Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia located between the East and South China Seas. It's positioned northwest of the People's Republic of China, northeast of Japan, and south of the Philippines. The main island, also known as Formosa, features mountains in the east and plains in the west, where the urbanized population is concentrated. The ROC controls 168 islands. Taipei, New Taipei City, and Keelung form its largest metropolitan area. With approximately 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is densely populated.
By 1902, another 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed for rebelling against the Japanese in Taiwan.
In 1905, the party manifesto of the Tongmenghui stated that the four goals of the Chinese revolution were "to expel the Manchu rulers, to revive Chunghwa, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people."
In 1907, the Beipu Uprising occurred demonstrating opposition to Japanese rule.
On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was founded on mainland China following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911.
In January 1912, shortly after the Republic of China's establishment, the government used the short form "China" to refer to itself while located on the Chinese mainland.
On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was founded on mainland China following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen. Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty.
The Minguo era system, which starts in 1912 with the founding of the Republic of China (ROC), is used to denote the year.
In 1915, the Tapani Incident occurred demonstrating opposition to Japanese rule.
In 1915, the warlordism began.
In 1924, Sun Yat-sen established the National Revolutionary Army in Guangdong with the goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang.
In 1928, the Kuomintang (KMT) defeated the Peiyang Government, leading to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.
Prior to standardization in 1929, the Chinese calendar was officially used in Taiwan.
In 1930, the Japanese authorities engaged in bloody campaigns against the Indigenous people residing in mountainous regions, culminating in the Musha Incident.
Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project in Taiwan, banning Chinese-language newspapers, curriculums, Taiwanese music and theater.
By 1938, there were 309,000 Japanese residing in Taiwan.
By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh-greatest sugar producer in the world, following the expansion of cash crops and sugar production.
Starting from 1940, families in Taiwan were required to adopt Japanese surnames as part of the assimilation project.
By 1943, only 2% of families in Taiwan had adopted Japanese surnames despite being required to do so as part of the assimilation project.
In 1943, the Cairo Declaration specified that Formosa and the Pescadores be returned by Japan to the ROC.
In October 1944, the Formosa Air Battle was fought between American carriers and Japanese forces in Taiwan during World War II.
On October 25, 1945, Japan surrendered Taiwan to the Republic of China (ROC). In the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan formally renounced their claims to the islands, though without specifying to whom they were surrendered. In the same year, Japan and the ROC signed a peace treaty.
From 1945 to 1949, Taiwan experienced hyperinflation.
On February 28, 1947, the shooting of a civilian triggered island-wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the February 28 Incident.
In 1947, the Constitution of the ROC reformed the National Revolutionary Army into the Republic of China Armed Forces.
In 1947, the constitution defined the territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries and outlined the administrative divisions including provinces, special municipalities, and the province-level Tibet Area.
National boundaries were not explicitly prescribed by the 1947 Constitution.
The government of the Republic of China was founded on the 1947 Constitution of the ROC.
In May 1949, martial law was declared on Taiwan.
On December 7, 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC. Approximately 2 million people, mainly soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated to Taiwan.
From 1945 to 1949, Taiwan experienced hyperinflation.
From 1949, the primary mission of the Taiwanese military was to "retake mainland China" through Project National Glory.
In 1949, after losing control of mainland China, the ROC retained control of Taiwan and Penghu (Taiwan, ROC), parts of Fujian (Fujian, ROC).
In 1949, after losing mainland China to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-Shek evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan. This marked a significant shift in the political landscape, with the Kuomintang (KMT) relocating to Taiwan.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) claimed that Taiwan is Chinese territory and that the PRC replaced the ROC government, becoming the sole legal government of China.
In 1950, Communists captured Hainan.
In 1950, The United Kingdom recognized the PRC.
In 1951, agriculture represented 32 percent of Taiwan's GDP.
From 1954, the United States and Taiwan were partners in a mutual defense treaty.
In 1954, the Republic of China (ROC) and the United States signed the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, leading to the establishment of the United States Taiwan Defense Command.
