Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a North American country bordering the United States to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast. It has maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. Covering 1,972,550 km2, it's the 13th largest country by land area. With over 130 million people, Mexico is the tenth most populous globally and has the largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is its capital and largest city, ranking among the world's most populous metropolitan areas and also marks it as the northwesternmost country in Latin America.
In 1900, the Mexican population was a little more than 13 million.
Around 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, lasting until 1920 and greatly impacting population growth.
During the Mexican Revolution (1910–20), Corridos were particularly popular.
The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) was officially established in 1910.
In May 1911, President Díaz resigned amidst scattered uprisings against him after the fraudulent 1910 election.
In 1911, The 35-year rule of Liberal General Porfirio Díaz ended.
In February 1913, a military coup d'état overthrew Madero's government, with the support of the U.S.
In March 1913, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as president and refused to recognize Huerta's regime.
In 1914, a coalition of anti-Huerta forces defeated the Federal Army, leaving only revolutionary forces.
In 1915, Carranza's general Alvaro Obregón defeated Pancho Villa in the Battle of Celaya.
In 1916, the winners of the Mexican Revolution met at a constitutional convention to draft the Constitution of 1917.
In February 1917, the winners of the Mexican Revolution ratified the Constitution of 1917.
Although the Constitution of 1917 put limits on the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, Roman Catholicism remains the country's dominant religious affiliation.
Calles strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution, which ended with an agreement.
In 1917, Germany sent a coded telegram to Mexico attempting to incite war between the U.S. and Mexico.
In 1917, Mexico adopted the 1917 Constitution as a result of the Mexican Revolution.
In 1917, the Constitution used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos, translated as "United Mexican States".
In 1919, President Carranza had peasant leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated.
Around 1920, the Mexican Revolution ended, having greatly impacted population growth since 1910.
In 1920, Obregón and other Sonoran revolutionary generals overthrew Carranza, who died fleeing Mexico City.
In 1920, Álvaro Obregón began his presidency, marking the beginning of the post-revolutionary period.
In 1921, the census reported a loss of about 1 million inhabitants due to the Mexican Revolution.
In 1924, Plutarco Elías Calles began his presidency, succeeding Álvaro Obregón.
In 1925, José Vasconcelos defined Mexico and Latin America as the melting pot of all races in his book La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race).
In 1928, Obregón was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a political crisis of succession.
From 1929 to 1973, twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM.
In 1929, Calles founded the Institutional Revolutionary Party to manage presidential succession.
In 1929, the period known as the Maximato began, during which Calles remained the key political figure.
In 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas began his presidency and expelled Calles from the country.
In 1934, the Maximato ended during the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas.
In 1936, the National Polytechnic Institute was founded in Mexico.
In March 1938, the Mexican government carried out the Mexican oil expropriation, nationalizing the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company.
In 1939, the National Action Party (PAN), a conservative party, was founded.
In 1940, Manuel Avila Camacho began his presidency, succeeding Lázaro Cárdenas.
In 1940, Manuel Ávila Camacho began his presidency, marking a more moderate period and improved relations with the U.S.
In 1943, Emilio Fernández directed film María Candelaria was released.
From 1946, with the election of Miguel Alemán, Mexico embarked on an aggressive program of economic development.
In 1946, Manuel Avila Camacho's term ended, marking the end of revolutionary generals serving as Presidents of Mexico.
In 1946, María Candelaria by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, the first time the event was held after World War II.
In 1947, the Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico some of his masterpieces.
In 1949, Luis Buñuel realized his masterpiece Los Olvidados.
Between 1950 and 1980, the country registered growth rates of over 3%.
In 1952, the Ballet Folklórico de México was founded and performs music and dance of the prehispanic period through the Mexican Revolution.
From 1958 to 1965, bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education.
In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
In 1961, Luis Buñuel realized his masterpiece Viridiana.
In 1962, DINA S.A. started building buses and trucks in Mexico.
Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States.
In 1965, Luis Buñuel realizes masterpeices in Mexico.
In 1968, Mexico abandoned the possibility of manufacturing nuclear weapons with the Treaty of Tlatelolco, pledging to use its nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes.
In 1968, Mexico hosted the Summer Olympics. Demonstrations resulted in the Tlatelolco Massacre, where an estimated 300 protesters were killed.
In 1968, native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement culminating in protests.
In 1968, the Tlatelolco massacre occurred amidst political unrest, with government forces killing protestors.
Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so.
From 1929 to 1973, twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM.
Carlos Chávez (1899–1978), the most well-known Mexican composer of the twentieth century, died in 1978.
