Canada is a North American country spanning from the Atlantic to Pacific and Arctic Oceans, making it the world's second-largest by area and possessing the longest coastline. It shares the world's longest international land border with the United States. The country exhibits diverse geological and meteorological regions. Its population exceeds 41 million, with most inhabitants residing in urban centers, resulting in sparsely populated regions. Ottawa is the capital, while Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver are its largest metropolitan areas.
In 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces of Canada.
In 1914, Canada automatically entered the First World War due to Britain's declaration of war.
In 1917, the Conscription Crisis erupted over the proposal to augment the military with conscription, which was opposed by French-speaking Quebecers.
In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain.
The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population, reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent.
In 1931, the Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.
In 1934, the Dominion of Newfoundland relinquished responsible government and became a Crown colony.
On September 10, 1939, Canada declared war on Germany, seven days after the United Kingdom, underscoring Canada's independence.
In December 1939, the first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain.
In 1942, Canadian troops played a role in the failed Dieppe Raid.
In 1944, another conscription crisis occurred in Quebec.
In 1945, Canada was a founding member of the United Nations (UN).
In 1948, Canada ratified the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
Since 1948, Canada's annual average temperature over land has risen by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F).
In 1949, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada as a province.
In 1958, Canada formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) with the United States.
In 1961, about 300,000 people, less than two percent of Canada's population, were members of visible minority groups.
In 1962, Canada launched its first satellite, Alouette 1.
In 1965, Canada adopted the maple leaf flag.
In 1969, Canada implemented official bilingualism (English and French).
In 1970, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with bombings and kidnappings.
In 1971, Canada instituted official multiculturalism.
In 1974, Quebec's Official Language Act established French as the only official language of the province.
Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics.
In 1976, the sovereigntist Parti Québécois was elected in Quebec.
In 1980, "O Canada", originally composed in French in 1880, was adopted as the country's official anthem.
In 1980, a referendum on sovereignty-association was held in Quebec but was unsuccessful.
In 1982, Section 35 of the Constitution Act reaffirmed the role of Aboriginal law and the rights they support.
In 1982, the Canada Act 1982 patriated Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom and created the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
In 1982, the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
In 1982, the Canada Act brought the Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control and the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.
The Constitution Act in 1982 requires that no more than five years pass between elections.
In 1984, the Canada Health Act was established, guiding the provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded healthcare, known as Medicare, ensuring universal access to healthcare services.
In 1985, Air India Flight 182 exploded, marking the largest mass murder in Canadian history.
Canada hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics.
In 1988, the Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) eliminated tariffs between the two countries.
In 1989, Canada was a founding member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).
In 1989, the École Polytechnique massacre occurred, a university shooting targeting female students.
In 1990, Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS).
In 1990, the Meech Lake Accord, an attempt to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally, failed.
In 1990, the Oka Crisis, a violent confrontation between provincial governments and Indigenous groups, occurred, and Canada joined the Gulf War.
Since 1990, Canada is one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters globally.
In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico.
In 1995, a second referendum was held, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.
In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed.
In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after negotiations with the federal government.
In 2001, Canada sent troops to Afghanistan, resulting in the largest amount of Canadian deaths for any single military mission since the Korean War.
Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined. Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations, such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
In 2008, the Government of Canada formed a reconciliation commission to address Indigenous issues.
Canada hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.
Established in 2015, Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area is the world's largest freshwater protected area.
In 2015, Canada hosted the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2015 Pan American Games, and the 2015 Parapan American Games.
Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.
From 2016 to 2021, the Indigenous population grew by 9.4 percent, compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent.
In 2016, a report indicated that 88 percent of Canadians reported having good or very good health.
The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.
In 2017, Richard Wagner became the Chief Justice of Canada, leading the Supreme Court.
Established in 2018, Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area is Canada's largest national wildlife region.
In 2018, Canada had a trade deficit in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion.
On January 27, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Canada, causing widespread social and economic disruption.
In 2020, Canada spent approximately $41.9 billion on domestic research and development.
According to the 2021 census, Christianity is the largest religion in Canada.
As of the 2021 census, just over 7.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their first language.
In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion.
In 2021, The Commonwealth Fund's report compared the healthcare systems of the 11 most developed countries and ranked Canada second-to-last, citing issues such as infant mortality rate, chronic conditions, wait times, after-hours care, and coverage for prescription drugs and dental care.
In 2021, possible gravesites of Indigenous children were found near former Canadian residential schools.
Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021, approximately 24.5 million reported being "White", representing 67.4 percent of the population.
Respondents in the 2021 Canadian census self-reported over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins".
The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.
The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population, reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada.
The country's ten largest self-reported ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian, English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, Chinese, Italian, Indian, and Ukrainian.
According to a 2022 report by the OECD, Canada ranks first worldwide in the percentage of adults having tertiary education, with over 56 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree. Also as of 2022, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree.
Between 1990 and 2022, Canada's greenhouse gas emissions increased by 16.5 percent.
Canada resettled more than 47,600 refugees in 2022.
In 2022, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately $26.9 billion, about 1.2 percent of the country's GDP.
In 2022, Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among OECD health-care systems.
Supplementary estimates for 2022 placed Canada's expenditure on domestic research and development at $43.2 billion.
As of 2023, Canada has produced 15 Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine.
As of 2023, Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.
Canada ranked low in the Corruption Perceptions Index in 2023, placing 14th.
In 2023, swimming was the most commonly reported sport by over one-third (35 percent) of Canadians, followed by cycling (33 percent) and running (27 percent).
It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40,000,000 in 2023.
A record 483,390 immigrants were admitted in 2024.
In 2024, Canada ranked high in the Global Competitiveness Report (19th).
In 2024, the Canadian Institute for Health Information estimated that healthcare spending reached $372 billion, or 12.4 percent of Canada's GDP.
On February 1, 2025, a trade war involving the United States began.
In the 2025 Canadian federal election, five parties had representatives elected to Parliament.
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