Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a North American country bordering the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast. It has maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Covering 1,972,550 km2, it is the thirteenth-largest country by land area. Mexico is the tenth-most populous country globally, with over 130 million residents and the largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is its capital and largest metropolitan area.
Mexico City commemorated its 700th anniversary, honoring its founding by Indigenous people. The celebrations highlighted the city's rich history, cultural heritage and the contributions of its original inhabitants throughout the years.
In 1900, the Mexican population was a little more than 13 million.
In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began with scattered uprisings against President Díaz after the fraudulent election.
In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, leading to the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz and the adoption of the 1917 Constitution.
In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, triggering a decade of civil war.
In 1910, the National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established.
In May 1911, President Díaz resigned amidst scattered uprisings.
In 1911, Porfirio Díaz's 35-year rule came to an end.
In February 1913, a military coup d'état overthrew Madero's government, resulting in Madero's murder.
In March 1913, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as president and refused to recognize Huerta's regime, allowing arms sales to the Constitutionalists.
In 1914, the Federal Army was defeated by a coalition of anti-Huerta forces and Wilson ordered troops to occupy the strategic port of Veracruz.
In 1915, Carranza's general Alvaro Obregón defeated Pancho Villa in the Battle of Celaya, and Villa led a raid into Columbus, New Mexico.
In 1916, the winners of the Mexican revolution met at a constitutional convention to draft the Constitution of 1917.
In February 1917, the Constitution of 1917 was ratified, empowering the government and strengthening anticlerical provisions.
After becoming president, Calles strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution which led to a major conflict with the Catholic Church and Catholic guerrilla armies. The conflict eventually ended with an agreement.
In 1917, Germany sent a coded telegram to Mexico attempting to incite war between the U.S. and Mexico, but Mexico remained neutral in the conflict.
In 1917, the 1917 Constitution was adopted following the Mexican Revolution.
In 1917, the current constitution used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos.
The Constitution of 1917 put limits on the role of the Catholic Church in Mexico.
The United Mexican States' government is based on a representative, democratic, and republican system according to the 1917 Constitution.
In 1919, President Carranza had peasant leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated.
In 1920 Álvaro Obregón became president of Mexico, marking the beginning of a period where revolutionary generals served as presidents.
In 1920, Obregón and other generals overthrew Carranza, who died fleeing Mexico City.
In 1920, the Mexican Revolution ended, leading to the adoption of the 1917 Constitution.
The 1921 census reported a loss of about 1 million inhabitants due to the Mexican Revolution.
In 1924, Plutarco Elías Calles became president of Mexico.
In 1925, José Vasconcelos defined Mexico and Latin America to be the melting pot of all races in La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race).
In 1928, Obregón won the elections but was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a political crisis of succession.
From 1929 to 1973, twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM.
In 1929, Calles founded the Institutional Revolutionary Party to manage presidential succession, which dominated Mexico for the rest of the 20th century.
In 1929, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was founded to unite all factions of the Mexican Revolution.
In 1929, the period known as the Maximato began.
In 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas became president of Mexico.
In 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas ended the Maximato by expelling Calles from the country and implementing many economic and social reforms.
In 1936, the National Polytechnic Institute was founded.
In March 1938, the Mexican oil expropriation nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company, leading to the creation of Pemex.
In 1939, the National Action Party (PAN), a conservative party, was founded.
In 1940, Manuel Avila Camacho became president of Mexico.
María Candelaria by Emilio Fernández was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1943.
In 1946, Miguel Alemán became the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, initiating the Mexican miracle.
In 1946, the era of revolutionary generals serving as Presidents ended with Manuel Avila Camacho.
María Candelaria (1943) was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II.
The Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel began realizing some of his masterpieces in Mexico starting in 1947.
The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized his masterpieces Los Olvidados in Mexico in 1949.
Between the 1950s and 1980s, Mexico's population growth rate increased dramatically, registering growth rates of over 3% during 1950-1980.
In 1952, the Ballet Folklórico de México was founded. The ballet performs music and dance of the prehispanic period through the Mexican Revolution in regional attire in the Palacio de Bellas Artes.
From 1958 to 1965, bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education.
In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized his masterpieces Viridiana in Mexico in 1961.
Since 1962, DINA S.A. has built buses and trucks in Mexico.
Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone.
The Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel finished realizing some of his masterpieces in Mexico in 1965.
In 1968, Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games, making it the first Latin American city to do so.
In 1968, Mexico hosted the Summer Olympics, investing heavily in new facilities. This led to political unrest and demonstrations, culminating in the Tlatelolco Massacre where an estimated 300 to 800 protesters were killed by the government.
