in the Right and Left Opposition, due to their different interpretations of Marxist and Leninist theory.
In 1929, Marxist archaeology was theoretically developed in the Soviet Union with the publication of Vladislav I. Ravdonikas' report, which criticized archaeology as bourgeois and emphasized the adoption of Marxist archaeology throughout the country.
In 1932, Marxist humanism was born with the publication of Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, reaching prominence in the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1938, C.L.R. James, residing in Britain, penned his notable work, "The Black Jacobins," a significant contribution from an anti-Stalinist Marxist outside the CPGB, employing the 'history from below' approach.
In 1946, a circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was formed, contributing to Marxist historiography.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was declared, founded on the ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin.
In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution led some members of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), such as Christopher Hill and E.P. Thompson, to leave the party, though their works continued to reflect common points of British Marxist historiography.
In 1959, the Cuban Revolution led to the victory of Fidel Castro and his July 26 Movement, leading to the adoption of the Leninist model of socialist development.
In 1966, the Maoist government in the People's Republic of China initiated the Cultural Revolution, aiming to eliminate capitalist elements from Chinese society and establish socialism.
In 1976, upon Mao Zedong's death, his rivals seized power in China, leading to the revision or abandonment of many Cultural Revolution policies and the encouragement of privatized industry.
In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and sought to abandon Leninist development models toward social democracy.
In late 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into a series of constituent nations, all abandoning Marxist-Leninist models for socialism and converting to capitalist economies.
In January 2007, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez declared himself a Trotskyist during the swearing-in of his cabinet two days before his inauguration.
In 2007, a survey of American professors by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons indicated that 17.6% of social science professors and 5.0% of humanities professors identified as Marxists.
In 2008, a Maoist government led by Prachanda was elected into power in Nepal following a long guerrilla struggle.
In 2011, Gianni Vattimo and Santiago Zabala published their book "Hermeneutic Communism", discussing a new weak communism differing from previous Soviet realizations.
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