Full History Of Iraq In Timeline From 1915

1915: Beginning of the Mesopotamian Campaign

The Mesopotamian Campaign, part of World War I, began in 1915 with the British invasion of Ottoman-controlled Iraq.

1916: Siege of Kut and the Sykes-Picot Agreement

In 1916, the British forces suffered a significant defeat at the Siege of Kut. Meanwhile, the British and French secretly negotiated the Sykes-Picot Agreement, outlining their plans for post-war control of the Middle East.

1917: British Capture of Baghdad

The British forces, with support from local Arabs and Assyrians, captured Baghdad in 1917, marking a turning point in the Mesopotamian Campaign.

1918: Armistice between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies

An armistice agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied Powers was signed in 1918, effectively ending World War I and Ottoman control over Iraq.

1918: End of Ottoman Rule in Iraq

The Ottoman Empire's rule in Iraq, which had persisted for centuries and been marked by conflicts with regional rivals, came to an end in 1918 with their defeat in World War I.

October 1920: Appointment of Sir Percy Cox as Civil Commissioner

Following public criticism and rising costs, Britain replaced Arnold Wilson with Sir Percy Cox as Civil Commissioner in October 1920. Cox played a crucial role in suppressing rebellions and shaping British policy favoring Iraq's Sunni minority.

1920: Creation of the British Mandate for Mesopotamia

In 1920, the League of Nations established the British Mandate for Mesopotamia, marking the beginning of modern Iraq.

August 1921: Establishment of Faisal I as King of Iraq

As part of their post-war strategy, the British installed Faisal I, a Hashemite leader, as King of Iraq on August 1921.

August 1921: Renaming of Mesopotamia to Iraq

Coinciding with the establishment of the Hashemite Kingdom on August 1921, the British officially changed the country's name from Mesopotamia to Iraq.

1921: Establishment of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq

Under British support, a monarchy led by Faisal I was established in 1921, changing the country's name from Mesopotamia to Iraq.

1930: Signing of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty

Nuri Said, Prime Minister of Iraq, signed the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty in 1930. This treaty granted Britain significant control over Iraq's military and oil resources.

1932: Independence of the Kingdom of Iraq

Under pressure from King Faisal, Britain granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932. However, the British retained military bases and influence in the country.

1932: Independence of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq

The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from British rule in 1932, although the British maintained military bases in the country.

1932: Nuri as-Said's Second Term as Prime Minister

Nuri as-Said, a prominent figure in Iraqi politics, served his second term as Prime Minister from 1932. He played a significant role in shaping Iraq's relationship with Britain.

1933: Death of King Faisal and Accession of King Ghazi

Following King Faisal's death in 1933, his son, King Ghazi, ascended to the throne. Ghazi's reign was marked by political instability and attempted coups.

1936: Jewish Musicians and Iraqi Radio

The early 20th century saw many prominent Jewish musicians in Iraq. When Iraq Radio launched in 1936, its ensemble was primarily Jewish, except for the percussionist.

1939: Death of King Ghazi and Regency of 'Abd al-Ilah

King Ghazi died in 1939, leaving his young son, Faisal II, as his successor. 'Abd al-Ilah, Faisal II's uncle, assumed the role of Regent, governing on behalf of the underage king.

April 1941: Rashid Ali al-Gaylani's Coup and the Anglo-Iraqi War

On April 1941, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani led a coup d'état, aligning Iraq with the Axis Powers and raising concerns in Britain about oil supplies. This coup triggered the Anglo-Iraqi War.

1941: Decline of the Iraqi Jewish Community

In 1941, Iraq's Jewish population was about 150,000. However, by the early 21st century, almost all had left the country.

October 1947: End of British Occupation

British occupation of Iraq, following the Anglo-Iraqi War, ended in October 1947, although Britain maintained military bases until 1954.

1947: Estimated Christian Population in Iraq

In 1947, the Christian population in Iraq was estimated to be 550,000, constituting 12% of the total population of 4.6 million.

1948: Establishment of the Iraq Football Association

The Iraq Football Association, which governs football in the country, was established in 1948.

1950: Iraq Joins FIFA

Iraq became a member of FIFA in 1950.

1954: Closure of British Military Bases and Disbandment of Assyrian Militias

The last British military bases in Iraq were closed in 1954, marking the end of direct British military presence. Consequently, the Assyrian Levies, local militias supported by the British, were disbanded.

1958: 14 July Revolution and the End of the Hashemite Monarchy

The 14 July Revolution, led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, overthrew the Hashemite monarchy in 1958. This coup resulted in the deaths of King Faysal II, Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Sa'id, marking a violent end to the monarchy.

1958: Qasim's Land Redistribution Program

Following his rise to power, Qasim initiated a land redistribution program in 1958, aiming to address land ownership inequality and promote social justice.

