Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth-largest globally in area. With a population exceeding 212 million, it ranks as the seventh most populous nation. A federation comprised of 26 states and the Federal District (Brasília), Brazil's largest city is São Paulo, followed by Rio de Janeiro. Notably, it is the only country in the Americas with Portuguese as its official language, hosting the world's largest population of Portuguese speakers.
Inah Canabarro Lucas, believed to be the world's oldest person, passed away in Brazil at the remarkable age of 116. A British Woman now claims the title.
In 1902, Brazil was involved in the Acre War, disrupting the relative balance in foreign policy.
In 1914, Brazil was involved in World War I, disrupting the relative balance in foreign policy.
In 1915, a similarly devastating drought occurred in Brazil, causing significant hardship.
In 1918, Brazil was involved in World War I, disrupting the relative balance in foreign policy.
On September 7, 1922, radio broadcasting began in Brazil with a speech by then President Pessoa.
Brazilian Modernism, evidenced by the Modern Art Week in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature.
On April 20, 1923, radio broadcasting was formalized with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".
After an economic and military crisis, civilians took power in Brazil in October 1930, remaining in power until later.
From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived in Brazil.
In 1930, Getúlio Vargas, supported by the military, successfully led the Revolution of 1930, assuming power and initiating significant political changes.
The film Limite was released in 1931 but was poorly received at the time.
In 1932, the Constitutionalist Revolution, led by São Paulo's oligarchy, occurred in Brazil as an attempt to remove Vargas from power.
The film Ganga Bruta was released in 1933 but was poorly received at the time.
In November 1935, a Communist uprising occurred in Brazil, contributing to a security crisis and increased executive power.
In 1937, a coup d'état in Brazil resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, marking the beginning of the Estado Novo era.
In May 1938, a putsch attempt by local fascists occurred in Brazil, further destabilizing the political landscape.
In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors Adolfo Celi, Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, renewed the Brazilian theater.
In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%.
In 1941, the unfinished film It's All True, directed by Orson Welles, had segments filmed in Brazil as part of the United States' Good Neighbor Policy.
In 1945, with the Allied victory in World War II, Vargas was overthrown in a military coup.
Starting in 1945, Brazil's railway system began to decline as focus shifted towards highway construction.
On September 18, 1950, television in Brazil began officially with the founding of TV Tupi by Assis Chateaubriand.
In 1950, Vargas returned to power in Brazil through election, setting the stage for later political turmoil.
In the 1950s the annual population growth rate was 3.0%.
In August 1954, Vargas committed suicide amid a political crisis, after returning to power by election in 1950.
In 1956, Juscelino Kubitschek became president of Brazil, assuming a conciliatory posture that allowed him to govern without major crises.
In 1960, the new capital city of Brasília was inaugurated, marking a significant achievement of Kubitschek's presidency.
In the 1960s the annual population growth rate was 2.9%.
In 1961, Jânio Quadros resigned as president of Brazil, less than a year after taking office.
In 1963, São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games, and Brazil hosted the FIBA Basketball World Cup. At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles.
In April 1964, João Goulart was deposed in a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship in Brazil.
Glauber Rocha's film Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol was released in 1964.
In 1964, an authoritarian military dictatorship emerged in Brazil, marking a significant shift in the country's governance.
Glauber Rocha's film Terra em Transe was released in 1967.
In 1967, the total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km.
In 1968, the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in Brazil marked the transition of the new regime into a full dictatorship.
Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate.
In 1970, Brazil's total railway track length was 31,848 km, making it the ninth largest network in the world.
Since the 1970s, the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been under direct threat of deforestation due to rapid economic and demographic expansion.
From 1808 to 1972, about five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil.
On September 14, 1974, the São Paulo Metro, the first underground transit system in Brazil, began operating.
In 1978, the first car with an ethanol engine was produced.
In 1979, the Amnesty Law was enacted in Brazil, beginning a slow return to democracy.
In 1985, José Sarney assumed the presidency of Brazil, marking the return of civilians to power.
In 1985, after a period of military rule, civilian governance resumed in Brazil, signifying a return to democratic principles.
On 5 October 1988, the Federal Constitution, the fundamental law of Brazil, was promulgated, establishing the basis for the legal system and mandating that all legislation and court decisions conform to its rules.
Brazil's current constitution was enacted in 1988, defining the country as a democratic federal republic.
Since the creation of the universal health care system in Brazil in 1988, there has been progress.
