History of Thailand in Timeline

Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a Southeast Asian country located on the Indochinese Peninsula. It shares borders with Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia, and maritime borders with Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. Its capital and largest city is Bangkok. Thailand's population is approximately 66 million, and it covers an area of 513,115 square kilometers.

1905: Unsuccessful Rebellions

In 1905, there were unsuccessful rebellions in the ancient Patani area, Ubon Ratchathani, and Phrae in opposition to an attempt to blunt the power of local lords.

1909: First census

Thailand's first census in 1909 found the population to be 8.2 million.

1910: Reign of Vajiravudh

In 1910, Vajiravudh began his reign (1910–1925), responding to the Palace Revolt with propaganda to promote the Thai nation.

1910: Reign of Chulalongkorn ends

The reign of Chulalongkorn (Rama V) ended in 1910. During his reign from 1868-1910, the Siamese system of government was centralised and transformed into a modern unitary absolute monarchy.

1912: Palace Revolt of 1912

In 1912, the Palace Revolt occurred, a failed attempt by Western-educated military officers to overthrow the Siamese monarchy.

1917: Siam Joins World War I

In 1917, Siam joined the First World War on the side of the Allies.

1925: End of Vajiravudh's Reign

Vajiravudh's reign ended in 1925, having begun in 1910 after the failed Palace Revolt.

June 1932: Bloodless revolution marks constitutional monarchy

On June 24, 1932, Khana Ratsadon (People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution which marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Thailand.

1932: Bloodless Revolution

In 1932, a bloodless revolution forced Prajadhipok to grant the country's first constitution, ending centuries of feudal and absolute monarchy in Siam.

1932: Constitutional Monarchy

In 1932, a bloodless revolution transitioned Siam into a constitutional monarchy, and the country changed its official name to Thailand.

1932: King's intervention

In 1973, Bhumibol installed Sanya Dharmasakti to replace Thanom Kittikachorn marking the first time that the king had intervened in Thai politics directly since 1932.

1933: Counter-revolutionary Rebellion

In 1933, a counter-revolutionary rebellion aimed to reinstate absolute monarchy failed, leading to Prajadhipok's abdication and the selection of Ananda Mahidol as the new king.

1938: Plaek Phibunsongkhram Becomes Premier

In 1938, Plaek Phibunsongkhram became premier, initiating political oppression and anti-royalist policies in Siam.

June 1939: Siam changed to Thailand

On June 24, 1939, the name Siam was officially changed to Thailand.

1939: Thailand Previously Known as Siam

Before 1939, Thailand was known as Siam to outsiders.

1939: Siam becomes Thailand

In 1939, Siam was officially renamed to Thailand.

December 1941: Japanese Invasion of Thailand

On December 8, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched an invasion of Thailand, leading to fighting and eventually a military alliance between Thailand and Japan.

1941: Conflict with Vichy France

In 1941, Thailand engaged in a brief conflict with Vichy France, resulting in Thailand gaining some Lao and Cambodian territories.

1945: End of WWII

After World War II ended in 1945, Thailand signed formal agreements to end the state of war with the Allies.

June 1946: King Ananda's Death

In June 1946, the young King Ananda was found dead under mysterious circumstances, leading to his younger brother Bhumibol Adulyadej ascending to the throne.

1946: Military and bureaucratic aristocrats control political parties

Between 1946 and the 1980s, military and bureaucratic aristocrats fully controlled political parties in Thailand.

1954: Thailand Joins SEATO

In 1954, Thailand joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to become an active ally of the United States.

December 1956: Opening of Lumpinee Boxing Stadium

The Lumpinee Boxing Stadium originally sited at Rama IV Road near Lumphini Park first opened in December 1956.

1957: Sarit Thanarat's Coup

In 1957, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat launched a coup, removing Khana Ratsadon from politics.

1959: Premiership of Sarit Thanarat

In 1959, Sarit Thanarat began his rule as prime minister, lasting until 1963, during which he built his legitimacy around the monarch's god-like status.