Since 1979, the Instituto Nacional Indigenista has established a national network of bilingual radio stations.
Between 1950 and 1980, the country registered growth rates of over 3%.
In 1980, oil exports accounted for 61.6% of Mexico's total exports.
In 1980, the literacy rate in Mexico was 82.99%.
Luis Barragán won the 1980 Pritzker Prize, the highest award in architecture.
In 1982, Mexico's population grew to 70 million.
In 1987, Teotihuacan was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In December 1988, Carlos Salinas took the oath of office as president of Mexico, amidst massive protests in Mexico City due to allegations of electoral fraud during the election.
In 1989, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), a left-wing party, was founded as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties.
In 1990, Telmex (Teléfonos de México), previously a government monopoly, was privatized.
In 1990, the PRI was famously described by Mario Vargas Llosa as the "perfect dictatorship", although by this time the PRI's hegemony had already faced major challenges.
In 1992, Article 2 of the Constitution of Mexico was amended to define Mexico as a pluricultural country and emphasize the role of indigenous Mexicans.
In 1992, the film Como agua para chocolate was released.
On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was implemented. On the same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) in Chiapas began an armed peasant rebellion against the federal government.
In 1994, Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Zapatista uprising took place.
Mexico joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1994.
In 1995, Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry.
The 1996 San Andrés Accords granted autonomy, recognition, and rights to the indigenous population of Mexico, following the Zapatista Army of National Liberation's push against the mestizaje ideology.
By the end of 1999, the Mexican economy had rapidly recovered from the peso crisis and economic growth peaked at almost 7%.
In 1999, the film Sex, Shame, and Tears was released.
By 2000, oil exports accounted for only 7.3% of Mexico's total exports.
In 2000, after 71 years of rule, the incumbent PRI lost the presidential election to Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN).
It was expected that by 2000 there would be 120 million people living in Mexico.
Since 2000, more than 100 journalists and media workers have been killed or disappeared in Mexico, with most cases remaining unsolved.
After the economic slowdown of 2001, Mexico's economy began to recover.
In 2001, the film Y tu mamá también was released.
Between 2002 and 2012, the Mexican electronics exports grew 73%.
In 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, only behind Brazil.
In 2002, the film The Crime of Father Amaro was released.
In March 2003, the National Indigenous Languages Institute was created to promote and protect the use of the country's indigenous languages.
Since 2003, anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation have existed in Mexico.
In 2004, Mexico experienced economic recovery and grew by 4.2 percent.
In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for World Heritage Site of UNESCO.
In 2005, Mexico's economy continued to grow, reaching 3.0 percent.
In 2005, there were only 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic) panels installed in Mexico.
From 2006 to 2010 the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46%.
In 2006, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner of the presidential election by a very narrow margin over Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who contested the election.
In 2006, Mexico's economic growth accelerated to 4.8 percent.
In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.
Mexico's drug war, ongoing since 2006, has resulted in over 120,000 deaths and approximately 37,000 missing persons.
Since 2006, approximately 127,000 deaths have been caused by ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates.
According to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.
Most of the 100,000 people officially listed as missing in Mexico as of May 2022, have gone missing since 2007, coinciding with President Calderón's efforts to stop the drug cartels.
According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403.
During the 2008 Great Recession, remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States dipped.
In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget.
In August 2010, Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt.
In November 2010, Mexican gastronomy was recognized as Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO.
According to a 2010 survey, more than 40% of Mexican people identified with light skin tones.
As of 2010, nearly 1 million foreigners settled in Mexico.
From 2006 to 2010 (the year on which the CONEVAL published its first nationwide report of poverty) the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46%.
In 2010, Chile gained full membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
In 2011, Mexico was the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States, exporting $71.4 billion worth of electronics.
After the 2012 elections, Andrés Manuel López Obrador founded the new political party MORENA.
Between 2002 and 2012, the Mexican electronics exports grew 73%.
In 2012, the PRI won the presidency again with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto, although without a legislative majority.
In 2013, there was a major reform of the telecommunications industry, with the creation of new broadcast television channels.
On September 26, 2014, the mass kidnapping of 43 students in Iguala triggered nationwide protests against the government's weak response and widespread corruption.
Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States.
In September 2016, Kia opened a $1 billion factory in Nuevo León, and Audi opened an assembling plant in Puebla the same year.
In 2016, Mexico City dropped its designation as the Federal District and began the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its own constitution and congress.
According to 2017 surveys by Mexico's Council to Prevent Discrimination, 28-29% of Mexican people identified with light skin tones.
As of 2017, Mexico was the 6th most visited country in the world and had the 15th highest income from tourism, which is the highest in Latin America. In the 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, Mexico was ranked 22nd in the world, which was 3rd in the Americas.
