A constitution is a set of fundamental principles and precedents that establish the legal basis of a polity, organization, or entity. It outlines the governance framework and defines how the entity operates and makes decisions. Constitutions serve as the supreme law, guiding the actions of those in power and protecting the rights of individuals.
The Sachsenspiegel, a legal code compiled by Eike von Repgow between 1220 and 1230, remained influential in parts of Germany until 1900.
Emperor Haile Selassie I granted Ethiopia its first modern-style constitution in 1931, replacing the Fetha Negest, a centuries-old law code.
Romania's 1938 constitution, which established a royal dictatorship, holds the record for the fastest drafting, adoption, and ratification process, completed in under a month.
In 1942, the Commonwealth of Australia adopted the Statute of Westminster through the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, contributing to the uncodified nature of Australia's constitution.
Japan's 1946 Constitution was drafted by bureaucrats in just one week, making it the oldest unamended constitution globally.
The Swiss Federal Constitution, which first came into effect in September 1848, underwent official revisions in 1949, along with other years.
The Basic Laws of Israel, established in 1950, were intended to form the groundwork for a future constitution.
The Swiss Federal Constitution, first enacted in September 1848, experienced formal revisions in 1971, among other years.
Originally a British Act, the British North America Act was transferred to the Canadian Parliament and expanded to include the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982.
The Canada Act of 1982 formally ended the British Parliament's authority to amend the Canadian constitution.
The Swiss Federal Constitution, originally implemented in September 1848, went through official revisions in 1982, in addition to other years.
The Australia Act of 1986 further solidified the uncodified nature of Australia's constitution, which relies on multiple documents and conventions.
Siriman Kouyaté reconstructed the Kouroukan Founga, a 13th-century charter of the Mali Empire, in 1988, based on oral tradition.
Established in September 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution saw official updates in 1999, alongside revisions in other years.
The 2008 Myanmar Constitution was drafted secretly for over 17 years.
In 2009, a study revealed that the average time to draft a constitution is about 16 months.
The UK Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, passed with a simple majority, mandated fixed-term parliaments, a change that would typically require a constitutional amendment in most nations.
As of 2017, New Zealand and the United Kingdom were the only sovereign states with fully uncodified constitutions. Although intended as a basis for a constitution since 1950, the Basic Laws of Israel remained undrafted as of 2017.
Around 2050 BC, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known written law code, emerged in Ur.
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