1960: Decline in population growth

Thailand's government-sponsored family planning programme resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960.

1961: Secret Agreement with the U.S.

In 1961, after the United States joined the Vietnam War, a secret agreement was made where the U.S. promised to protect Thailand.

1962: Growth of Agricultural Sector

Between 1962 and 1983, Thailand's agricultural sector experienced an average growth of 4.1% per year.

1963: End of Sarit Thanarat's Premiership

In 1963, Sarit Thanarat's rule as prime minister ended, having begun in 1959, during which he built his legitimacy around the monarch's god-like status.

1963: Premiership of Thanom Kittikachorn

In 1963, Thanom Kittikachorn began his premiership, which ended in 1973.

1966: Thailand national basketball team at Asian Games

The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.

1970: Average household size

In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household.

October 1971: Demonstration against Thanom Kittikachorn

In October 1971, there was a large demonstration against the dictatorship of Thanom Kittikachorn (premiership 1963–1973), which led to civilian casualties.

1972: Thailand national football team at AFC Asian Cup

The Thailand national football team played the AFC Asian Cup six times and reached the semifinals in 1972.

1973: Sanya Dharmasakti Installed

In 1973, Bhumibol installed Sanya Dharmasakti (premiership 1973–1975) to replace Thanom Kittikachorn marking the first time that the king had intervened in Thai politics directly since 1932.

1975: End of Sanya Dharmasakti's Premiership

In 1975, Sanya Dharmasakti premiership ended, having begun in 1973.

October 1976: Thammasat University Massacre and Coup

In October 1976, the Thammasat University massacre occurred, followed by a coup d'état that brought Thailand a new ultra-right government.

1976: First elected Prime Minister

In 1988 Thailand had its first elected prime minister since 1976.

1977: SEATO disbanded

In 1977, SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization), of which Thailand was a member, was disbanded.

1978: Amnesty to Communist Fighters

In 1978, a more moderate government offered amnesty to communist fighters in Thailand.

1980: Prem Tinsulanonda as Prime Minister

From 1980 to 1988, Prem Tinsulanonda became the Prime Minister.

1980: Labor Force in Agriculture

In 1980, 70% of Thailand's labor force was employed in agriculture.

1981: Failed Coup Against Prem

In 1981, there was a failed coup attempt against Prem Tinsulanonda.

1983: Agricultural Sector Growth

Between 1962 and 1983, Thailand's agricultural sector experienced an average growth of 4.1% per year, and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007.

1983: Communists Abandon Insurgency

By 1983, the communists in Thailand abandoned the insurgency.

1985: Failed Coup Against Prem

In 1985, another failed coup attempt occurred against Prem Tinsulanonda.

1988: First Elected Prime Minister since 1976

In 1988, Thailand had its first elected prime minister since 1976.

1988: Factory Workers Increase

It is estimated that between 1988 and 1995, the number of factory workers in the country doubled from two to four million, as Thailand's GDP tripled.

1989: Ban on elephants for logging

In 1989, the government of Thailand banned the use of elephants for logging, leading many elephant owners to move their domesticated animals to the tourism industry.

1990: Percentage of population in urban areas

In the 1990 census, 29.4% of Thailand's population lived in urban areas.

1991: Suchinda Kraprayoon's Coup

In 1991, Suchinda Kraprayoon led a coup.

1991: National Government Organisation Act

In 1991, the National Government Organisation Act, BE 2534 divided the administrative services of the executive branch into three levels: central, provincial and local.

1992: Two-party system

Between 1992 and 2006, Thailand had a two-party system.

1992: Bloody Military Crackdown

In 1992, Suchinda Kraprayoon's nomination as prime minister caused a popular demonstration in Bangkok, which ended with a bloody military crackdown.

1993: Labor Force Transition

Between 1993 and 1995, ten per cent of the Thai labour force moved from the agricultural sector to urban and industrial jobs.

September 1994: Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan Endorsed

On September 27, 1994, the Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region was endorsed by the cabinet.

