History of Mexico in Timeline
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a large country in North America, ranking 13th globally in terms of land area with 1,972,550 sq km. It has a population of nearly 130 million, making it the world's 10th most populous nation and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico operates as a federal constitutional republic, divided into 31 states and Mexico City, the nation's capital. The country shares its northern border with the United States, its southeastern border with Guatemala and Belize, and has maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico.
1900: Population at the Turn of the Century
In 1900, Mexico's population was recorded at 13.6 million people.
1910: Start of the Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution, a period of profound transformation and upheaval, began in 1910, lasting for a decade and resulting in an estimated 900,000 deaths out of a population of 15 million.
1910: Establishment of UNAM
The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) was officially established in 1910, marking a significant milestone in higher education in Mexico.
1910: Mexican Revolution Begins
The Mexican Revolution, a period of significant upheaval and transformation in Mexico, commenced in 1910, triggered by opposition to Porfirio Díaz's rule and a fraudulent election.
1910: Díaz's Interview and the Centennial Celebration
As the centennial of Mexican independence approached in 1910, Porfirio Díaz gave an interview hinting at his potential retirement from the presidency. This sparked a flurry of political activity and opposition, culminating in a tumultuous centennial celebration that marked the last of the Porfiriato.
1910: Outbreak of the Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution erupted in 1910, sparked by widespread discontent with Porfirio Díaz's regime, rigged elections, and social inequalities, leading to a decade of profound change and upheaval.
1910: Start of the Mexican Revolution and Popularity of Corridos
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910, a period during which Corridos, a traditional Mexican music genre, gained significant popularity.
1910: Start of the Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution began, a period of significant upheaval and its impact on population growth.
May 1911: Díaz's Resignation
In May 1911, Porfirio Díaz resigned from the presidency, bowing to the mounting pressure from the Mexican Revolution and paving the way for a period of political transition.
1911: End of the Porfirian Era
The Porfirian era, a period characterized by economic advancement and relative stability in Mexico, came to an end in 1911.
1911: End of the Porfiriato
The rule of Porfirio Díaz, known as the Porfiriato, ended in 1911 after 35 years, marking the end of a period of significant modernization and economic growth in Mexico but also one characterized by authoritarianism.
February 1913: Coup Against Madero
A military coup d'état overthrew the government of Francisco I. Madero in February 1913, leading to his assassination and a new wave of violence and instability in the Mexican Revolution.
March 1913: Woodrow Wilson's Presidency
Democrat Woodrow Wilson assumed the U.S. presidency in March 1913, significantly impacting U.S.-Mexico relations during the Mexican Revolution. Wilson's policies diverged from his predecessor, refusing to recognize the Huerta regime and allowing arms sales to Constitutionalist forces.
1914: U.S. Occupation of Veracruz
In a significant international incident during the Mexican Revolution, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered the occupation of Veracruz, a strategic Mexican port, in 1914, further entangling the U.S. in the conflict.
1914: Dissolution of the Federal Army
The Mexican Federal Army was dissolved in 1914, marking a turning point in the Mexican Revolution, as only revolutionary forces remained, further complicating the path to peace and stability.
1915: Pancho Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico
In 1915, following his defeat by revolutionary forces, Pancho Villa led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico. This event prompted the U.S. to send troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture him.
1915: Battle of Celaya
The pivotal Battle of Celaya took place in 1915, where Alvaro Obregón, a skilled general aligned with Venustiano Carranza, decisively defeated Pancho Villa's forces, reshaping the balance of power in the Mexican Revolution.
1916: Constitutional Convention
Following years of intense fighting and political fragmentation, key players in the Mexican Revolution convened a constitutional convention in 1916, aiming to draft a new constitution that would address the revolution's core demands and establish a new political order.
February 1917: Ratification of the 1917 Constitution
Following a constitutional convention in 1916, the new Mexican Constitution was officially ratified in February 1917, incorporating social reforms, land redistribution, labor rights, and anticlerical measures, leaving a lasting impact on Mexican society.