The 1988 Constitution abolished the last three federal territories: Amapá and Roraima, which gained statehood, and Fernando de Noronha, which became a state district of Pernambuco.
In 1989, Fernando Collor was elected as president of Brazil.
In 1990, Brazil's forest cover was 588,898,000 hectares.
In 1992, Fernando Collor was impeached by the National Congress in Brazil.
In 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso produced the Plano Real, stabilizing the Brazilian economy, and subsequently won the election.
In 1995, the film O Quatrilho was released.
In 1997, the film O Que É Isso, Companheiro? was released.
In 1998, Cardoso won re-election in Brazil, continuing his presidency.
In 1998, the film Central do Brasil was released.
The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000.
In 2002, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was elected president of Brazil, marking a peaceful transition of power.
In 2002, the crime film City of God, directed by Fernando Meirelles, was released and critically acclaimed.
The 2002 sign language law requires government authorities and public agencies to accept and provide information in Língua Brasileira dos Sinais or "LIBRAS".
In 2004, City of God received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Director.
A 2005 presidential edict requires teaching of LIBRAS as a part of education and speech and language pathology curricula.
Brazil's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) sets a goal to cut greenhouse emissions by 59% to 67% compared to 2005 levels by 2035.
In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money, highlighting the importance of domestic tourism.
In 2005, the National Indian Foundation estimated that Brazil has 40 different uncontacted tribes.
In 2005, the first airplane engine running on ethanol was produced.
In 2006, Brazil achieved self-sufficiency in oil production, reducing its dependence on imports.
In 2006, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was re-elected as president of Brazil.
In 2006, the main public health problems to be solved in Brazil were the high infant and maternal mortality rates.
By 2007, life expectancy in Brazil had risen to 72.6 years.
In 2007, Brazil achieved self-sufficiency in oil production, reducing its dependence on imports.
In 2007, Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games.
In 2007, the Federal Railroad Network Corporation (RFFSA), which owned most of the railway system, was privatized.
In 2007, the National Indian Foundation estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes.
In 2008, Brazil faced an economic crisis that lasted until 2009, affecting revenues from international tourism.
In 2008, the illiteracy rate in Brazil was 11.48%.
In 2008, the population growth rate was 1.05%.
In 2008, the population of Brazil was approximately 190 million.
In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved an agreement with the Vatican.
On October 2, 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games, making it the first South American city to host the games and second in Latin America, after Mexico City.
According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.
By 2009, the mobile phone and Internet use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.
In 2009, Brazil faced an economic crisis that started in 2008, affecting revenues from international tourism.
In February 2010, the President of Brazil enacted an agreement with the Vatican, recognizing the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil.
In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.
According to the 2010 census, individuals professing no religion exceeded 8% of the population in Brazil.
According to the 2010 demographic census, 64.63% of the Brazilian population followed Roman Catholicism, 22.2% Protestantism, 2.0% Kardecist spiritism, and 8.0% had no religion.
According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.
By 2010, the Protestant community in Brazil had grown to include over 22% of the population.
In 2010, Brazil's revenues from international tourists reached US$6 billion, showing a recovery from the 2008-2009 economic crisis.
In 2010, Dilma Rousseff was elected president of Brazil, succeeding Lula.
In 2011, Brazil reached historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts from tourism.
In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.
In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated about 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Brazil, one of the highest rates of homicide in the world.
Same-sex couples in Brazil have held nationwide marriage rights since May 2013.
Although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.
In 2013, the homicide rate in São Paulo was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, while in Alagoas, it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, showcasing the differences between crime rates in Brazilian states.
As of June 2014, Brazil had the third largest prison population in the world with approximately 700,000 prisoners, leading to overcrowding in the Brazilian prison system.
After rapid growth in preceding decades, Brazil entered an ongoing recession in 2014 amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests.
In 2014, Dilma Rousseff was re-elected as president of Brazil by narrow margins.
In 2015, 56% of Brazil's forest area was reported to be under public ownership and 44% under private ownership.
In 2015, Brazil had 6.36 million visitors, ranking as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico.
In 2015, Brazil ranked 28th at the world's level in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), third in the Americas, after Canada and United States.
In 2015, the country's total railway track length was 30,576 km.
As of 2016, Brazil has eleven recipients of the Camões Prize.
In 2016, Brazil was the second-largest producer of pulp and the eighth-largest producer of paper in the world.
In 2016, Dilma Rousseff was impeached by the Brazilian Congress, leading to Michel Temer assuming presidential powers.