In 1955, The United States passed the Formosa Resolution, granting substantial foreign aid to the KMT regime.
In 1955, the Dachen Islands and Yijiangshan Islands were captured during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.
During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958, Nike Hercules missiles were added to missile batteries on the island.
In 1961, ROC forces entered Burma and Thailand in the 1950s and were defeated by Communists.
Taiwan has hosted the Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards since 1962.
In 1966, Taekwondo was introduced to Taiwan for military training.
On 25 October 1971, UN Resolution 2758 recognized the PRC as China's sole representative in the United Nations, replacing the ROC.
In 1971, UN members voted to recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) instead of the Republic of China (ROC). This resulted in the ROC losing its seat in the United Nations.
In 1971, the ROC was expelled from the United Nations and replaced with the PRC by Resolution 2758.
Chiang Ching-kuo rose to the presidency in 1978.
In 1978, Taiwan attracted investments of over $1.9 billion from overseas Chinese, the United States, and Japan due to tax incentives and a cheap, well-trained labor force.
In 1979, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved the Nagoya Resolution, allowing the ROC to use the name "Chinese Taipei" in international events.
In 1979, the Kaohsiung Incident occurred on Human Rights Day, uniting Taiwan's opposition against the authorities.
In 1979, the United States established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC), which led to the withdrawal of approximately 30,000 US troops stationed in Taiwan.
In 1979, the United States passed the Taiwan Relations Act, continuing arms sales and military training to Taiwan.
By 1980, Taiwan's foreign trade reached $39 billion per year and generated a surplus of $46.5 million, contributing to its status as one of the Four Asian Tigers.
In 1984, Chiang Ching-kuo selected Lee Teng-hui as his vice-president.
In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was founded as the first opposition party in Taiwan.
On February 21, 1987, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) was founded, which later became a key player in the semiconductor industry.
On 15 July 1987, Chiang lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan.
In 1987, martial law, which had been in effect since May 1949, was lifted on Taiwan.
After Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, Lee Teng-hui became the first president of the ROC born in Taiwan.
In 1989, professional baseball in Taiwan started with the founding of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL).
In 1991, the ROC ceased regarding the Chinese Communist Party as a rebellious group and acknowledged its control over mainland China.
In 1991, the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) of Taiwan and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) of the PRC were founded as private organizations to conduct exchanges.
Since 1991, due to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China has been a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) under the name "Taiwan".
Since 1991, the ROC participates in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) under the name "Chinese Taipei".
Starting in 1991, Taiwanese companies began investing heavily in China, with investments exceeding US$200 billion by 2022.
In November 1992, the ARATS and SEF held a meeting which would later become known as the 1992 Consensus, with differing interpretations of the One China principle.
In 1992, 17.6 percent of respondents identified as Taiwanese, 25.5 percent as Chinese, and 46.4 percent as both.
In 1992, the Pan-Blue Coalition supported the spirit of the 1992 Consensus, with the KMT asserting that there is one China, but the ROC and PRC have different interpretations of what "China" means, favoring eventual unification.
In 1993 the Constitutional Court declined to define these boundaries, viewing the question as a political question to be resolved by the Executive and Legislative Yuans.
Since 1993, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry, but its applications have not made it past the committee stage.
The Constitutional Court was established in 1993 to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process.
Since 1994, pro-independence sentiment has steadily risen in Taiwan.
In 1995, Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) system was instituted as a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan.
In 1996, Lee was re-elected in the first direct presidential election.
In 1996, democratically elected presidents took office in Taiwan, marking a significant step in the ROC's transition to a multi-party democracy.
In 1996, the joint declaration on security between the US and Japan was signed, potentially involving Japan in any response related to Taiwan's security, although Japan's specific role remained undefined.
In 1996, the university acceptance rate in Taiwan increased to around 49 percent, up from around 20 percent before the 1980s.
In 1997, the ROC began a series of force reduction plans to scale down its military from a level of 450,000 to 380,000.
Since 1997, the ROC government sought to participate in the World Health Organization (WHO).
On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "921 earthquake" killed more than 2,400 people.