1958: Overthrow of the Hashemite Monarchy and Establishment of the Republic

In 1958, a coup led by Abd al-Karim Qasim overthrew the Hashemite monarchy and established Iraq as a republic.

1959: Enactment of Personal Status Law

Law no. 188, the Personal Status Law, was enacted in 1959, introducing regulations on marriage, divorce, and child custody, including making polygamy difficult and setting a minimum marriage age.

1959: Mosul Uprising and Withdrawal from the Baghdad Pact

In 1959, Colonel Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf led an uprising in Mosul against Qasim's rule. The uprising was suppressed, but it highlighted the political tensions within Iraq. The same year, Iraq withdrew from the Baghdad Pact, straining relations with the West.

1961: Kurdish Rebellion for Autonomy

Kurdish nationalist movements, seeking autonomy for the Kurdish region within Iraq, launched an armed rebellion in 1961. This uprising marked the beginning of a long-running conflict between the Iraqi government and Kurdish groups.

February 1963: Coup Against Qasim and Arif's Rise to Power

Colonel Abdul Salam Arif led a coup in February 1963, overthrowing and killing Qasim. This coup marked another instance of political upheaval in Iraq's tumultuous history.

1967: Census Data in Iraq

A census was conducted in Iraq in 1967.

1967: Six-Day War and Arab-Israeli Conflict

Iraq joined the Arab coalition against Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967. The war had significant geopolitical ramifications for the Middle East and highlighted the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict.

July 1968: Ba'ath Party Coup

In July 1968, the Ba'ath Party staged a coup in Iraq, overthrowing then-President Abdul Rahman Arif and assuming control of the government.

1968: Rise of the Ba'ath Party to Power

The Ba'ath Party seized power in Iraq in 1968, initiating a period of one-party rule that lasted until 2003.

1970: Failed Kurdish Autonomy Agreement

In 1970, an agreement was signed between Saddam Hussein and Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani to grant autonomy to Kurds in Iraq. However, the agreement ultimately failed, leading to a war between Kurdish rebels and the Iraqi government that resulted in a government victory and the defeat of the Kurdish rebellion.

1971: Iraq Joins Asian Football Confederation

In 1971, Iraq joined the Asian Football Confederation.

1977: Census Data in Iraq

A census was conducted in Iraq in 1977.

July 1979: Saddam Hussein's Rise to Power

Although Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was the first Ba'ath president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein gradually consolidated power within the party and assumed the presidency in July 1979, marking the beginning of his rule over Iraq.

1979: Saddam Hussein's Rise to Power

In 1979, Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq, marking a significant turning point in the country's history.

September 1980: Iran-Iraq War Begins

In September 1980, following a period of escalating border clashes, Iraq, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, declared war on Iran, initiating the Iran-Iraq War, also known as the First Persian Gulf War.

1980: Iran-Iraq War Begins

The Iran-Iraq War commenced in 1980, lasting for eight years and resulting in significant casualties and economic devastation for both countries.

1981: Israeli Airstrike on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor

In 1981, Israel carried out an airstrike that destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor located near Baghdad.

1982: Dujail Massacre

In 1982, the Iraqi government, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, carried out the Dujail massacre, a brutal crackdown on the Shia town of Dujail following a failed assassination attempt on Saddam. Hundreds of civilians were killed, and many more were imprisoned and tortured.

1986: Iraq's First World Cup Appearance

Iraq participated in the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 1986.

1987: Iraqi Government Estimate on Population Composition

In 1987, the Iraqi government estimated that 75-80% of the population was Arab and 15-20% was Kurdish, with the remaining 5% comprising other minorities such as Turkmen/Turcoman, Assyrians, Yezidis, Shabak, Kaka'i, Bedouins, Roma, Circassians, Mandaeans, and Persians.

1987: Estimated Christian Population in Iraq

In 1987, the Christian population in Iraq was estimated to be over 1.4 million, representing 8% of the total estimated population of 16.3 million.

1988: End of the Iran-Iraq War

The Iran-Iraq War concluded in 1988 with a UN-brokered ceasefire, leaving both nations devastated.

1988: Iran-Iraq War Ends in Stalemate

The Iran-Iraq War, marked by significant casualties and the use of chemical weapons by the Iraqi regime, ended in a stalemate in 1988.

August 1990: Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait

Citing economic factors and accusing Kuwait of exceeding oil production quotas, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded and annexed Kuwait in August 1990, leading to the First Gulf War.

1990: Healthcare Access in Iraq

Before 1990, a significant portion of Iraq's population had access to free primary healthcare: 97% in urban areas and 71% in rural areas. Only a small fraction (2%) of hospital beds were privately managed.

