History of Mexico in Timeline

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a North American country bordering the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast. It has maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Covering 1,972,550 km2, it is the thirteenth-largest country by land area. Mexico is the tenth-most populous country globally, with over 130 million residents and the largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is its capital and largest metropolitan area.

1900: Mexican Population

In 1900, the Mexican population was a little more than 13 million.

1910: Fraudulent Elections

In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began with scattered uprisings against President Díaz after the fraudulent election.

1910: Mexican Revolution begins

In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, leading to the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz and the adoption of the 1917 Constitution.

1910: Beginning of the Mexican Revolution

In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, triggering a decade of civil war.

1910: Establishment of National Autonomous University of Mexico

In 1910, the National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established.

May 1911: Resignation of President Díaz

In May 1911, President Díaz resigned amidst scattered uprisings.

1911: End of Porfirio Díaz's rule

In 1911, Porfirio Díaz's 35-year rule came to an end.

February 1913: Overthrow and Murder of Madero

In February 1913, a military coup d'état overthrew Madero's government, resulting in Madero's murder.

March 1913: Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta's regime

In March 1913, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as president and refused to recognize Huerta's regime, allowing arms sales to the Constitutionalists.

1914: Defeat of the Federal Army and Occupation of Veracruz

In 1914, the Federal Army was defeated by a coalition of anti-Huerta forces and Wilson ordered troops to occupy the strategic port of Veracruz.

1915: Battle of Celaya and Raid into Columbus

In 1915, Carranza's general Alvaro Obregón defeated Pancho Villa in the Battle of Celaya, and Villa led a raid into Columbus, New Mexico.

1916: Constitutional Convention

In 1916, the winners of the Mexican revolution met at a constitutional convention to draft the Constitution of 1917.

February 1917: Ratification of the Constitution of 1917

In February 1917, the Constitution of 1917 was ratified, empowering the government and strengthening anticlerical provisions.

1917: Enforcement of Anticlerical Articles

After becoming president, Calles strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution which led to a major conflict with the Catholic Church and Catholic guerrilla armies. The conflict eventually ended with an agreement.

1917: German Telegram Incident

In 1917, Germany sent a coded telegram to Mexico attempting to incite war between the U.S. and Mexico, but Mexico remained neutral in the conflict.

1917: Adoption of the 1917 Constitution

In 1917, the 1917 Constitution was adopted following the Mexican Revolution.

1917: Use of Estados Unidos Mexicanos in the Constitution

In 1917, the current constitution used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

1917: Constitution Limits on Catholic Church

The Constitution of 1917 put limits on the role of the Catholic Church in Mexico.

1917: 1917 Constitution

The United Mexican States' government is based on a representative, democratic, and republican system according to the 1917 Constitution.

1919: Assassination of Emiliano Zapata

In 1919, President Carranza had peasant leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated.

1920: Obregón becomes president

In 1920 Álvaro Obregón became president of Mexico, marking the beginning of a period where revolutionary generals served as presidents.

1920: Overthrow and Death of Carranza

In 1920, Obregón and other generals overthrew Carranza, who died fleeing Mexico City.

1920: End of Mexican Revolution

In 1920, the Mexican Revolution ended, leading to the adoption of the 1917 Constitution.

1921: Population Loss

The 1921 census reported a loss of about 1 million inhabitants due to the Mexican Revolution.

1924: Calles becomes president

In 1924, Plutarco Elías Calles became president of Mexico.

1925: La Raza Cósmica

In 1925, José Vasconcelos defined Mexico and Latin America to be the melting pot of all races in La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race).

1928: Obregón assassinated

In 1928, Obregón won the elections but was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a political crisis of succession.

1929: Integration of Institutes into UNAM

From 1929 to 1973, twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM.

1929: Founding of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

In 1929, Calles founded the Institutional Revolutionary Party to manage presidential succession, which dominated Mexico for the rest of the 20th century.

1929: Founding of the PRI

In 1929, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was founded to unite all factions of the Mexican Revolution.

1929: Start of the Maximato

In 1929, the period known as the Maximato began.

1934: Cárdenas becomes president

In 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas became president of Mexico.