1995: Labor Force Transition

Between 1993 and 1995, ten per cent of the Thai labour force moved from the agricultural sector to urban and industrial jobs.

1995: Educational reform plans

In 1995, Sukavich Rangsitpollaid, as minister of education, let out his plans for educational reform in Thailand.

1995: Implementation of Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan

In 1995, the Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region was implemented.

1997: Ethnic communities data

Around 1997, the largest ethnic groups included Lao, Khon Muang, Pak Tai, Khmer Leu, Malay, Nyaw, Phu Thai, Kuy/Kuay, and Karen.

1997: Asian Financial Crisis

In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hit the Thai economy hard, leading to widespread deregulation and structural adjustment reforms mandated by the IMF and World Bank.

1997: Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data

Twenty million Central Thai made up approximately 20,650,000 (34.1 per cent) of the state's population of 60,544,937 at the time of completion of the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data in 1997.

1998: Asian Financial Crisis Impact

Thailand's recovery from the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports and other factors.

1998: Thammasat Stadium built for Asian Games

Thammasat Stadium in Bangkok was built for the 1998 Asian Games.

1999: International degree students in Thailand

In 1999, the number of international degree students in Thailand was 1,882.

2000: Percentage of population in urban areas

In the 2000 census, 31.1% of Thailand's population lived in urban areas.

2000: Early rice growing

The earliest evidence of rice growing in present-day Thailand is dated at 2,000 BCE.

2001: Thai Rak Thai Party Governs

From 2001, the populist Thai Rak Thai party, led by prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, governed.

2002: Bumrungrad accredited

In 2002, Bumrungrad became the first hospital in Asia to meet the Joint Commission International standard.

2003: Estimated Sex Trade Value

One estimate published in 2003 placed Thailand's sex trade at US$4.3 billion per year, approximately 3% of the Thai economy.

2003: Release of Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior, starring Tony Jaa, was released in 2003.

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September 2004: Humanitarian contingent in Iraq

In September 2004, Thailand ended its participation in the US-led invasion of Iraq, sending a humanitarian contingent until then.

2004: South Thailand Insurgency Escalates

From 2004, prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra faced criticism over his response to a South Thailand insurgency which escalated.

2004: Release of Shutter

In 2004, Shutter was released as one of the best-known Thai horror movies.

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2004: Indian Ocean Tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami hit Thailand, mostly in the south, claiming around 5,400 lives.

2005: Thai annual defense budget

In 2005, Thai annual defense budget was US$1.98 billion.

2005: Release of Tom-Yum-Goong

In 2005, Tom-Yum-Goong, starring Tony Jaa, was released.

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2005: International 80 welterweight rugby tournament

Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.

2006: Corporate Revenue in Thailand

Bank of Thailand reported that during 2006–16, Thailand's top 5% largest companies had 85% of all corporate revenue in the nation.

2006: End of two-party system

Between 1992 and 2006, Thailand had a two-party system, however, later constitutions created a multi-party system where a single party cannot gain a majority in the house.

2006: Coup in Thailand

In 2006, a coup d'état took place in Thailand, part of an ongoing political conflict.

2006: Military coup ousts Thaksin

In 2006, the military staged a coup d'état, dissolving Thaksin's party and banning over a hundred of its executives from politics. This action followed a period of political instability and protests against Thaksin's leadership, leading to the installation of a military government for a year.

2006: End of Thai Rak Thai Party Government

The populist Thai Rak Thai party, led by prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, governed from 2001 until 2006.

2007: Agricultural Sector Growth

Between 1983 and 2007, the agricultural sector in Thailand grew at a rate of 2.2% per year.

2007: Civilian government elected

In 2007, a civilian government led by the Thaksin-allied People's Power Party (PPP) was elected in Thailand, marking a step towards restoring democracy after a period of political instability.

2007: Thailand hosted Asian Cup

Thailand hosted the Asian Cup in 2007 (along with Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam).