1917: Constitution of 1917
The Constitution of 1917, containing anticlerical articles that restricted the Church's power, was adopted. This laid the groundwork for future conflicts between the state and the Catholic Church.
1917: Constitution of 1917 and Limits on the Catholic Church
The Mexican Constitution of 1917 imposed limitations on the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico.
1917: Mexican Constitution
The year 1917 saw the establishment of the Mexican Constitution, a document that has had a lasting impact on the country's governance. It introduced concepts like land reform and addressed the role of religious institutions, shaping the relationship between the government and the Catholic Church.
1917: Establishment of Federal System
The 1917 Constitution laid the foundation for Mexico's federal system of government. It outlined the distribution of power among the federal Union, state governments, and municipal governments.
1917: Adoption of the Third Federal Constitution
Mexico adopted its third Federal Constitution in 1917, using the name "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" or "United Mexican States," which remains the current constitution of the country.
1917: Ratification of the Mexican Constitution
In February 1917, a new constitution, drafted the previous year, was officially ratified in Mexico. This constitution, with some amendments over time, remains the governing document of Mexico today.
1917: Zimmerman Telegram and Mexico's Neutrality
During World War I, Germany attempted to persuade Mexico to join the war on its side. This included the infamous Zimmerman Telegram in 1917, which proposed that Mexico could reclaim territories lost in the Mexican-American War. However, Mexico chose to remain neutral in the conflict.
1919: Assassination of Emiliano Zapata
President Carranza, in a move to consolidate his power, ordered the assassination of Emiliano Zapata, a prominent peasant leader, in 1919. This came after Carranza failed to implement significant land reform, a key motivator for many revolutionaries, including Zapata.
1920: Beginning of Post-Revolutionary Period
1920 marked the start of the post-revolutionary period in Mexico, characterized by a focus on establishing order, reducing military influence in politics, and creating institutions for social and political organization.
1920: Overthrow of Carranza and Rise of Obregón
Dissatisfied with Carranza's policies and his attempt to control the presidential succession, General Álvaro Obregón and other revolutionary generals launched a revolt in 1920. Carranza was overthrown and killed, paving the way for Obregón's presidency.
1920: End of the Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ended, marking a turning point in the country's history and setting the stage for future population trends.
1921: Population Decline After the Revolution
The 1921 census revealed a decrease in Mexico's population, indicating a loss of approximately 1 million people, largely attributed to the impact of the Mexican Revolution.
1924: Presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles
Plutarco Elías Calles, another former Sonoran revolutionary general, assumed the presidency in 1924, following Obregón's term.
1925: Publication of "La Raza Cósmica"
José Vasconcelos published his influential essay "La Raza Cósmica" ("The Cosmic Race") in 1925, exploring the concept of Mexico and Latin America as a cultural and racial melting pot.
1928: Assassination of Obregón
After amending the constitution to allow for non-consecutive re-election, Álvaro Obregón won the 1928 presidential election. However, he was assassinated by a Catholic extremist before taking office, leading to a power vacuum and political crisis.
1929: Founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
Following Obregón's assassination and unable to assume the presidency himself due to term limits, Calles established the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) in 1929. This party, later evolving into the PRI, would dominate Mexican politics for much of the 20th century.
1929: Formation of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) emerged in Mexico in 1929, marking the beginning of its 70-year dominance over Mexican politics.
1929: Beginning of the Maximato
The Maximato, a period where Plutarco Elías Calles exerted significant political control despite not being president, began in 1929. This era saw the consolidation of power within the newly formed PNR.
1929: Integration of Institutes into UNAM
The process of integrating various institutes into UNAM began in 1929, aiming to consolidate and strengthen the university's research and academic offerings.
1929: Formation of PRI
The year 1929 saw the establishment of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a political force that would dominate Mexican politics for decades. Its formation aimed to unite various factions from the Mexican Revolution.
1934: Presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas
Lázaro Cárdenas became president in 1934, marking the end of the Maximato, a period of strong influence by Calles despite not holding the presidency. Cárdenas exiled Calles and implemented significant economic and social reforms.
1934: End of the Maximato
The Maximato ended in 1934 with Lázaro Cárdenas assuming the presidency. Cárdenas exiled Calles, asserting his own authority and pursuing a more independent and reformist agenda.