1934: End of the Maximato

In 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas ended the Maximato by expelling Calles from the country and implementing many economic and social reforms.

1936: Foundation of National Polytechnic Institute

In 1936, the National Polytechnic Institute was founded.

March 1938: Mexican oil expropriation

In March 1938, the Mexican oil expropriation nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company, leading to the creation of Pemex.

1939: Founding of the PAN

In 1939, the National Action Party (PAN), a conservative party, was founded.

1940: Camacho becomes president

In 1940, Manuel Avila Camacho became president of Mexico.

1943: María Candelaria

María Candelaria by Emilio Fernández was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1943.

1946: Alemán becomes president

In 1946, Miguel Alemán became the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, initiating the Mexican miracle.

1946: End of era of revolutionary generals as Presidents

In 1946, the era of revolutionary generals serving as Presidents ended with Manuel Avila Camacho.

1946: Cannes Film Festival

María Candelaria (1943) was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II.

1947: Luis Buñuel in Mexico

The Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel began realizing some of his masterpieces in Mexico starting in 1947.

1949: Los Olvidados

The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized his masterpieces Los Olvidados in Mexico in 1949.

1950: Population Growth Rate

Between the 1950s and 1980s, Mexico's population growth rate increased dramatically, registering growth rates of over 3% during 1950-1980.

1952: Ballet Folklórico de México Founded

In 1952, the Ballet Folklórico de México was founded. The ballet performs music and dance of the prehispanic period through the Mexican Revolution in regional attire in the Palacio de Bellas Artes.

1958: Bilingual radio stations

From 1958 to 1965, bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education.

1959: Creation of the Mexican Academy of Sciences

In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.

1961: Viridiana

The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized his masterpieces Viridiana in Mexico in 1961.

1962: Establishment of DINA S.A.

Since 1962, DINA S.A. has built buses and trucks in Mexico.

1965: Migration to the United States

Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone.

1965: Luis Buñuel in Mexico

The Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel finished realizing some of his masterpieces in Mexico in 1965.

1968: Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games

In 1968, Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games, making it the first Latin American city to do so.

1968: Summer Olympics and Tlatelolco Massacre

In 1968, Mexico hosted the Summer Olympics, investing heavily in new facilities. This led to political unrest and demonstrations, culminating in the Tlatelolco Massacre where an estimated 300 to 800 protesters were killed by the government.

1968: Treaty of Tlatelolco

In 1968, Mexico pledged to use its nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes by signing the Treaty of Tlatelolco, abandoning the possibility to manufacture nuclear weapons.

1968: Tlatelolco massacre

In 1968, the Tlatelolco massacre occurred amidst unrest in Mexico.

1968: 1968 protests

In 1968, the native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement, culminating in the 1968 protests and redirected into counterculture rebellion, La Onda (the wave).

1970: Mexico hosted the 1970 FIFA World Cup

In 1970, Mexico hosted the FIFA World Cup.

1973: Integration of Institutes into UNAM

From 1929 to 1973, twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM.

1978: Death of Carlos Chávez

In 1978, Carlos Chávez, the most well-known Mexican composer of the twentieth century, died. Chávez composed six symphonies with indigenous themes, and rejuvenated Mexican music, founding the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional.

1979: National network of bilingual radio stations established

Since 1979 the Instituto Nacional Indigenista has established a national network of bilingual radio stations.

1980: Population Growth Rate

Between the 1950s and 1980s, Mexico's population growth rate increased dramatically, registering growth rates of over 3% during 1950-1980.

1980: Mexico Oil Exports

In 1980, oil exports accounted for 61.6% of Mexico's total exports.

1980: Literacy Rate

In 1980, the literacy rate in Mexico was 82.99%.

1982: Mexican Population

In 1982, Mexico's population grew to 70 million.

1986: Mexico hosted the 1986 FIFA World Cup

In 1986, Mexico hosted the FIFA World Cup.

1987: UNESCO World Heritage Site

Teotihuacan was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.

December 1988: Salinas Takes Office Amidst Electoral Fraud

In December 1988, Carlos Salinas de Gortari was sworn in as president of Mexico amidst massive protests due to allegations of electoral fraud during the 1988 elections.