1990: Sanctions Cripple Iraqi Oil Sector After Kuwait Invasion

Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, international sanctions severely impacted the country's oil sector, prohibiting oil exports until 1996 and causing production to plummet by 85%.

1990: Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Leads to UN Compensation Commission

Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the UN established the Compensation Commission (UNCC) to oversee reparations from Iraq to Kuwait for the damages incurred during the invasion.

1990: Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait

In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait under Saddam Hussein's leadership, triggering international condemnation and a US-led military response.

1991: Gulf War and the Liberation of Kuwait

A US-led coalition launched the Gulf War in 1991, successfully liberating Kuwait from Iraqi occupation.

1991: Kurdish Uprisings and Establishment of No-Fly Zones

Following the end of the First Gulf War in 1991, Kurdish Iraqis initiated several uprisings against Saddam Hussein's regime. These uprisings were met with brutal repression by the Iraqi government. In response, the US, UK, France, and Turkey established Iraqi no-fly zones to safeguard the Kurdish population from attacks by the Iraqi government.

January 1992: Official Adoption of "Republic of Iraq"

In January 1992, the official name of the state became the "Republic of Iraq" (Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq), following the Gulf War and the end of Saddam Hussein's dictatorial rule.

1995: Introduction of Sharia Punishment

In 1995, Iraq incorporated Sharia punishment into its legal system for certain criminal offences.

1996: Peak Life Expectancy in Iraq

Iraq reached its highest life expectancy in recent decades in 1996, at 71.31 years.

1996: Oil-for-Food Program Established

To mitigate the humanitarian impact of UN sanctions on Iraqi civilians, the Oil-for-Food Program was established in 1996, allowing Iraq to sell limited quantities of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and other essential goods.

1996: Partial Lifting of Sanctions on Iraqi Oil Exports

In 1996, sanctions on Iraqi oil exports were partially lifted, allowing the country to resume some level of oil exports after years of limitations.

1997: Census Data in Iraq

A census was conducted in Iraq in 1997. However, the International Crisis Group has raised concerns about the accuracy of census data from 1967, 1977, 1987, and 1997, suggesting potential manipulation by the regime. The limitation of allowing citizens to identify only as Arab or Kurdish likely resulted in an underrepresentation of other ethnic groups, notably the Turkmens.

2000: Education Enrollment Increase

Between 2000 and 2012, the number of students enrolled in schools in Iraq nearly doubled.

October 2002: US Congress Authorizes Use of Force Against Iraq

In October 2002, the US Congress passed a joint resolution granting President George W. Bush the authority to utilize US armed forces against Iraq, setting the stage for the 2003 invasion.

November 2002: UN Security Council Adopts Resolution 1441

In November 2002, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1441, demanding that Iraq cooperate fully with UN weapons inspectors and warning of "serious consequences" if it failed to comply.

March 2003: US-Led Coalition Invades Iraq

In March 2003, a US-led coalition launched an invasion of Iraq, citing Iraq's alleged failure to abandon its weapons of mass destruction program as the primary justification for the military action.

May 2003: CPA Orders Issued to Exclude Ba'ath Party and Disband Iraqi Army

In May 2003, L. Paul Bremer, the chief administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) governing Iraq following the US-led invasion, issued orders that excluded members of the Ba'ath Party from the new Iraqi government and disbanded the Iraqi Army. These decisions had significant ramifications, as they led to the dissolution of the predominantly Sunni Iraqi Army and sidelined many former government officials, contributing to the instability and chaos that ensued in post-invasion Iraq.

July 2003: Report on Iraq's Healthcare System

In July 2003, a report by UNICEF and WHO described Iraq's healthcare system as centralized and free, heavily reliant on imported medical supplies and personnel.

December 2003: Capture of Saddam Hussein

In December 2003, Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, was captured by US forces during a raid on a farmhouse near his hometown of Tikrit.

2003: Beginning of the Iraq War

The Iraq War began in 2003, leading to significant political instability and societal changes, with lasting impacts on the country.

2003: Impact of War on Iraqi Tourism

The tourism industry in Iraq, once a prominent destination, was severely impacted by the war with Iran and the 2003 US-led invasion. Despite Iraq's rich historical and archaeological sites, the tourism sector continues to face significant challenges due to ongoing conflicts.

2003: Lifting of UN Sanctions on Iraq

The UN sanctions imposed on Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait in 1990, intended to compel Saddam Hussein's government to disarm and agree to a ceasefire, remained in effect until they were lifted in 2003.

2003: Iraqi Diaspora Following Invasion

The UN High Commission for Refugees estimated that close to two million Iraqis fled the country after the multinational invasion in 2003.

2003: Impact of the Invasion on Iraqi Theatre

The National Theatre of Iraq was looted during the 2003 invasion, but restoration efforts are ongoing. Ironically, the 1990s UN sanctions, which limited foreign film imports, boosted live theater as cinemas were converted into stages.