In 1968, Mexico pledged to use its nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes by signing the Treaty of Tlatelolco, abandoning the possibility to manufacture nuclear weapons.
In 1968, the Tlatelolco massacre occurred amidst unrest in Mexico.
In 1968, the native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement, culminating in the 1968 protests and redirected into counterculture rebellion, La Onda (the wave).
From 1929 to 1973, twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM.
In 1978, Carlos Chávez, the most well-known Mexican composer of the twentieth century, died. Chávez composed six symphonies with indigenous themes, and rejuvenated Mexican music, founding the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional.
Since 1979 the Instituto Nacional Indigenista has established a national network of bilingual radio stations.
Between the 1950s and 1980s, Mexico's population growth rate increased dramatically, registering growth rates of over 3% during 1950-1980.
In 1980, oil exports accounted for 61.6% of Mexico's total exports.
In 1980, the literacy rate in Mexico was 82.99%.
In 1982, Mexico's population grew to 70 million.
Teotihuacan was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
In December 1988, Carlos Salinas de Gortari was sworn in as president of Mexico amidst massive protests due to allegations of electoral fraud during the 1988 elections.
In 1989, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), a left-wing party, was founded.
In 1990, Telmex (Teléfonos de México), previously a government monopoly, was privatized.
In 1990, the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) was famously described by Mario Vargas Llosa as the "perfect dictatorship", reflecting the challenges to its long-standing hegemony.
In 1992, Article 2 of the Constitution of Mexico was amended to define Mexico as a pluricultural country, emphasizing the role of indigenous Mexicans.
In 1992, films such as Como agua para chocolate were successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.
On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) launched an armed rebellion in Chiapas.
In 1994, Mexico joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
In 1994, the Zapatista uprising occurred, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed, marking a shift towards neoliberalism.
In 1995, the Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland.
In 1996, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation's push against the mestizaje ideology led to the San Andrés Accords, which granted autonomy, recognition, and rights to the indigenous population of Mexico.
By the end of 1999, Mexico's economic growth peaked at almost 7%, following macroeconomic reforms implemented by President Ernesto Zedillo.
In 1999, films such as Sex, Shame, and Tears were successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.
Around 2000, it was expected that there would be 120 million people living in Mexico.
By 2000, oil exports accounted for 7.3% of Mexico's total exports.
In 2000, the PRI lost the presidential election to Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN), ending 71 years of PRI rule.
Since 2000, more than 100 journalists and media workers have been killed or disappeared in Mexico, with most of these crimes remaining unsolved.
In 2001, Mexico's economy experienced a slowdown.
In 2001, films such as Y tu mamá también were successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.
From 2002 to 2012, Mexican electronics exports grew by 73%.
In 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, only surpassed by Brazil.
In 2002, films such as The Crime of Father Amaro have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.
In March 2003, the National Indigenous Languages Institute was created to promote and protect the use of the country's indigenous languages.
Since 2003, anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation have existed in Mexico.
In 2004, Mexico's economy recovered and grew by 4.2 percent.
In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for World Heritage Site of UNESCO.
In 2005, Mexico's economy grew by 3.0 percent.
In 2005, there were only 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic) panels in Mexico.
From 2006 to 2010, the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46% (52 million people).
In 2006, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner of the presidential election by a very narrow margin, a result that was contested by Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
In 2006, Mexico's drug war began, resulting in over 120,000 deaths and approximately 37,000 missing persons.
In 2006, Mexico's economy grew by 4.8 percent.
In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.
Since 2006, approximately 127,000 deaths have been caused by ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates in Mexico.
According to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.
Since 2007 when President Calderón attempted to stop the drug cartels, Mexico has been dealing with increasing numbers of missing people.
According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403.
During the 2008 Great Recession, remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States dipped.
In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget.
In August 2010, Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt.
On November 16, 2010 Mexican gastronomy was recognized as Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO.
From 2006 to 2010, the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46% (52 million people).
In 2010, Chile gained full membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
In 2010, nearly 1 million foreigners settled in Mexico.
In 2011, Mexico was the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States, exporting $71.4 billion worth of electronics.
Following the 2012 elections, Andru00e9s Manuel Lu00f3pez Obrador founded the new political party MORENA.
From 2002 to 2012, Mexican electronics exports grew by 73%.
In the 2012 presidential election, the PRI regained the presidency with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto, although he did not secure a legislative majority.
In 2013, there was a major reform of the telecommunications industry, with the creation of new broadcast television channels. Mexico became the first Latin American country to transition from analog to all digital transmissions.
In September 2014, the mass kidnapping of 43 students in Iguala triggered nationwide protests against the Mexican government's weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption.
Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone.
In September 2016, Kia opened a $1 billion factory in Nuevo León, and Audi opened an assembling plant in Puebla.
In 2016, Mexico City dropped its designation as the Federal District and began the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its constitution and congress.
In 2017, Mexico ranked as the 6th most visited country globally and held the 15th position in tourism income worldwide, leading in Latin America. The majority of tourists visiting Mexico came from the United States and Canada, followed by Europe and Asia. Mexico was ranked 22nd worldwide in the 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report.
In 2017, Mexico's population grew to 123.5 million inhabitants.
In December 2018, the SEGH-CFE 1 project in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, was completed, with a capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels.
Between 2018 and 2022, Mexico saw a 5.6% decrease in its poverty rate.
In 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) won the presidential election with over 50% of the vote, leading a coalition that also secured a majority in Congress.
In 2018, it was estimated that 54.9% of Mexico's land was agricultural, with varying percentages allocated to arable land, permanent crops, permanent pasture, and forest.
In 2018, the daily minimum wage was set at 88.15 pesos.
In 2018, the literacy rate in Mexico was 94.86%.
Since 2018, the National Regeneration Movement (Morena), a left-wing populist party, has been the ruling party in Mexico.
In April 2019, Daniela Soto-Innes was named the best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.
As of 2019, it is estimated that 11.7 million Mexicans live outside Mexico, in addition to 13.5 million born abroad and another 12 million descendants; the vast majority of this combined population (98–99%) are in the U.S.
In 2019, 20% of Mexico's population lived in a situation of poverty according to the OECD's poverty line.
In 2019, Mexico had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.
In 2019, the Mexican Federal Police was dissolved by a constitutional amendment during the administration of President López Obrador.
In 2019, the National Guard was formed in Mexico from the disbanded Federal Police and military police of the Army and Navy.
In 2019, the Villanueva solar park in Coahuila opened, becoming the largest solar power plant in the Americas with a capacity of 828 MW.
On February 28, 2020, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in Mexico.
In December 2020, Mexico began its COVID-19 vaccination program.
A 2020 report by the BBC provided statistics on crime in Mexico, with 10.7 million households experiencing at least one victim of crime.
According to Mexico's 2020 census, 19.4% of the population identifies as indigenous and 6.1% of Mexico's population speaks an Indigenous language. Afro-Mexicans comprised 2.04% of Mexico's population.
According to the 2020 census, Catholicism is the main religion in Mexico, with 77.8% of the population. 11.2% belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations, and 8.1% declared having no religion.
As of 2020, an estimated 1.2 million foreigners settled in Mexico.
As of 2020, the literacy rate in Mexico is 95.25%.
In 2020, as part of a push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya Austin, was arrested.
In 2020, there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives. The Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico had a population of 21.8 million.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States dipped.
In 2021, Mexico officially received 68,000 new immigrants, a 16% increase from the prior year.
As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing in Mexico, with most disappearances occurring since 2007.
According to Mexico's National Geography and Statistics Institute, the estimated population of the country was 129,150,971 people in 2022.
As of 2022, Mexico is the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 42.2 million international arrivals.
As of 2022, the National Guard numbered 110,000 personnel.
Between 2018 and 2022, Mexico saw a 5.6% decrease in its poverty rate.
In 2022 Mexico built a new oil refinery.
In the 2022 report, it was noted that while environmental protection laws have improved in major cities of Mexico, they remain unenforced or unregulated in rural regions.
As of 2023, Military expenditures in Mexico are a small fraction of GDP, at around 0.6%.
In 2023 Elena Reygadas was named the best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.
In 2023 Mexico was in the top 15 highest greenhouse gas emitters.
In 2023, CONEVAL reported that Mexico's poverty rate has been decreasing in recent years.
In 2023, the World Bank reported that Mexico's gross national income in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America after Brazil.
As of April 2024, Mexico has the 12th largest nominal GDP, the 12th largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).
In October 2024, Claudia Sheinbaum was sworn in as Mexico's president, becoming the first woman to hold the office.
As of 2024, Mexico has approximately 220,000 armed forces personnel and roughly 110,000 National Guard personnel.
In 2024, Mexico was ranked 56th in the Global Innovation Index.
In the 2024 general election, Morena won a second term as the ruling party in Mexico.
The daily minimum wage will be $248.93 Mexican pesos (US$13.24) in 2024 ($375 in the country's northern border).
In 2025, the UN estimated the population of Mexico to have grown to 131,946,900 people.
Mexico has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 35% by 2030.
According to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.
Mexico has committed to net zero by 2050.
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