Taiwan's defense spending as a percentage of its GDP fell below three percent in 1999.
In 2000, Chen Shui-bian of the DPP was elected as the first non-KMT president.
In 2001, the ROC military was scaled down from 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000.
Since 2001, agriculture has accounted for less than 2 percent of Taiwan's GDP, marking a significant decline from 32 percent in 1951.
In 2002, Chen's reference to "One Country on Each Side" of the Taiwan Strait undercut cross-Strait relations.
In 2002, China surpassed the United States to become Taiwan's largest export market for the first time, marking a significant shift in trade relations.
In 2002, the National Health Insurance (NHI) system in Taiwan shifted from a fee-for-service model to a global budget system due to increasing losses and the need for cost containment.
Since 2002, the ROC participates in the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the name "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu".
In March 2003, Taiwan experienced a SARS outbreak with 347 confirmed cases. The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and local governments established monitoring stations in public areas to manage the outbreak.
In July 2003, Taiwan achieved full containment of SARS, and there have been no cases since.
A semi-professional Super Basketball League (SBL) has been in play in Taiwan since 2003.
Since at least 2003, the United States has de facto treated Taiwan as a major non-NATO ally.
By the end of 2004, the population coverage of Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) had reached 99 percent.
In 2004, Taiwan established the National Health Command Center, including the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC), in response to lessons learned from the SARS outbreak.
In the 2004 Olympics, Chen Shih-hsin and Chu Mu-yen won gold medals in Taekwondo for Taiwan.
On January 1, 2005, the Executive Yuan changed its convention on the direction of writing in official documents from vertical to horizontal.
2005 is the base year for carbon emission reduction targets in Taiwan.
In 2005 the National Assembly was abolished with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums.
In 2005, the ROC government in Taiwan began to include "Taiwan" next to its official name in government publications to avoid confusion.
In 2005, the census reported that the five largest religions in Taiwan were Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.
In September 2007, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) approved a resolution asserting a separate identity from China, advocating for a new constitution for a "normal country", and promoting the general use of "Taiwan" as the country's name.
In 2008, referendums were held to ask whether Taiwan should join the UN, creating tension and alienating some constituents.
Ma Ying-jeou won the 2008 presidential election on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC.
Since 2008, the university acceptance rate in Taiwan has exceeded 95 percent, making it among the highest in Asia.
In July 2009, a survey showed that 82.8 percent of respondents consider the ROC and the PRC two separate countries with each developing on its own but 80.2 percent think they are members of the Chinese.
In 2009, Taiwan hosted the World Games in Kaohsiung and the Summer Deaflympics.
In 2009, Taiwan participated in the World Health Organization (WHO) as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei".
From 2011 to 2013, Yani Tseng was ranked number 1 in the Women's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks.
From 2011 to 2013, Yani Tseng was ranked number 1 in the Women's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks.
In 2014, The Guardian called Taiwanese night markets the "best street food markets in the world".
In 2014, university students occupied the Legislative Yuan, preventing the ratification of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement in what became known as the Sunflower Student Movement.
In 2015, China announced its Made in China 2025 initiative, leading to campaigns that resulted in over 3,000 Taiwanese chip engineers being recruited to mainland China.
In 2015, Taiwanese students achieved some of the world's best results in mathematics, science, and literacy, as tested by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), scoring 519 compared to the OECD average of 493.
Carbon emissions in Taiwan increased by 0.92 percent between 2005 and 2016.
In 2016, under the Tsai administration, Taiwan launched the New Southbound Policy to pursue closer economic relations with South and Southeast Asian countries.
The DPP's victories in the 2016 presidential and legislative elections resulted in the first DPP legislative majority in Taiwanese history.
On May 24, 2017, Taiwan's Constitutional Court ruled that the existing marriage laws violated the Constitution by denying same-sex couples the right to marry and mandated legislative amendments within two years.
In 2017, Taiwan hosted the Summer Universiade in Taipei.
In 2017, Taiwan was again excluded from the WHO, even in an observer capacity.
In 2018, Taiwan jointly ranked #1 in the Freedom of Thought Report due to its lack of state-sanctioned discrimination and high regard for freedom of religion or belief.