1936: Founding of National Polytechnic Institute
The National Polytechnic Institute was founded in 1936, expanding opportunities for higher education in technical fields.
March 1938: Mexican Oil Expropriation
In a move that would have significant long-term consequences, President Lázaro Cárdenas expropriated foreign-owned oil companies operating in Mexico in March 1938. This led to the creation of Pemex, the state-owned oil company, and sparked diplomatic tensions, but also gave Mexico greater control over its oil resources.
1939: Founding of PAN
In 1939, the National Action Party (PAN) was founded, providing a conservative alternative to the ruling PRI. Its ideology aligned with Christian democratic principles.
1940: Presidency of Manuel Ávila Camacho
Manuel Ávila Camacho became president in 1940, succeeding Cárdenas. His presidency marked a shift towards moderation and closer relations with the United States, particularly in the context of World War II.
1940: Presidency of Manuel Ávila Camacho
Manuel Ávila Camacho's presidency began in 1940, ushering in a more moderate period. Relations with the U.S. improved significantly during World War II.
1943: Release of "María Candelaria"
Emilio Fernández's film "María Candelaria" was released in 1943.
1946: End of the Revolutionary General Period and Election of Miguel Alemán
The year 1946 marked the end of an era where revolutionary generals held the presidency. Miguel Alemán, a civilian, was elected president, initiating a period of aggressive economic development.
1946: "María Candelaria" Wins Palme d'Or
In 1946, "María Candelaria" made history as one of the first films to receive the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, marking the event's return after World War II.
1946: Election of Miguel Alemán and the Mexican Miracle
The election of Miguel Alemán, the first civilian president since the Revolution, in 1946 ushered in a new era. His presidency focused on industrialization, urbanization, and economic development, a period often referred to as the "Mexican Miracle."
1947: Discovery of "Barbasco"
The year 1947 marked a significant discovery in Mexico with the identification of the "Barbasco" tuber (Dioscorea composita). This plant, rich in diosgenin, revolutionized the production of synthetic hormones, ultimately contributing to the development of oral contraceptive pills.
1947: Luis Buñuel's Mexican Film Period Begins
The year 1947 marked the start of Luis Buñuel's period of filmmaking in Mexico.
1949: Release of "Los Olvidados"
Luis Buñuel released his masterpiece "Los Olvidados" in 1949.
1950: Period of High Population Growth
Mexico experienced a surge in its population growth rate, surpassing 3% between 1950 and 1980.
1952: Founding of Ballet Folklórico de México
The Ballet Folklórico de México was founded in 1952 to showcase traditional Mexican dance and music from various periods, including pre-Hispanic times through the Mexican Revolution, using authentic regional attire.
1958: Bilingual Government Radio for Indigenous Education
Bilingual government radio stations, broadcasting in both Spanish and indigenous languages, were established in 1958 as a means to promote indigenous education.
1959: Creation of Mexican Academy of Sciences
The Mexican Academy of Sciences was created in 1959 to foster collaboration and coordination among scientists and researchers in Mexico.
1961: Release of "Viridiana"
Luis Buñuel released his film "Viridiana" in 1961.
1962: Establishment of DINA S.A.
In 1962, DINA S.A., a Mexican automotive company specializing in bus and truck manufacturing, was established, marking the beginning of domestic vehicle production in the country.
1965: End of Luis Buñuel's Mexican Film Period
Luis Buñuel concluded his period of filmmaking in Mexico in 1965.
1968: Mexico City Hosts Summer Olympics
In 1968, Mexico City made history as the first Latin American city to host the Summer Olympics, marking the XIX Olympic Games.
1968: Tlatelolco Massacre
In 1968, Mexico City was rocked by student protests against government authoritarianism and social inequality in the lead-up to the Summer Olympics. The government responded with a brutal crackdown, culminating in the Tlatelolco Massacre on October 2, 1968, where hundreds of protesters were killed.