1989: Founding of the PRD

In 1989, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), a left-wing party, was founded.

1990: Privatization of Telmex

In 1990, Telmex (Teléfonos de México), previously a government monopoly, was privatized.

1990: PRI Described as "Perfect Dictatorship"

In 1990, the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) was famously described by Mario Vargas Llosa as the "perfect dictatorship", reflecting the challenges to its long-standing hegemony.

1992: Constitutional Amendment

In 1992, Article 2 of the Constitution of Mexico was amended to define Mexico as a pluricultural country, emphasizing the role of indigenous Mexicans.

1992: Como agua para chocolate

In 1992, films such as Como agua para chocolate were successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.

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January 1994: NAFTA and Zapatista Uprising

On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) launched an armed rebellion in Chiapas.

1994: Mexico Joins OECD

In 1994, Mexico joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

1994: Zapatista uprising and NAFTA signing

In 1994, the Zapatista uprising occurred, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed, marking a shift towards neoliberalism.

1995: Nobel Prize

In 1995, the Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland.

1996: San Andrés Accords

In 1996, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation's push against the mestizaje ideology led to the San Andrés Accords, which granted autonomy, recognition, and rights to the indigenous population of Mexico.

1999: Economic Growth Peaked

By the end of 1999, Mexico's economic growth peaked at almost 7%, following macroeconomic reforms implemented by President Ernesto Zedillo.

1999: Sex, Shame, and Tears

In 1999, films such as Sex, Shame, and Tears were successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.

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2000: Expected Population

Around 2000, it was expected that there would be 120 million people living in Mexico.

2000: Mexico Oil Exports

By 2000, oil exports accounted for 7.3% of Mexico's total exports.

2000: PRI Loses Presidential Election

In 2000, the PRI lost the presidential election to Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN), ending 71 years of PRI rule.

2000: Killings and Disappearances of Journalists and Media Workers

Since 2000, more than 100 journalists and media workers have been killed or disappeared in Mexico, with most of these crimes remaining unsolved.

2001: Slowdown of Mexico's Economy

In 2001, Mexico's economy experienced a slowdown.

2001: Y tu mamá también

In 2001, films such as Y tu mamá también were successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.

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2002: Growth of Mexican Electronics Exports

From 2002 to 2012, Mexican electronics exports grew by 73%.

2002: Second Fastest Deforestation Rate

In 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, only surpassed by Brazil.

2002: The Crime of Father Amaro

In 2002, films such as The Crime of Father Amaro have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.

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March 2003: National Indigenous Languages Institute Creation

In March 2003, the National Indigenous Languages Institute was created to promote and protect the use of the country's indigenous languages.

2003: Anti-Discrimination Laws

Since 2003, anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation have existed in Mexico.

2004: Mexico's Economic Recovery

In 2004, Mexico's economy recovered and grew by 4.2 percent.

2005: Gastronomy Candidature for World Heritage Site

In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for World Heritage Site of UNESCO.

2005: Mexico's Economic Growth

In 2005, Mexico's economy grew by 3.0 percent.

2005: Amount of solar PV panels installed

In 2005, there were only 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic) panels in Mexico.

2006: Telmex Expansion

By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States.

2006: Increase in Mexicans Living in Poverty

From 2006 to 2010, the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46% (52 million people).

2006: Calderón Wins Disputed Election

In 2006, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner of the presidential election by a very narrow margin, a result that was contested by Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

2006: Start of Mexico's Drug War

In 2006, Mexico's drug war began, resulting in over 120,000 deaths and approximately 37,000 missing persons.

2006: Mexico's Economic Growth

In 2006, Mexico's economy grew by 4.8 percent.

2006: Trade with the U.S. and Canada

In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.

2006: Start of conflict between drug trafficking syndicates

Since 2006, approximately 127,000 deaths have been caused by ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates in Mexico.

2007: Goldman Sachs Report on Mexico's Economy

According to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.

2007: War on Drugs Escalates

Since 2007 when President Calderón attempted to stop the drug cartels, Mexico has been dealing with increasing numbers of missing people.