In 2017, Mexico's population was 123.5 million.
In December 2018, the SEGH-CFE 1 project in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, with a capacity of 46.8 MW from 187,200 solar panels, was completed.
In 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the presidential election with over 50% of the vote.
In 2018, an estimated 54.9% of land in Mexico was agricultural; 11.8% was arable; 1.4% was in permanent crops; 41.7% was permanent pasture; and 33.3% was forest.
In 2018, the literacy rate in Mexico was 94.86%.
In 2018, the minimum wage was set at 88.15 pesos.
Within the period between 2018 and 2022, CONEVAL registered a 5.6% decrease in the poverty rate.
In April 2019, Daniela Soto-Innes was named the best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.
According to the OECD's poverty line, in 2019, 20% of Mexico's population lived in poverty.
As of 2019, an estimated 11.7 million Mexicans live outside Mexico.
In 2019, Mexico had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.
In 2019, the Mexican Federal Police was dissolved by a constitutional amendment and replaced by the National Guard.
In 2019, the National Guard was formed from the disbanded Federal Police and military police of the Army and Navy.
In 2019, the Villanueva solar park in Coahuila opened as the largest solar power plant in the Americas, with a capacity of 828 MW.
On February 28, 2020, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in Mexico.
In December 2020, the COVID-19 vaccination program started in Mexico.
A 2020 report by the BBC gives statistics on crime in Mexico, with 10.7 million households with at least one victim of crime.
According to Mexico's 2020 census, 19.4% of the population identifies as indigenous, 6.1% speaks an Indigenous language, and 2.04% are Afro-Mexicans.
According to the 2020 census, there are 58,876 Jews in Mexico, 7,982 Muslims, and 36,764 Mexicans reported belonging to a spiritualist religion.
As of 2020, an estimated 1.2 million foreigners settled in Mexico.
As of 2020, the literacy rate in Mexico is 95.25%.
In 2020, amidst a push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya Austin, was arrested.
In 2020, life expectancy in Mexico increased to 75 years.
In 2020, there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives. Greater Mexico City had a population of 21.8 million.
The 2020 census indicates that 77.8% of the Mexican population identifies as Roman Catholic, while 11.2% belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations, and 8.1% declared having no religion.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States dipped again.
In 2021, Mexico officially received 68,000 new immigrants, a 16% increase from the prior year.
As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing in Mexico, most since 2007.
According to 2022 surveys by Mexico's Council to Prevent Discrimination, 28-29% of Mexican people identified with light skin tones.
According to Mexico's National Geography and Statistics Institute, the country's estimated population in 2022 was of 129,150,971 people.
As of 2022, Mexico was the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 42.2 million international arrivals.
As of 2022, the National Guard numbered 110,000 personnel.
In 2022, Mexico was building a new oil refinery.
In the 2022 report, it was noted that environmental protection laws have improved in major cities, but remain unenforced or unregulated in rural regions.
Since 2022, Mexico has fully recognised same-sex marriage.
Within the period between 2018 and 2022, CONEVAL registered a 5.6% decrease in the poverty rate.
As of 2023, Mexico's military expenditures are approximately 0.6% of GDP.
In 2023, CONEVAL reported that Mexico's poverty rate had been decreasing in recent years, registering a 5.6% decrease between 2018 and 2022, although the extreme poverty rate rose slightly and access to healthcare services decreased significantly.
In 2023, Elena Reygadas was named the best female chef by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.
In 2023, Mexico was among the top 15 highest greenhouse gas emitters, contributing over 5 million tonnes, or 1.4% of the global total.
In 2023, the World Bank reported that Mexico's gross national income in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America after Brazil at US$1,744,711.4 million.
As of April 2024, Mexico had the 12th largest nominal GDP (US$1.848 trillion) and the 12th largest by purchasing power parity (US$3.303 trillion), with a GDP in PPP per capita of US$24,971.
In October 2024, Claudia Sheinbaum was sworn in as Mexico's president, becoming the first woman to lead the country.
As of 2024, there are approximately 220,000 armed forces personnel: 160,000 Army; 10,000 Air Force; and 50,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines. The National Guard has roughly 110,000 personnel.
In 2024, Mexico was ranked 56th in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2024, the daily minimum wage in Mexico will be $248.93 Mexican pesos (US$13.24), with a higher rate of $375 in the country's northern border.
By 2030, Mexico has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 35%, with an increased target of 40% conditional upon external support, and aims to cut black carbon emissions by 51% unconditionally and 70% with additional support.
According to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.
Mexico has committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050.
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