The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks using TCP/IP to facilitate communication. Comprising private, public, academic, business, and government networks, it spans local to global scales and uses various electronic, wireless, and optical technologies. The Internet supports diverse information resources and services, notably the World Wide Web (WWW), email, internet telephony, and file sharing, enabling widespread access to information and communication.
In 1945, the word 'Internet' was used by the United States War Department in a radio operator's manual.
In 1965, Donald Davies at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) independently started research into packet switching, a fundamental Internet technology.
After the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in 1967, packet switching from the proposed NPL network and routing concepts proposed by Baran were incorporated into the design of the ARPANET.
On October 29, 1969, the ARPANET development began with two interconnected network nodes between the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International).
By the end of 1971, 15 sites were connected to the ARPANET, indicating early growth and expansion.
In 1972, the film 'Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing' documented the early years of ARPANET development.
In 1973, international connections to the ARPANET were made to Norway (NORSAR and NDRE), and to Peter Kirstein's research group at University College London (UCL), forming the first internetwork for resource sharing.
In 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published a proposal for "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication". Cerf and his students used the term 'internet' as a shorthand for internetwork in RFC 675.
In 1974, the word Internet was used as the shorthand form of Internetwork.
In 1981, Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was designed to address up to ≈4.3 billion hosts.
In 1981, access to the ARPANET was expanded when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET).
In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, facilitating worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.
In 1986, the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States for researchers.
In 1988, the NSFNet expanded into academic and research organizations in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan.
In 1989, commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in the United States and Australia, marking a step toward commercialization.
In mid-1989, MCI Mail and Compuserve established connections to the Internet, delivering email and public access products to the half million users of the Internet.
On January 1, 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use, contributing to the commercial Internet's core.
In March 1990, the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN, enhancing communications.
In 1990, the ARPANET was decommissioned, marking the end of its service as the Internet continued to evolve.
Later in 1990, Tim Berners-Lee began writing WorldWideWeb, the first web browser, after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web.
In 1991, the Commercial Internet eXchange was founded, facilitating communication between commercial networks like PSInet, CERFnet, and Alternet.
In 1992, the Internet Society (ISOC) was founded with a mission to assure the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet.
It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication.
In October 1994, Stanford Federal Credit Union became the first financial institution to offer online Internet banking services to all its members.
By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing restrictions on commercial traffic.
Since 1995, the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication.
In 1996, OP Financial Group became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.
In 1998, IPv6, which uses 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized, offering larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic.
By 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.
In 2000, the number of Internet users globally was 390 million.
In 2001, the routing prefix could be expressed in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation.
According to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services, the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work.
In 2004, the presidential campaign of Howard Dean in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet.
On February 15, 2005, YouTube was founded and became the leading website for free streaming video.
On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.
In 2005, Kiva pioneered this concept, offering the first web-based service to publish individual loan profiles for funding.
In a US study in 2005, the percentage of men using the Internet was very slightly ahead of the percentage of women, although this difference reversed in those under 30.
In November 2006, the Internet was included on USA Today's list of the New Seven Wonders, recognizing its significant impact.
By 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.
In 2008, disruptions of submarine communications cables caused blackouts or slowdowns to large areas.
In 2008, women significantly outnumbered men on most social networking services, such as Facebook and Myspace, although the ratios varied with age.
Between 2000 and 2009, the number of Internet users globally rose from 390 million to 1.9 billion.
By 2010, 22% of the world's population had access to computers, with 1 billion Google searches conducted every day, 300 million Internet users reading blogs, and 2 billion videos viewed daily on YouTube.
As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion, representing approximately 30% of the world population.
In 2011, Internet advertising revenues in the United States surpassed those of cable television and nearly exceeded those of broadcast television.
In 2011, a woman digging for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia.
In 2011, academic researchers estimated the overall energy used by the Internet to be between 170 and 307 GW, which is less than two percent of the energy used by humanity. This estimate included the energy needed to build, operate, and replace laptops, smart phones, servers, routers, cell towers, optical switches, Wi-Fi transmitters and cloud storage devices.
In 2011, the IPv4 address exhaustion entered its final stage, with the global IPv4 address allocation pool being exhausted.
In 2012, the number of unique mobile cellular subscriptions increased to 3.9 billion.
According to International Data Corporation, the size of worldwide e-commerce, when global business-to-business and -consumer transactions are combined, equated to $16 trillion for 2013.
In 2013, the Institute for Local Self-Reliance reported that brick-and-mortar retailers employ 47 people for every $10 million in sales, while Amazon employs only 14.
In 2014, a peer-reviewed research paper highlighted the controversy surrounding estimates of the Internet's electricity usage, noting a wide range of claims published in the preceding decade. The discrepancies were attributed to factors such as the year of reference and the inclusion of end devices in the analysis.
In 2014, the 700-employee room rental start-up Airbnb was valued at $10 billion, about half as much as Hilton Worldwide, which employs 152,000 people.
In 2014, the world's Internet users surpassed 3 billion, representing 44 percent of the world population.
In October 2016, Internet usage by mobile and tablet devices exceeded desktop worldwide for the first time, marking a significant shift in access methods.
On 1 October 2016, the IANA stewardship transition occurred, marking a change in the approval process for changes to the DNS root zone.
In 2016, the AP Stylebook recommended the lowercase form of "internet" in every case. Also in 2016, the Oxford English Dictionary found that "Internet" was capitalized in 54% of cases.
In 2016, the malware variants number increased.
In 2016, the number of unique mobile cellular subscriptions increased to 4.8 billion, representing two-thirds of the world's population, with over half of these subscriptions located in Asia and the Pacific.
In 2017, a book claimed that the Internet consolidates most aspects of human endeavor into singular arenas of which all of humanity are potential members and competitors, with fundamentally negative impacts on mental health as a result.
In 2017, malware variants number increased to 669,947,865, twice as many malware variants as in 2016.
In 2017, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimated that 48% of individual users regularly connect to the Internet, an increase from 34% in 2012.
According to Symantec's 2018 Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR), malware variants number has increased to 669,947,865 in 2017.
As of 2018, 80% of the world's population was covered by a 4G network.
By 2018, Asia alone accounted for 51% of all Internet users, with 2.2 billion out of the 4.3 billion Internet users in the world. China's Internet users surpassed a major milestone with 802 million users.
In 2018, a non-peer-reviewed study published by The Shift Project estimated that nearly 4% of global CO2 emissions could be attributed to global data transfer and the necessary infrastructure. The study also highlighted that online video streaming alone accounted for 60% of this data transfer, contributing to over 300 million tons of CO2 emission per year, and suggested new "digital sobriety" regulations.
In 2019, Kuwait, Qatar, the Falkland Islands, Bermuda and Iceland had the highest Internet penetration by number of users, with 93% or more of the population with access.
In 2020, the number of mobile subscriptions was predicted to rise to 5.7 billion users.
In 2021, Cybercrime was predicted to cost the world economy US$6 trillion.
In 2022, it was estimated that 5.4 billion people use the Internet, representing more than two-thirds of the world's population. Additionally, 54% of the world's Internet users were based in Asia.
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