2008: UN report on income

According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403.

2008: Great Recession

During the 2008 Great Recession, remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States dipped.

2008: Mexico Contributes to UN Budget

In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget.

August 2010: Mexico Surpasses France as Holder of US Debt

In August 2010, Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt.

November 2010: Mexican Gastronomy Recognized by UNESCO

On November 16, 2010 Mexican gastronomy was recognized as Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO.

2010: Increase in Mexicans Living in Poverty

From 2006 to 2010, the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46% (52 million people).

2010: Chile Joins OECD

In 2010, Chile gained full membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

2010: Foreigners Settled in Mexico

In 2010, nearly 1 million foreigners settled in Mexico.

2011: Mexico's Electronics Exports to the US

In 2011, Mexico was the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States, exporting $71.4 billion worth of electronics.

2012: AMLO Founds MORENA

Following the 2012 elections, Andru00e9s Manuel Lu00f3pez Obrador founded the new political party MORENA.

2012: Growth of Mexican Electronics Exports

From 2002 to 2012, Mexican electronics exports grew by 73%.

2012: PRI Wins Presidency Again

In the 2012 presidential election, the PRI regained the presidency with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto, although he did not secure a legislative majority.

2013: Telecommunications industry reform

In 2013, there was a major reform of the telecommunications industry, with the creation of new broadcast television channels. Mexico became the first Latin American country to transition from analog to all digital transmissions.

September 2014: Mass Kidnapping of 43 Students in Iguala

In September 2014, the mass kidnapping of 43 students in Iguala triggered nationwide protests against the Mexican government's weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption.

2015: Migration to the United States

Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone.

September 2016: Kia and Audi Open Factories

In September 2016, Kia opened a $1 billion factory in Nuevo León, and Audi opened an assembling plant in Puebla.

2016: Mexico City political autonomy

In 2016, Mexico City dropped its designation as the Federal District and began the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its constitution and congress.

2017: Tourism in Mexico

In 2017, Mexico ranked as the 6th most visited country globally and held the 15th position in tourism income worldwide, leading in Latin America. The majority of tourists visiting Mexico came from the United States and Canada, followed by Europe and Asia. Mexico was ranked 22nd worldwide in the 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report.

2017: Mexican Population

In 2017, Mexico's population grew to 123.5 million inhabitants.

December 2018: Completion of SEGH-CFE 1 Project

In December 2018, the SEGH-CFE 1 project in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, was completed, with a capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels.

2018: Decrease in Mexico's Poverty Rate

Between 2018 and 2022, Mexico saw a 5.6% decrease in its poverty rate.

2018: AMLO Wins Presidential Election

In 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) won the presidential election with over 50% of the vote, leading a coalition that also secured a majority in Congress.

2018: Land Use Statistics

In 2018, it was estimated that 54.9% of Mexico's land was agricultural, with varying percentages allocated to arable land, permanent crops, permanent pasture, and forest.

2018: Daily Minimum Wage

In 2018, the daily minimum wage was set at 88.15 pesos.

2018: Literacy Rate

In 2018, the literacy rate in Mexico was 94.86%.

2018: Morena Becomes the Ruling Party

Since 2018, the National Regeneration Movement (Morena), a left-wing populist party, has been the ruling party in Mexico.

April 2019: Daniela Soto-Innes Named Best Female Chef

In April 2019, Daniela Soto-Innes was named the best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.

2019: Mexicans Living Abroad

As of 2019, it is estimated that 11.7 million Mexicans live outside Mexico, in addition to 13.5 million born abroad and another 12 million descendants; the vast majority of this combined population (98–99%) are in the U.S.

2019: Percentage of population in poverty

In 2019, 20% of Mexico's population lived in a situation of poverty according to the OECD's poverty line.

2019: Forest Landscape Integrity Index

In 2019, Mexico had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.

2019: Dissolution of the Federal Police

In 2019, the Mexican Federal Police was dissolved by a constitutional amendment during the administration of President López Obrador.

2019: Formation of the National Guard

In 2019, the National Guard was formed in Mexico from the disbanded Federal Police and military police of the Army and Navy.

