The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on international public health. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it operates globally through six regional offices and 150 field offices. Membership is exclusive to sovereign states, making it the largest intergovernmental health organization worldwide. WHO plays a crucial role in coordinating global health efforts, setting standards, providing technical assistance to countries, and monitoring health risks. Its activities span a wide range of areas, including disease prevention and control, health system strengthening, promoting healthy lifestyles, and responding to health emergencies.
In 1902, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau was founded, contributing to international health efforts.
In 1907, the Office International d'Hygiène Publique was founded, marking another step in international collaboration on public health issues.
In 1912, the Republic of China (ROC), whose government controlled Mainland China from 1912 to 1949.
In 1920, the Health Organization of the League of Nations was established, further solidifying international health cooperation efforts.
In 1938, the International Sanitary Conferences (ISC), a series of conferences addressing epidemic diseases, concluded after running for approximately 87 years.
In 1945, during the United Nations Conference on International Organization, delegates discussed creating an international health organization under the UN's auspices.
In July 1946, the constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by the original members of United Nations and other countries.
In 1947, the WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex to improve the monitoring and response to disease outbreaks.
On April 7, 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) was established, marking a pivotal moment in global health governance and cooperation.
On April 7, 1948, the WHO Constitution came into force, ratified by the 26th member state, marking the first World Health Day.
In July 1948, the first meeting of the World Health Assembly concluded, securing a budget of US$5 million for 1949 and appointing key leadership figures.
On September 1, 1948, the World Health Organization formally began its work, inheriting responsibilities and resources from the League of Nations' Health Organization and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique.
In 1949, the Republic of China (ROC), whose government controlled Mainland China from 1912 to 1949.
In 1949, the Soviet Union and its constituent republics quit the WHO over the organization's unwillingness to share the penicillin recipe.
In 1949, the WHO began creating its regional divisions, based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution.
In 1949, the World Health Organization secured a budget of US$5 million, to control malaria, tuberculosis and STIs.
In 1950, a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine commenced, marking a significant effort to combat the spread of tuberculosis.
In 1951, the WHO's work began in earnest following a significant infusion of financial and technical resources, allowing the organization to expand its operations and address global health challenges more effectively.
By 1952, the WHO had finished creating its regional divisions, following the model of the pre-existing Pan American Health Organization.
In 1955, the malaria eradication program was launched by the WHO, later modified to focus on malaria control in most areas.
In 1956, the Soviet Union and its constituent republics returned to the WHO after quitting in 1949.
In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox.
In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), outlining collaboration between the two organizations.
In 1961, WHO was mandated under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to carry out scientific assessments of substances for international drug control.
In 1965, the first report on diabetes mellitus was released, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was created.
In 1966, the WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the Palace of Nations to a newly constructed headquarters in Geneva.
In 1966, the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, designed by Swiss architect Jean Tschumi, was inaugurated.
In 1967, the WHO intensified the global smallpox eradication campaign by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopting a new disease surveillance method.
In 1971, the Republic of China participation at WHO meetings ended due to diplomatic pressure from the PRC following the election in 2016.
In 1971, WHO was mandated under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances to carry out scientific assessments of substances for international drug control.
In 1971, the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 had the representation of "China" handed over to the People's Republic of China (PRC), and led to the expulsion of the Republic of China from WHO and other UN bodies.
In 1972, the WHO helped contain the last European outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia.
In 1974, the Expanded Programme on Immunization and the control program of onchocerciasis was started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.
In 1974, the WHA requested an intensive effort to develop improved control of tropical diseases.
In 1975, the WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical diseases (the TDR).
In 1976, the WHA enacted a resolution on disability prevention and rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care.
In 1977, the first list of essential medicines was drawn up by the WHO, marking a step to provide access to medicines.
In 1978, the ambitious goal of "Health For All" was declared, setting a target for global health improvement.
In 1979, a Global Commission declared that smallpox had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.
In 1981, the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes was adopted.
In 1983, Murray Eden was awarded the WHO Medical Society medal for his work as consultant on research and development for WHO's director-general.
Since 1983, the Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous, across Europe.
In 1986, the WHO began its global program on HIV/AIDS to address the growing epidemic.
In 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio.
In 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established, marking a major effort to eliminate polio worldwide.
Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's work contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis.
In 1995, the WHO established an independent International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication (ICCDE).
In 1996, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) was formed, to fight the AIDS pandemic.
In 1998, the WHO's director-general highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding.
Since 1999, regional directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term and typically begin their position on February 1st.
In 2000, the Stop TB Partnership was created, marking a collaborative effort to combat tuberculosis globally.
In 2001, the Measles Initiative was formed, credited with significantly reducing global deaths from measles.
As of 2002, a total of 473 nongovernmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with WHO.
In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available.
In 2002, the WHO started gaining experience from the SARS epidemic.
In 2003, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control was adopted.