2008: Number of non-national residents

In 2008, the estimated number of non-national residents in Thailand was 2 million.

2008: Start of Cambodian-Thai border crisis

In April 2009, the 2008–2013 Cambodian–Thai border crisis brought troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900-year-old ruins of Cambodia's Preah Vihear Hindu temple near the border. This crisis first began in 2008.

April 2009: Cambodian–Thai border crisis

In April 2009, the 2008–2013 Cambodian–Thai border crisis brought troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900-year-old ruins of Cambodia's Preah Vihear Hindu temple near the border.

2009: Number of non-national residents

As of 2009, the total number of non-national residents in Thailand was around 3.5 million.

2009: Military influence

Between 1932 and 2009, "Uniformed or ex-military men have led Thailand for 55 of the 83 years".

2009: PAD protest leads to political changes

In 2009, another protest led by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) ended with the dissolution of the People's Power Party (PPP), resulting in the Democrat Party leading a coalition government in Thailand.

2009: National health expenditures

In 2009, total national expenditures on health amounted to 4.3 per cent of GDP in Thailand.

2010: Thai population

As of 2010, Thai people make up the majority of Thailand's population (95.9%).

2010: Percentage of population in urban areas

As of 2010, about 44.2% of Thailand's population lived in urban areas.

2010: SRS Medical Tourism

During 2010-2012, over 90% of medical tourists who travelled to Thailand did so for Sex Reassignment Surgery.

2010: Violent military crackdown on UDD protest

In 2010, a protest by the pro-Thaksin United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) ended with a violent military crackdown in Thailand, causing more than 70 civilian deaths.

2011: Royal Thai Government report on ethnic communities

According to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report, 62 ethnic communities are officially recognised in Thailand.

2011: Increase in journal publications

Between 2011 and 2016, Thailand's journal publications increased by 20%.

2011: Pheu Thai Party wins majority

In 2011, the Pheu Thai Party won a majority in the general election in Thailand, leading to Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin's younger sister, becoming prime minister.

2011: Entertainment industries contribution to GDP

In 2011, the entertainment industries are estimated to have directly contributed $2.1 billion in GDP to the Thai economy.

2011: Thailand Country Report

The 2011 Thailand Country Report provides population numbers for mountain peoples and ethnic communities in the Northeast, relying on the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data.

2011: ASEAN Basketball League Championship

The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 ASEAN Basketball League Championship.

2012: Informal Workers Education

A 2012 study found that 64% of informal workers had not completed education beyond primary school.

2012: Airports in Thailand

As of 2012, Thailand had 103 airports with 63 paved runways, in addition to 6 heliports.

2012: Pick-up Consumption

As of 2012, Thailand was the second-largest consumer of pick-up trucks in the world, after the US, due to its favorable taxation.

2012: Thailand Automotive Industry

As of 2012, the Thai automotive industry was the largest in Southeast Asia and the 9th largest in the world, with an annual output of near 1.5 million vehicles.

2012: SRS Medical Tourism

During 2010-2012, over 90% of medical tourists who travelled to Thailand did so for Sex Reassignment Surgery.

2012: International degree students in Thailand

In 2012, the number of international degree students in Thailand increased to 20,309 students.

2012: Thailand Economy Growth Since 2012

In 2017, the Thai economy grew an inflation-adjusted 3.9%, marking its fastest expansion since 2012.

2013: Thai Political Crisis Survey

During the 2013-2014 Thai political crisis, a survey found that most anti-government PDRC supporters (32%) had a monthly income of more than ฿50,000.

2013: Thailand Tourism Ranking

In 2013, Thailand was the most visited country in Southeast Asia, according to the World Tourism Organization.

2013: High-speed internet access for schools

In 2013, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology announced that 27,231 schools would receive classroom-level access to high-speed internet.

2013: End of Cambodian-Thai border crisis

February 2014: Relocation of the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium

On 11 February 2014, the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium was relocated to Ram Intra Road.

2014: Leaning towards China

After the 2014 coup, Thailand leaned more towards China.