2019: Opening of Villanueva Solar Park

In 2019, the Villanueva solar park in Coahuila opened, becoming the largest solar power plant in the Americas with a capacity of 828 MW.

February 2020: First Confirmed COVID-19 Case

On February 28, 2020, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in Mexico.

December 2020: COVID-19 Vaccination Begins

In December 2020, Mexico began its COVID-19 vaccination program.

2020: Crime Statistics

A 2020 report by the BBC provided statistics on crime in Mexico, with 10.7 million households experiencing at least one victim of crime.

2020: Mexican Census

According to Mexico's 2020 census, 19.4% of the population identifies as indigenous and 6.1% of Mexico's population speaks an Indigenous language. Afro-Mexicans comprised 2.04% of Mexico's population.

2020: Religion in Mexico

According to the 2020 census, Catholicism is the main religion in Mexico, with 77.8% of the population. 11.2% belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations, and 8.1% declared having no religion.

2020: Foreigners Settled in Mexico

As of 2020, an estimated 1.2 million foreigners settled in Mexico.

2020: Literacy Rate

As of 2020, the literacy rate in Mexico is 95.25%.

2020: Arrest of Ex-CEO of Pemex

In 2020, as part of a push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya Austin, was arrested.

2020: Metropolitan Areas in Mexico

In 2020, there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives. The Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico had a population of 21.8 million.

2021: COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Remittances

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States dipped.

2021: New Immigrants Received

In 2021, Mexico officially received 68,000 new immigrants, a 16% increase from the prior year.

May 2022: Missing Persons

As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing in Mexico, with most disappearances occurring since 2007.

2022: Mexico's Population

According to Mexico's National Geography and Statistics Institute, the estimated population of the country was 129,150,971 people in 2022.

2022: Mexico ranks as sixth most-visited country

As of 2022, Mexico is the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 42.2 million international arrivals.

2022: National Guard Personnel

As of 2022, the National Guard numbered 110,000 personnel.

2022: Decrease in Mexico's Poverty Rate

Between 2018 and 2022, Mexico saw a 5.6% decrease in its poverty rate.

2022: New oil refinery built

In 2022 Mexico built a new oil refinery.

2022: Unenforced Environmental Regulations in Rural Areas

In the 2022 report, it was noted that while environmental protection laws have improved in major cities of Mexico, they remain unenforced or unregulated in rural regions.

2023: Military Expenditures

As of 2023, Military expenditures in Mexico are a small fraction of GDP, at around 0.6%.

2023: Elena Reygadas

In 2023 Elena Reygadas was named the best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants.

2023: Greenhouse Gas Emitters

In 2023 Mexico was in the top 15 highest greenhouse gas emitters.

2023: CONEVAL report on poverty

In 2023, CONEVAL reported that Mexico's poverty rate has been decreasing in recent years.

2023: World Bank Report on Mexico's Gross National Income

In 2023, the World Bank reported that Mexico's gross national income in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America after Brazil.

April 2024: Mexico's GDP

As of April 2024, Mexico has the 12th largest nominal GDP, the 12th largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).

October 2024: Sheinbaum Becomes First Woman President

In October 2024, Claudia Sheinbaum was sworn in as Mexico's president, becoming the first woman to hold the office.

2024: Armed Forces Personnel

As of 2024, Mexico has approximately 220,000 armed forces personnel and roughly 110,000 National Guard personnel.

2024: Mexico's Innovation Index Ranking

In 2024, Mexico was ranked 56th in the Global Innovation Index.

2024: Morena Wins Second Term

In the 2024 general election, Morena won a second term as the ruling party in Mexico.

2024: Daily Minimum Wage

The daily minimum wage will be $248.93 Mexican pesos (US$13.24) in 2024 ($375 in the country's northern border).

2025: UN Population Estimate

In 2025, the UN estimated the population of Mexico to have grown to 131,946,900 people.

2026: Mexico to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup

In 2026, Mexico will co-host, along with Canada and the United States, the FIFA World Cup.

2030: Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Mexico has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 35% by 2030.

2050: Future of Mexico's Economy

According to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.

2050: Mexico Net Zero

Mexico has committed to net zero by 2050.

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