In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman Curia's health department's opposition to the use of condoms, emphasizing the danger of incorrect statements about condoms and HIV in the face of a global pandemic.
As of 2004, the WHO board had never overruled a regional committee's preference for a regional director appointment.
In 2005, the WHO revised the International Health Regulations (IHR) in light of emerging health threats and the experience of the 2002/3 SARS epidemic, authorizing WHO to declare a health threat a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
Since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated for tuberculosis, and an estimated 7 million lives have been saved through practices advocated by the WHO.
In 2006, the WHO endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.
In 2006, the WHO launched the Global action plan for influenza vaccines to improve prevention and preparedness.
In January 2007, Margaret Chan began her tenure as the director-general of the World Health Organization.
By 2007, the Measles initiative was credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68%.
From 2007 to 2017, Independent WHO held a weekly vigil in front of WHO headquarters.
In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts and health officials.
In April 2009, the then director-general Margaret Chan declared a pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus.
In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the WHO to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei".
In September 2009, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health.
As of 2009, the Catholic Church remained opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS, prompting condemnation from the World Health Assembly president.
From 2009 to 2016, the government of Taiwan was allowed to participate under the designation "Chinese Taipei" as an observer.
In 2009, the WHO operated on a previous budget before the 2012-2013 budget, against which future spending was compared.
In line with UNAIDS, WHO set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%.
As of 2010, the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for Libya.
Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's work contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis.
In 2010, Margret Chan declared that the H1N1 pandemic had moved into the post-pandemic period.
In 2010, the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel was adopted.
In 2010, the WHO operated on a previous budget before the 2012-2013 budget, against which future spending was compared.
As of 2011, the WHO was working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared "polio-free".
In 2011, World Health Day focused on drug resistance.
On July 4, 2012, researchers reported numerous discrepancies between the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation database and national implementation reports.
In 2012, World Health Day focused on healthy ageing.
In 2012, the WHO estimated that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment.
The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified five areas among which funding was distributed, two of those five areas related to communicable diseases.
In December 2013, the WHO launched MiNDbank, a new database as part of the QualityRights initiative, aiming to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions.
In 2013, the combined 2012-2013 budget proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, with $944 million coming from assessed contributions, marking a decrease from the previous budget.
In 2013, the program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities.
The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified five areas among which funding was distributed, two of those five areas related to communicable diseases.
On 5 May 2014, WHO announced that the spread of polio was a world health emergency.
On 8 August 2014, WHO declared that the spread of Ebola was a public health emergency.
Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile.
In 2014, WHO released the Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life in a joint publication with the Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance.
In 2014, World Health Day focused on vector-borne diseases.
As of 2015, the World Health Organization has worked within the UNAIDS network and strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS.
At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies.
In comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.
By April 2016, WHO had received $26.9 million for its $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies.
From 2009 to 2016, the government of Taiwan was allowed to participate under the designation "Chinese Taipei" as an observer, but has not been invited again since.
In 2016, the Republic of China participation at WHO meetings ended due to diplomatic pressure from the PRC following the election.
In 2016, following the perceived failure of the response to the West Africa Ebola outbreak, the World Health Emergencies programme was formed.
In 2016, it was reported that the WHO spends approximately $200 million annually on travel expenses. During this year, Director-General Margaret Chan stayed in a $1000-per-night hotel room while visiting West Africa.
In 2016, the Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines ended, with a report concluding that the world was still not prepared for an influenza pandemic despite progress.
In 2016, the World Health Organization drafted a global health sector strategy on HIV, outlining its commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 with interim targets for the year 2020, including actions for countries and the WHO to take.
In comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.
In June 2017, Margaret Chan's tenure as the director-general of the World Health Organization came to an end.
On 1 July 2017, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus was appointed as the Director-General of the WHO.
In October 2017, Robert Mugabe was appointed as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador, but the appointment was revoked the following day due to widespread criticism.
By April 2016 WHO had received $26.9 million for 2017 disbursement, for its $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies.
From 2007 to 2017, Independent WHO held a weekly vigil in front of WHO headquarters.
From 2017 to 2020, the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly due to political pressure from the PRC.
In 2017, a study was conducted to investigate why Polio Vaccines may not be sufficient to eradicate the virus and to explore new technologies.
In 2017, the World Health Organization launched an international competition to redesign and extend its headquarters in Geneva.
In May 2018, the WHO denied access to its annual assembly by Taiwanese media, reportedly due to demands from the PRC.
In April 2019, the WHO released new recommendations stating that children between the ages of two and five should spend no more than one hour per day engaging in sedentary behaviour in front of a screen and that children under two should not be permitted any sedentary screen time.
In 2019, Taiwan's effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic has bolstered its case for WHO membership.
In 2019, a new strain of coronavirus, later named COVID-19, was detected in humans.
On 1 January 2020, The WHO created an Incident Management Support Team, one day after Chinese health authorities notified the organization in 2019 of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology.