1968: Treaty of Tlatelolco and Mexico's Nuclear Policy
In 1968, Mexico signed the Treaty of Tlatelolco, committing to the exclusively peaceful use of nuclear technology and abandoning the possibility of developing nuclear weapons.
1968: Student Protests and the Counterculture Movement
The year 1968 witnessed significant student protests in Mexico, reflecting a larger countercultural and political movement that aligned with the global counterculture of the late 1960s. This movement, known as La Onda (the wave), signified a rebellion against established norms.
1970: Presidency of Luis Echeverría
Luis Echeverría took office as president in 1970, inheriting a legacy of social unrest and economic challenges. His presidency aimed to address these issues and restore public trust, including implementing electoral reforms.
1970: Mexico Hosts FIFA World Cup
Mexico hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970, showcasing its passion for football on an international stage.
1973: Completion of UNAM Institute Integration
By 1973, twelve institutes had been integrated into UNAM, marking the completion of a multi-decade process of expansion and consolidation.
1978: Death of Carlos Chávez
Carlos Chávez, a prominent Mexican composer known for his symphonies with indigenous themes and his role in revitalizing Mexican music, passed away in 1978.
1979: National Network of Bilingual Radio Stations
In 1979, the Instituto Nacional Indigenista took a significant step towards promoting indigenous languages and culture by establishing a national network of bilingual radio stations.
1980: End of High Growth Period
The period of rapid population growth in Mexico, which began in 1950, came to an end.
1980: Oil Exports Dominate
In 1980, oil exports constituted a substantial 61.6% of Mexico's total exports, highlighting the country's reliance on oil revenue.
1980: Luis Barragán Wins Pritzker Prize
Mexican architect Luis Barragán, known for his integration of rural vernacular architecture with modern minimalism and color, won the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1980.
1980: Literacy Rate at 82.99%
In 1980, the literacy rate in Mexico stood at 82.99%.
1982: Population at 70 Million
In 1982, the population of Mexico reached 70 million.
1986: Mexico Hosts FIFA World Cup for the Second Time
Mexico once again welcomed the world for the FIFA World Cup in 1986, solidifying its position as a major footballing nation.
1987: Teotihuacan Designated UNESCO World Heritage Site
In 1987, Teotihuacan, known for its ancient pyramid construction, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
December 1988: Carlos Salinas de Gortari's Controversial Election
Carlos Salinas de Gortari, the PRI candidate, was declared the winner of the presidential election in December 1988. However, the election was marred by widespread allegations of fraud, leading to protests and challenges to the PRI's legitimacy.
1989: Emergence of PRD
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), a left-wing political party, emerged in 1989. It inherited the legacy of socialist and liberal coalitions, offering a distinct ideological perspective.
1990: The "Perfect Dictatorship"
By 1990, despite growing internal and external criticism, the PRI's grip on power remained strong, with Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa famously labeling it the "perfect dictatorship." This statement highlighted the party's ability to maintain control despite its increasingly authoritarian practices and lack of genuine democratic competition.
1990: Privatization of Telmex
Telmex, the previously government-owned telecommunications company, was privatized in 1990, marking a significant shift in the industry.
1992: Release of "Como agua para chocolate"
The film "Como agua para chocolate" was released in 1992.
January 1994: NAFTA Implementation and Zapatista Uprising
In January 1994, Mexico entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States and Canada, marking a significant shift in trade policy. However, this period was also marked by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) uprising in Chiapas. The EZLN, a group opposed to NAFTA and its potential impact on indigenous communities, staged an armed rebellion that drew international attention to the situation in Mexico.
1994: Joining the OECD
In 1994, Mexico became a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), signifying its engagement in global economic affairs.
1994: Mexico Joins NAFTA
Mexico entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, a move towards neoliberal economic policies but also a time of social unrest and indigenous rebellion in Chiapas.
1995: Mario J. Molina Wins Nobel Prize
Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for his groundbreaking work on the depletion of the ozone layer.
1999: Economic Recovery under Zedillo
By 1999, under President Ernesto Zedillo's leadership, Mexico experienced a period of economic recovery. The implementation of macroeconomic reforms led to a resurgence in economic growth, reaching nearly 7% by the end of the year.