2014: Increase in lèse-majesté prisoners

After the coup d'état in 2014, Thailand had the highest number of lèse-majesté prisoners in the nation's history.

2014: Thai Political Crisis Survey

During the 2013-2014 Thai political crisis, a survey found that most pro-government UDD supporters (27%) had a monthly income between ฿10,000 and ฿20,000.

2014: Electrical generation powered by natural gas

In 2014, 75% of Thailand's electrical generation was powered by natural gas.

2014: Wealth Inequality in Thailand

In 2014, Credit Suisse reported that Thailand was the world's third most unequal country, with the top 10% richest holding 79% of the country's assets.

2014: Coup d'état

In 2014, a coup d'état occurred in Thailand, following political crisis and anti-Shinawatra protests, which led to the dissolution of parliament and invalidation of a scheduled general election.

2014: Thailand's Unemployment Rate

In the third quarter of 2014, Thailand's unemployment rate was 0.84%, as reported by the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB).

2014: Military junta rules

Most recently, between 2014 and 2019, the military junta self-titled as the National Council for Peace and Order ruled the country.

2014: Coup d'état sets stage for future political events

The 2014 coup d'état in Thailand, which led to the rise of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, set the stage for future political events, including the pro-democracy protests in 2020.

September 2015: Military Strength Index Ranking

In September 2015, Thailand ranked 16th worldwide in the Military Strength Index based on the Credit Suisse report.

2015: Youth literacy rate

Thailand's youth literacy rate was 98.1% in 2015.

October 2016: Vajiralongkorn becomes King

In October 2016, Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) became the King of Thailand.

2016: Increase in journal publications

Between 2011 and 2016, Thailand's journal publications increased by 20%.

2016: Poverty in Thailand

In 2016, 5.81 million people in Thailand lived in poverty, or 11.6 million people (17.2% of the population) if "near poor" individuals are included.

2016: King Bhumibol dies

In 2016, Bhumibol, the longest-reigning Thai king, died, and his son Vajiralongkorn ascended to the throne.

2016: Thai annual defense budget almost tripled

In 2016, Thai annual defense budget almost tripled from US$1.98 billion in 2005 to US$5.88 billion.

2016: Environmental Performance Index Ranking

In 2016, Thailand was ranked 91 out of 180 countries in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI).

2016: Median Wealth and HDI Ranking

In 2016, Thais had a median wealth of $1,469 per adult, and Thailand was ranked 87th in the Human Development Index.

2016: Thai Economy Growth Rate

In 2016, the Thai economy grew at an inflation-adjusted rate of 3.3%.

2017: Roads and Vehicles

As of 2017, Thailand has over 462,133 roads and 37 million registered vehicles, 20 million of them motorbikes.

2017: Thailand's Economy

In 2017, Thailand's GDP reached US$1.236 trillion on a purchasing power parity basis, making it the second-largest economy in Southeast Asia.

2017: Thai Economy Growth

In 2017, Thailand's economy experienced an inflation-adjusted growth of 3.9%, marking its fastest expansion since 2012.

2017: Current constitution

In 2017, Thailand's latest and current constitution was established.

2017: Thai dishes on World's 50 Best Foods list

In 2017, seven Thai dishes appeared on a list of the "World's 50 Best Foods"—an online worldwide poll by CNN Travel.

2017: Release of Bad Genius

In 2017, the Thai heist thriller film Bad Genius was released.

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2017: Social Welfare Applications

In 2017, there were 14 million people in Thailand who applied for social welfare, requiring a yearly income of less than ฿100,000.

December 2018: Legalization of medical cannabis

In December 2018, the interim parliament voted to legalise the use of cannabis for medical reasons, making Thailand the first Southeast Asian country to allow the use of medical cannabis.

2018: Buddhists in Thailand

According to the 2018 National Statistical Office data, 93.46% of the country's population self-identified as Buddhists.

2018: Registered Taxis

As of 2018, there were over 80,647 registered taxis nationwide.