In January 2020, the European Union backed Taiwan's participation in WHO meetings related to the coronavirus pandemic.
In January 2020, the WHO created an Incident Management Support Team, notified member states of the outbreak, provided guidance, and confirmed the first infection outside China, following reports of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology in China.
In April 2020, under President Donald Trump, the U.S. announced it would halt funding to the WHO pending an investigation into the organization's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. The decision was widely criticized.
On 14 April 2020, United States president Donald Trump said that he would halt United States funding to the WHO while reviewing its role in "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus."
In May 2020, the Trump Administration agreed to pay up to the equivalent of China's assessed contributions to the WHO, which is significantly less than previous funding.
In early May 2020, New Zealand Foreign Minister Winston Peters expressed support for the ROC's bid to rejoin the WHO during a media conference.
On 8 May 2020, the United States blocked a vote on a U.N. Security Council resolution aimed at promoting nonviolent international cooperation during the pandemic, and mentioning the WHO.
On 7 July 2020, President Trump formally notified the UN of his intent to withdraw the United States from the WHO.
On 7 July 2020, President Trump formally notified the UN of his intent to withdraw the United States from the WHO.
From 2017 to 2020, the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly due to political pressure from the PRC.
In 2020, the WHO's total approved budget for 2020–2021 was over $7.2 billion, allocated for various global health initiatives and programs.
In 2020, the World Health Organization classified the novel coronavirus outbreak, named COVID-19, as a public health emergency of international concern.
In 2020, the World Health Organization strategy on HIV had interim targets for the year.
In 2020–21, the largest contributors were the Germany, Gates Foundation, United States, United Kingdom and European Commission.
In a 2020 interview, Assistant Director-General Bruce Aylward appeared to dodge a question about Taiwan's response to the pandemic and inclusion in the WHO, leading to accusations about the PRC's political influence over the international organization.
In January 2021, President Joe Biden cancelled the planned withdrawal and announced that the U.S. would resume funding the WHO.
In January 2021, President Joe Biden cancelled the planned withdrawal and announced that the U.S. would resume funding the organization.
In 2020–21, the largest contributors were the Germany, Gates Foundation, United States, United Kingdom and European Commission.
In 2021, the WHO Executive Board formed a Working Group on Sustainable Financing to rethink WHO's funding strategy.
In 2021, the WHO's total approved budget for 2020–2021 was over $7.2 billion, allocated for various global health initiatives and programs.
In 2021, the participation of The Holy See as "non-Member State Observer" was formalized by an Assembly resolution.
In 2022, it was expected that the American funding of the WHO would increase after a decline during the first two years of the pandemic.
In 2022, the WHO suggested the formation of a Global Health Emergency Council, with a new global health emergency workforce, and recommends revision of the International Health Regulations.
In 2022, the WHO two-year budget for 2022–2023 is paid by its members.
In 2022, the WHO's approved budget for 2022–2023 was over $6.2 billion, designated to support the organization's global health efforts and programs.
In 2022, the World Health Assembly adopted recommendations to raise compulsory member dues.
In 2022, the new International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD-11, will attempt to enable classifications from traditional medicine to be integrated with classifications from evidence-based medicine.
In May 2023, the WHO announced that COVID-19 was no longer a world-wide health emergency.
As of June 2023, the chair of the WHO executive board is Dr. Hanan Mohamed Al Kuwari of Qatar.
In 2023, it was expected that the American funding of the WHO would increase after a decline during the first two years of the pandemic.
In 2023, the WHO two-year budget for 2022–2023 is paid by its members.
In 2023, the WHO's approved budget for 2022–2023 was over $6.2 billion, designated to support the organization's global health efforts and programs.
In 2023, the World Health Assembly had no new relevant event.
In 2024, WHO declared the spread of mpox (formerly monkeypox) in several African countries a public health emergency of international concern.
In 2024, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded 10% of WHO's budget, making it the organization's major private contributor.
In 2024, the WHO's budget is $6.83 billion for 2024–2025, allocated for various global health initiatives and programs.
As of January 2025, the WHO has 194 member states. On 20 January 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order initiating the 12-month process of withdrawing the U.S. from the WHO.
In January 2025, during his second term, President Trump issued an executive order to withdraw the United States from the WHO, citing WHO's mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic originating in Wuhan, among other reasons.
In January 2025, the WHO released a new guideline Use of lower-sodium salt substitutes which strongly recommends reducing sodium intake to less than 2 g/day and conditionally recommends replacing regular table salt with lower-sodium salt substitutes that contain potassium.
On 20 January 2025, an executive order was signed by a re-inaugurated Trump, formally notifying the United Nations of his intent to withdraw the United States from the WHO for a second time.
On 5 February 2025, Argentinian president Javier Milei announced that Argentina would also be withdrawing from WHO.
In 2025, the WHO's budget is $6.83 billion for 2024–2025, allocated for various global health initiatives and programs.
In 2030, the World Health Organization strategy on HIV has a goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.