1999: Release of "Sex, Shame, and Tears"
The film "Sex, Shame, and Tears" premiered in 1999.
2000: End of PRI Rule
In a historic shift in Mexican politics, the PRI lost the presidency for the first time in 71 years in 2000, ushering in a new era with the victory of the conservative National Action Party (PAN).
2000: Violence Against Journalists and Media Workers
Since 2000, over 100 journalists and media workers in Mexico had been murdered or had vanished. The majority of these cases remained unresolved, highlighting the dangers faced by those in the media and the lack of accountability for crimes committed against them.
2000: Projected Population Milestone
Based on the population growth rate observed between 1950 and 1980, it was projected that Mexico's population would reach 120 million by the year 2000.
2000: Significant Increase in Life Expectancy
By the year 2000, life expectancy in Mexico had significantly increased to 72 years, a substantial rise from the 36 years recorded in 1895.
2000: Decline in Oil Export Dependence
By 2000, the share of oil exports in Mexico's total exports had significantly decreased to 7.3%, indicating a diversification of the country's export portfolio.
2000: End of PRI Dominance
A historic event occurred in 2000 when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN) won the presidential election, ending the 71-year rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This marked a turning point in Mexican politics, signaling a shift towards a multi-party system.
2001: Economic Slowdown in Mexico
Mexico experienced an economic slowdown in 2001, impacting its overall economic performance.
2001: Release of "Y tu mamá también"
"Y tu mamá también" was released in 2001.
2002: Release of "The Crime of Father Amaro"
"The Crime of Father Amaro" was released in 2002.
2002: Deforestation Concerns
By 2002, Mexico faced alarming rates of deforestation, second only to Brazil globally. This environmental issue raised concerns about the impact on the country's rich biodiversity.
March 2003: Establishment of the National Indigenous Languages Institute
The National Indigenous Languages Institute was created in March 2003 to promote and safeguard the use of indigenous languages in Mexico.
2003: Steady Growth in Mexico's Electronics Industry
From 2003 to 2009, Mexico's electronics industry maintained a consistent growth rate of 17%, demonstrating its steady expansion.
2003: Anti-discrimination Laws Based on Sexual Orientation
Mexico implemented anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation in 2003, reflecting a step towards greater equality and protection for the LGBT community.
2004: Economic Recovery and Growth in Mexico
Following the 2001 slowdown, Mexico's economy rebounded in 2004, achieving a growth rate of 4.2%.
2005: Continued Economic Growth in Mexico
Mexico's economic growth persisted in 2005, with a rate of 3.0%, demonstrating a period of sustained economic expansion.
2005: Early Stages of Solar Energy
In 2005, Mexico had 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic) installed, marking the early stages of solar energy development in the country.
2005: Mexico's Bid for Gastronomy World Heritage Site
In 2005, Mexico made a pioneering attempt by submitting its gastronomy for consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, although the bid was unsuccessful.
2006: Telmex Expands Internationally
By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to several countries in South America and the United States, highlighting its growth and reach in the telecommunications market.
2006: Start of Poverty Measurement
In 2006, Mexico's National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) began measuring poverty rates, marking the start of comprehensive data collection on this issue.
2006: Commencement of Mexico's Drug War
Mexico's drug war, initiated in 2006, had a devastating impact on the country. By 2014, it had claimed the lives of over 120,000 people, with an additional 37,000 individuals reported missing.
2006: Further Economic Growth in Mexico
Mexico's economy continued its upward trajectory in 2006, achieving a growth rate of 4.8%.
2006: Escalation of Drug War Violence
Since 2006, Mexico has grappled with a devastating "drug war," claiming over 120,000 lives due to the ongoing conflict between the government and powerful drug trafficking syndicates, significantly impacting the country's peace and security.
2006: Contested Election
The 2006 presidential election was a closely contested one, with Felipe Calderón of the PAN declared the winner by a narrow margin over Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). López Obrador challenged the results, claiming irregularities, and formed an "alternative government" in protest.
2006: Trade Significance of the United States and Canada for Mexico
Trade with the United States and Canada played a crucial role in Mexico's economy in 2006. These two countries collectively represented nearly 50% of Mexico's total exports and constituted 45% of its imports.