2018: Religious groups in Thailand

In 2018, Muslims constituted 5.37% and Christians represented 1.13% of Thailand's population.

2018: Medical Tourism Destination

In 2018, Thailand ranked as the world's fifth-largest medical tourism destination in spending, attracting over 2.5 million visitors.

2018: Alternative Energy Development Plan

In 2018, the government developed an Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018–2037 (AEDP 2018).

2019: R&D Spending

According to the National Research Council of Thailand, in 2019, the country devoted 1.1% of its GDP to research and development.

2019: Thai general election

After the 2019 Thai general election, a nominally democratic government was established.

2019: End of military junta rule

Between 2014 and 2019, the military junta self-titled as the National Council for Peace and Order ruled the country, however, in 2019, it came to an end.

2019: Forest Landscape Integrity Index score

In 2019, Thailand had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.00/10, ranking it 88th globally out of 172 countries.

2019: International Tourism in Thailand

In 2019, Thailand received 39.8 million international tourists and earned 60.5 billion US dollars from international tourism.

2019: Global Health Security Index ranking

Thailand ranks world's sixth, and Asia's first in the 2019 Global Health Security Index.

March 2020: Amnesty International report on military conscripts

In a report issued in March 2020, Amnesty International charged that Thai military conscripts face institutionalised abuse systematically hushed up by military authorities.

2020: English proficiency ranking

As of 2020, Thailand was ranked 89th out of 100 countries globally for English proficiency.

2020: Pro-democracy protests

In 2020, large pro-democracy protests occurred in Thailand, including demands to reform the monarchy.

2020: Dissolution of Future Forward party

In 2020, the Future Forward party was dissolved in Thailand.

2021: Pro-democracy protests

In 2021, large pro-democracy protests continued in Thailand, including demands to reform the monarchy.

2022: Thailand's Exports and Imports

In 2022, Thailand's export of goods was worth roughly US$290 billion, while its import was worth roughly US$305 billion.

2022: Drop in oil and gas production

In 2022, Thailand's oil and gas production dropped by 19% and 17%, respectively.

2022: Average household size

In 2022, the average Thai household size was 3 people.

May 2023: Opposition wins general election

In May 2023, the reformist opposition, composed of the Move Forward Party (MFP) and the Pheu Thai Party, won the general election in Thailand.

August 2023: Srettha Thavisin becomes prime minister

On 22 August 2023, Srettha Thavisin of the Pheu Thai party became Thailand's new prime minister.

2023: Estimated population

As of 2023, Thailand has an estimated population of 71.7 million.

2023: Neutral Stance in Israel-Gaza war

During the Israel-Gaza war in 2023, the government of Thailand changed its position and announced that Thailand adopted a neutral stance in this conflict after initially condemning the attacks. 28 Thai nationals were killed in this conflict.

2023: Parliamentary elections

In 2023, there were parliamentary elections in Thailand that were won by the Move Forward Party.

2023: Thai Household Debts

In the first quarter of 2023, Thai household debts totaled 14.6 trillion baht or 89.2% of GDP, with an average debt per household of approximately 500,000 baht.

August 7, 2024: Move Forward Party banned from politics

On August 7, 2024, Thailand's Constitutional Court banned the Move Forward Party and all of its leaders from politics for its proposal to reform the lèse-majesté law.

August 2024: Thavisin dismissed from PM role

On 14 August 2024, Thavisin was dismissed from his prime ministerial role by the Constitutional Court for his "gross ethics violations".

2024: Thailand's Economic Struggles

As of 2024, Thailand faces challenges including low productivity, poor education, and slow economic growth, with projections of annual GDP growth below 2% without structural reforms.

2024: Thailand's Peace Ranking

In 2024, Thailand was ranked as the 75th most peaceful country in the world, according to the Global Peace Index.

2024: Improved Freedom Status

In 2024, Thailand's status improved from "not free" to "partly free" on the Freedom in the World Report due to competitive parliamentary elections and the formation of a new governing coalition.