In 2016, Rio de Janeiro hosted the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games.
In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupied 61% of the Brazilian territory, while agriculture occupied 8% and pastures 19.7%.
In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and ministers linked to the Petrobras corruption scandal.
The 2017 Freedom in the World report by Freedom House gave Brazil a score of "2" for both political rights and civil liberties.
According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the Brazilian population identified corruption as the country's biggest problem.
By 2018, the total of paved roads increased to 215,000 km.
In 2018, Brazil had a record of 63,880 murders, highlighting the country's high levels of violent crime.
In 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country in the world, with 6.6 million tourists and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars.
In 2018, Jair Bolsonaro was elected president of Brazil, winning against Fernando Haddad.
In 2018, the chemical industry of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.
In 2018, the tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of Brazil's GDP, with the service sector accounting for 60% and trade for 13%.
According to the IBGE, in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11.3 million people are still illiterate in the country.
In 2019, 43% of the entire European continent was covered by forests, but only 3% of Europe's total forest area was native forest, highlighting Brazil's strong interest in conservation due to its agriculture sector's dependence on forests.
In 2019, Brazil had 83% renewable electric energy, while the world only had 25%.
In 2019, Brazil hosted the Copa América.
In 2019, Brazil was ranked 66th in the Global Innovation Index, a rise from 50th in 2024.
In 2019, Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed foods in the world and the fourth-largest producer in the footwear industry.
In 2019, Constitutional Amendment No. 104 established Federal, District, and State Penal Police agencies for law enforcement in Brazil.
In 2019, it was estimated that 50% of the Brazilian population were Roman Catholic, 31% Protestant, 11% irreligious, 3% Spiritist, 2% practitioners of Afro-Brazilian faiths, and 0.3% Jewish.
In 2019, the total length of the Brazilian road system was 1,720,000 km, making it the primary carrier of freight and passenger traffic.
In 2020, Brazil's forest cover was around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares.
In May 2021, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announced that he would run for a third term in the 2022 Brazilian general election.
As of 2021, Brazil is the world's 24th-largest exporter and 26th-largest importer, with China as its largest trading partner.
At the end of 2021, Brazil was the 2nd country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (109.4 GW) and biomass (15.8 GW), the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21.1 GW), and the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13.0 GW). Brazil was also the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh) and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh) in 2021.
At the end of 2021, Brazil's electricity sector capacity was 181,532 MW, making it the largest electricity sector in Latin America.
In 2021 Brazil had a high unemployment rate of 14.4%.
In 2021, Brazil became the 7th largest oil producer globally, exporting approximately three million barrels per day.
In 2021, Brazil hosted the Copa América.
In 2021, the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index categorized Brazil as a "flawed democracy", ranking 46th, and Freedom House classified it as a free country.
On July 1, 2022, Brazil's population was estimated to be 210,862,983.
As of July 2022, there had been 124 amendments to Brazil's Federal Constitution, which was originally promulgated in October 1988.
In October 2022, Lula was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round, winning the 2022 Brazilian general election.
According to the 2022 Brazilian census, 45.3% of the population described themselves as Pardo, 43.5% as White, 10.2% as Black, 0.6% as Indigenous, and 0.4% as East Asian.
As of 2022, Brazil's navy is the only navy in Latin America that operates a helicopter carrier, NAM Atlântico, and is one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.
In 2022, Evangelical Protestant influence was implicated in the Brazilian coup plot, and religion began to be reconsidered as a political factor by Evangelicals and Catholics.
In 2022, extreme weather events in Brazil caused annual losses of around R$13 billion (US$2.6 billion), equivalent to 0.1% of the country's GDP.
On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in Brasília.
In 2023, the main destination states for tourism in Brazil were São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul.
In 2024, Brazil experienced its strongest drought since measurements began in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory.
In 2024, Brazil revised its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), setting a goal to cut greenhouse emissions by 59% to 67% compared to 2005 levels by 2035.
In 2024, Brazil was ranked 50th in the Global Innovation Index, an increase from 66th in 2019.
In 2024, the Brazilian economy began showing consistent significant growth after a recession that started in 2014.
Brazil's first nuclear submarine is expected to be launched in 2029.
By 2035, Brazil aims to cut greenhouse emissions by 59% to 67% compared to 2005 levels.
It is expected that the population growth rate will fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050, completing the demographic transition.
Brazil has an indicative target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 if the country receives 10 billion dollars per year.
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