2007: Escalation of Missing Person Cases
The year 2007 marked a significant escalation in missing person cases in Mexico, coinciding with President Calderón's efforts to combat drug cartels.
2007: Goldman Sachs Projection for Mexico's Economy
A 2007 report by Goldman Sachs projected that Mexico would have the 5th largest economy in the world by 2050, indicating significant potential for growth.
2008: Urban-Rural Income Disparity
A 2008 UN report highlighted the significant income disparity between urban and rural areas in Mexico, with the average income in urban areas being substantially higher than in rural areas.
2008: Mexico's Contribution to the UN
Mexico demonstrated its commitment to international organizations in 2008 by contributing over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget.
2008: Great Recession Impacts Remittances
The 2008 Great Recession led to a decrease in remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States, underscoring the economic link between the two nations.
2008: Beginning of Spanish Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Migration
The Spanish financial crisis, which began in 2008 and lasted until 2014, contributed to an increase in the number of foreigners settling in Mexico.
2009: Electronics as a Percentage of Mexico's Exports
By 2009, electronics constituted a significant portion of Mexico's exports, accounting for 30% of the country's total export value.
2009: World Bank Report on Mexico's Gross National Income
The World Bank's 2009 report indicated that Mexico boasted the second-highest gross national income in Latin America, trailing only Brazil, with a value of US$1,830.392 billion. This resulted in the region's highest income per capita, reaching $15,311.
August 2010: Mexico Becomes Major Holder of US Debt
In August 2010, Mexico became the 9th largest holder of US debt, highlighting the significant financial ties between the two countries.
November 2010: Mexican Gastronomy Recognized by UNESCO
On November 2010, Mexican gastronomy received recognition as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.
2010: Spiritualist Population in Mexico
The 2010 census in Mexico revealed that 36,764 individuals identified as belonging to a spiritualist religion, a category encompassing a small Buddhist population.
2010: Number of Foreign-Born Residents Reaches Nearly 1 Million
In 2010, the number of foreign-born residents in Mexico reached nearly 1 million.
2010: Chile Joins OECD
Chile gained full membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2010, joining Mexico as a Latin American representative in the organization.
2010: First Nationwide Poverty Report
CONEVAL published its first nationwide report on poverty in 2010, revealing that the percentage of Mexicans living in poverty had risen to 46%.
2010: Pentecostalism as the Second Largest Christian Creed
By 2010, Pentecostal churches collectively had amassed over 1.3 million adherents, establishing Pentecostalism as the second largest Christian denomination in Mexico based on net numbers.
2010: Continued Growth in Mexico's Electronics Industry
Between 2010 and 2011, Mexico's electronics industry surged by an impressive 20%, surpassing its steady growth rate of 17% observed between 2003 and 2009.
2011: Mexico's Electronics Industry Growth and Exports
Mexico's electronics industry experienced remarkable growth, becoming the world's sixth-largest. In 2011, it emerged as the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States, with exports valued at $71.4 billion.
2012: Projected Growth of Solar Thermal Panels
By 2012, Mexico was projected to have 1.8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels, indicating significant anticipated growth in solar energy adoption.
2012: Formation of MORENA
Following the 2012 elections, Andrés Manuel López Obrador established the MORENA party, a left-wing political force that would go on to play a pivotal role in Mexican politics.
2012: PRI Returns to Power
In 2012, the PRI returned to power after twelve years with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto. However, his victory came with a plurality rather than a majority, and he lacked a clear mandate in the legislature.
2013: Telecommunications Reform and Digital Transition
Mexico underwent a major telecommunications industry reform in 2013, leading to the establishment of new broadcast television channels. This reform aimed to break the long-standing dominance of major networks like Televisa and TV Azteca. Notably, Mexico became the first Latin American country to complete the transition from analog to fully digital transmissions.
2013: Completion of SEGH-CFE 1 Solar Project
The SEGH-CFE 1 solar project in Sonora, Mexico, was slated for completion in 2013, aiming to become the largest solar project in Latin America at the time.