In 2018, a referendum question asking if Taiwan's athletes should compete under "Taiwan" in the 2020 Summer Olympics did not pass.
In 2018, a referendum saw voters express significant opposition to same-sex marriage and support for removing content about homosexuality from primary school textbooks, influenced by a campaign involving misinformation.
In 2018, the Michelin Guide began reviewing restaurants in Taiwan.
In March 2019, the number of registered scooters in Taiwan reached 13.86 million, doubling the number of registered cars.
The March 2019 estimates for the twenty most populous administrative divisions were recorded.
On May 17, 2019, Taiwan's parliament approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, making it the first country in Asia to do so, despite earlier opposition expressed in a referendum.
As of 2019, there were 15,175 religious buildings in Taiwan, approximately one place of worship per 1,572 residents. 12,279 temples were dedicated to Taoism and Buddhism, with 2,845 Churches for Christianity.
In 2019, Taiwan had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.38/10, ranking it 76th globally.
In 2019, the infant mortality rate in Taiwan was 4.2 deaths per 1,000 live births.
Since early 2019, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan has rejected the 1992 Consensus.
The Examination Yuan, in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, was downsized in 2019.
A referendum question in 2018, asking if Taiwan's athletes should compete under 'Taiwan' in the 2020 Summer Olympics did not pass.
According to Pew Research, the estimated religious composition of Taiwan in 2020 was 43.8 percent Folk religions, 21.2 percent Buddhist, 15.5 percent Others (including Taoism), 13.7 percent Unaffiliated, 5.8 percent Christian and 1% Muslim.
As of 2020, the literacy rate in Taiwan was 99.03 percent.
In 2020, the life expectancy at birth in Taiwan was 77.5 years for males and 83.9 years for females.
In June 2021, a poll indicated that 28.2 percent supported the status quo and postponing a decision, 27.5 percent supported maintaining the status quo indefinitely, and 25.8 percent supported the status quo with a move toward independence.
In June 2021, a survey showed that 63.3 percent of respondents identified as Taiwanese, 2.6 percent as Chinese, and 31.4 percent as both.
As of December 2021, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.'s (TSMC) market capitalization equated to roughly 90% of Taiwan's GDP.
As of 2021, the total strength of the Armed Forces is capped at 215,000.
In 2021, the Port of Kaohsiung handled the largest volume of cargo in Taiwan, with about 440 million shipping tonnes, accounting for 58.6% of Taiwan's total throughput.
As of October 2022, Taiwan is the 21st largest economy in the world based on nominal GDP.
As of 2022, the military's reservists is around 2.5 million including first-wave reservists numbered at 300,000.
From 1991 to 2022, Taiwanese companies invested over US$200 billion in mainland China.
In 2022, Taiwan was ranked as having the second-highest democracy score in Asia and Australasia by the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index. Also, from 2019 to 2022, 36,789 Hong Kong residents moved to Taiwan.
In 2022, Taiwan's men's baseball team won medals across all levels of baseball, making it one of the top-ranked teams in the WBSC World Rankings. Its women's national softball team also won a bronze medal at the 2022 World Games.
In 2022, Taiwan's total trade reached US$907 billion, with exports totaling US$479.52 billion and imports reaching US$427.60 billion. These figures represent record levels for both exports and imports during the year.
In January 2024, William Lai Ching-te of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party won Taiwan's presidential elections.
2024 is year 113 in the Minguo era (民國113年).
As of 2024, the CPBL has six teams with an average attendance of over 7,000 per game. There have been seventeen Taiwanese MLB players as of the 2024 MLB season.
In 2024, Taiwan proposed 2.45 percent of projected GDP in defense spending for the following year.
Taipei and New Taipei City will host the 2025 Summer World Masters Games.
Hualien will host the 2026 International Children's Games.
The Taiwanese government aims to cut carbon emissions by 20 percent in 2030 compared to 2005 levels.
The Taiwanese government aims to cut carbon emissions by 50 percent in 2050 compared to 2005 levels.
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