September 2014: Mass Kidnapping in Iguala
On September 26, 2014, the mass kidnapping of 43 students in Iguala, Mexico, sparked widespread protests across the nation. Public outrage erupted in response to the government's perceived inaction and the deeply rooted corruption that allowed criminal organizations to operate with impunity.
2014: End of Spanish Financial Crisis
The Spanish financial crisis, which started in 2008, came to an end in 2014, marking a period that influenced migration patterns to Mexico.
2015: Population Reaches 120 Million
Mexico's population reached 120 million in 2015.
September 2016: Expansion of Automobile Production in Mexico
The automobile industry in Mexico experienced significant expansion in September 2016. Kia inaugurated a $1 billion factory in Nuevo León, while Audi also established an assembly plant in Puebla that same year, signaling growing investment in the sector.
2016: Mexico's GDP Growth
Mexico experienced a GDP annual average growth rate of 2.9% in 2016, demonstrating positive economic performance.
2016: Mexico City's Political Transformation
In 2016, Mexico City underwent a significant political transformation. It shed its designation as the Federal District and embarked on a path toward greater autonomy. This involved transitioning into a federal entity with its own constitution and legislative body, granting it increased self-governance.
2017: Estimated Number of Mexicans Living Abroad
As of 2017, an estimated 12.9 million Mexicans were residing abroad, with the majority concentrated in the United States, accounting for nearly 98% of the expatriate population.
2017: Increase in Foreign-Born Residents
By 2017, the number of foreign-born individuals residing in Mexico had risen to an estimated 1.2 million, a notable increase from the nearly 1 million recorded in 2010.
2017: Mexico's Tourism Boom
In 2017, Mexico solidified its position as a top tourist destination, becoming the 6th most visited country globally and earning the 15th highest income from tourism worldwide.
2017: Mexico's GDP Growth Continued
In 2017, Mexico's economy continued to expand, achieving a GDP annual average growth rate of 2%.
2017: Mexico as the Most Populous Spanish-Speaking Country
With 123.5 million inhabitants in 2017, Mexico solidified its position as the most populous Spanish-speaking nation globally.
April 2018: Mexico's GDP Ranking
As of April 2018, Mexico held the 15th position globally in terms of nominal GDP, with a value of US$1.15 trillion. Additionally, it ranked 11th in terms of purchasing power parity, reaching US$2.45 trillion, highlighting its economic significance.
July 2018: Landslide Victory for AMLO
In July 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, often referred to as AMLO, won the presidential election by a landslide, becoming the first left-wing president in decades. His victory, despite concerns about potential electoral fraud, solidified his mandate for change.
2018: Minimum Wage at $88.15 Pesos
In 2018, the minimum wage in Mexico was set at $88.15 pesos, marking a lower point compared to the substantial increases seen in subsequent years.
2018: IMF Growth Projection for Mexico
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected a growth rate of 2.3% for Mexico in 2018.
2018: Start of Poverty Rate Decrease
Between 2018 and 2022, Mexico saw a 5.6% decrease in its poverty rate, according to CONEVAL's Multidimensional Poverty Index.
2018: Land Use in Mexico
In 2018, data revealed that a significant portion of Mexico's land was dedicated to agriculture, with varying degrees of suitability for cultivation. Arable land constituted a relatively small percentage, highlighting the challenges faced in maximizing agricultural output.
2018: High Literacy Rate in Mexico
In 2018, Mexico achieved a literacy rate of 94.86%, marking a significant improvement from the 82.99% literacy rate recorded in 1980. The literacy rates for males and females were relatively balanced.
2018: Mexico's Tourism Boom
By 2018, Mexico rose to become the sixth most-visited country globally, welcoming 39 million international arrivals, drawn to its rich cultural heritage, diverse geography, and vibrant tourism industry.
2018: López Obrador's Victory
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, after founding the MORENA party, achieved a significant victory in the 2018 presidential election, securing over 50% of the vote. This win, attributed to his broad coalition and moderate stance, marked the return of a left-wing president to Mexico after decades.
April 2019: Daniela Soto-Innes Named Best Female Chef
In April 2019, Daniela Soto-Innes earned the title of best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.
2019: Dissolution of the Mexican Federal Police
The Mexican Federal Police were officially disbanded in 2019, following a constitutional amendment enacted during President López Obrador's term.
2019: IMF Growth Projection for Mexico
The IMF's projections for 2019 indicated a growth rate of 2.7% for Mexico's economy.
2019: Establishment of the Mexican National Guard
In 2019, during the presidency of López Obrador, the Mexican National Guard was established. This new entity was formed by combining units from the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police.
2019: Forest Landscape Integrity
In 2019, Mexico's Forest Landscape Integrity Index stood at 6.82 out of 10, ranking it 63rd globally. This index highlighted the ongoing challenges related to deforestation and soil erosion, particularly in rural areas.
2019: OECD Poverty Line in Mexico
According to the OECD's poverty line, 20% of Mexico's population lived in poverty in 2019.
2020: Crime Statistics in Mexico
A 2020 report by the BBC revealed that in Mexico, 10.7 million households had experienced at least one incident of crime, highlighting the pervasive nature of criminal activity within the country.
2020: Jewish Population in Mexico
According to the 2020 census, Mexico had a Jewish population of 58,876 individuals.
2020: Military Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP
In 2020, government expenditures on the military in Mexico represented 0.6% of the country's GDP, reflecting a relatively small proportion of national resources allocated to defense.
2020: Recognition of Diverse Ethnic Groups
In 2020, the Mexican government acknowledged the presence of various ethnic groups within the country, including Afro-Mexicans, who constituted 2% of the population, and White Mexicans, who made up 47% of the population.
2020: Dominance of Roman Catholicism
The 2020 census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) revealed that Roman Catholicism remained the predominant religion in Mexico, with 77.7% of the population, or 97,864,218 individuals, identifying as Catholic.
2020: Religion in Mexico Census
The 2020 census in Mexico collected data on the religious affiliations of the country's population.
2021: COVID-19 Pandemic Affects Remittances
Remittances from Mexican citizens in the US experienced another dip in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrating the ongoing economic relationship between the two countries.
2021: Growth of the Mexican National Guard
By 2021, the Mexican National Guard had grown to an estimated 100,000 personnel, indicating its increasing role in domestic law enforcement, particularly in the ongoing war on drugs.
May 2022: Missing Persons in Mexico
As of May 2022, official figures indicated that 100,000 individuals were listed as missing in Mexico, with a significant portion of these cases dating back to 2007 when President Calderón launched a crackdown on drug cartels.
2022: Environmental Law Enforcement
A 2022 report revealed a disparity in environmental law enforcement in Mexico. While major cities witnessed improvements, rural regions continued to face challenges in implementing and enforcing regulations.
2022: Poverty Rate Reaches 36.3%
By 2022, Mexico's poverty rate had decreased to 36.3%, reflecting some progress in addressing poverty reduction.
2022: Estimated Size of the Mexican National Guard
By 2022, the Mexican National Guard had reached an estimated size of 110,000 personnel, underscoring its growing role in the country's security apparatus.
2022: Estimated Population
In 2022, Mexico's population was estimated to be 129,150,971 based on data from 2017.
2023: Poverty Rate Decreases, Healthcare Access Concerns Rise
CONEVAL reported in 2023 that poverty rates in Mexico had declined in recent years, reaching 36.3% in 2022. However, the organization also highlighted a significant increase in the number of people lacking access to healthcare services.
2023: Mexico's Ranking in Global Innovation Index
In 2023, Mexico was ranked 58th in the Global Innovation Index, reflecting its position in terms of innovation capabilities.
2024: Minimum Wage Increase
The daily minimum wage in Mexico is set to be $248.93 Mexican pesos (US$13.24) in 2024, demonstrating a significant increase from previous years.
2050: Projected Economic Growth
Goldman Sachs predicted in 2007 that Mexico's economy would grow to become the 5th largest globally by 2050.
2050: Mexico's Potential Economic Growth
Projections suggested that by 2050, Mexico had the potential to become one of the world's largest economies, potentially ranking fifth or seventh globally.