2003: US Invasion's Impact on Iraqi Media

Media expert Ibrahim Al Marashi highlights how the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, particularly in its targeting and post-war actions, had a profound and lasting impact on the development of Iraqi media.

2003: US-Led Invasion and Economic Transformation

Following the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, the Coalition Provisional Authority rapidly moved to reshape the country's centrally planned economy. They implemented measures to privatize industries, open the economy to foreign investment, and introduce a new Iraqi dinar with modern security features.

2003: Saddam Hussein Removed from Power

In 2003, the US-led invasion led to the removal of Saddam Hussein from power, marking a turning point in Iraq's political landscape.

2003: Minority Populations in Iraq

Before 2003, Iraq was home to around 2 million people from smaller ethno-religious groups like the Mandeans, Shabaks, Yarsan, and Yezidis. The Yarsan, a non-Islamic and non-Christian faith, made up the majority.

2003: Arabic as the Sole Official Language

Before the invasion of Iraq in 2003, Arabic held the status of the sole official language.

2003: US-led Invasion and the End of Ba'athist Rule

A US-led coalition invaded Iraq in 2003, resulting in the defeat of the Ba'athist regime and the execution of Saddam Hussein. This invasion led to a protracted war, insurgency, and sectarian violence.

2003: Growth of Iraqi Media After 2003

Following the end of strict state control in 2003, Iraq experienced a surge in broadcast media, with numerous Iraqi-owned radio stations, television stations, and newspapers emerging.

2003: Violence Against Christians Rises After Invasion

Following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, violence increased against Christians, including kidnappings, torture, and killings. Many Christians left their homes due to persecution by Islamic extremists.

2003: Rebuilding of Iraqi Armed Forces

Following the start of the Iraq War in 2003, the Iraqi armed forces underwent a significant rebuilding process, transitioning from Soviet-made equipment to Western suppliers and adopting new structures and training methods.

April 2004: Mahdi Army Uprising Begins

The Mahdi Army, a Shia militia led by Muqtada al-Sadr, initiated its first major uprising against US-led coalition forces in April 2004.

June 2004: Iraqi Interim Government Established

In June 2004, an Iraqi Interim Government was established, marking a step towards restoring Iraqi sovereignty after the US-led invasion.

November 2004: Paris Club Agrees to Debt Relief for Iraq

In November 2004, Iraq's debt burden was significantly reduced when the Paris Club of creditor nations agreed to forgive 80% of its $42 billion debt owed to members, as part of a three-stage relief plan.

2004: US Veto on Sharia as Principal Law

In 2004, L. Paul Bremer, the CPA chief executive, stated his intention to veto any constitutional draft establishing Sharia as the primary basis of law, sparking debate about the role of religious law.

January 2005: First Post-Invasion Elections Held in Iraq

The first multi-party elections in Iraq since the 2003 US-led invasion were held in January 2005.

September 2005: Establishment of Joint Staff College

The Iraqi Joint Staff College, responsible for training army, navy, and air force officers, was established in Ar Rustamiyah on September 27, 2005, with support from the NATO Training Mission - Iraq.

October 2005: Approval of New Iraqi Constitution

In October 2005, Iraq approved a new Constitution through a referendum, receiving 78% overall majority support, although with varying levels of support across different communities.

December 2005: Nationwide Parliamentary Elections

Following the new Constitution, Iraq held nationwide parliamentary elections in December 2005, with voting patterns largely aligning along ethnic lines.

2005: Recognition of Arabic and Kurdish as Official Languages

With the ratification of the new Constitution of Iraq in 2005, both Arabic and Kurdish were formally acknowledged as the official languages of the country (Article 4). Additionally, the constitution recognized Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian as minority languages.

2005: Reaffirmation of "Republic of Iraq" in the Constitution

The 2005 Iraqi Constitution reaffirmed the country's official name as the "Republic of Iraq," solidifying its post-Saddam Hussein identity as a democratic republic.

2005: Turkmen/Turcoman Language Shift

Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turcoman community in Iraq has transitioned from using the Arabic script to adopting the Turkish alphabet for their language.

2005: First Kurdish President of Iraq Elected

In a significant step towards reconciliation, Iraq elected its first Kurdish president, Jalal Talabani, in 2005. This followed decades of strained relations, including Saddam Hussein's campaign against the Kurds in the 1980s.

2005: Improvement in Iran-Iraq Relations

From 2005 onwards, Iran-Iraq relations saw significant improvement, marked by an exchange of high-level visits and increased cooperation.

2005: US Allows Role for Sharia in Constitution

By 2005, the United States had shifted its stance, permitting a role for Sharia in the Iraqi constitution to resolve a deadlock in the drafting process.

2006: Escalation of Violence and Execution of Saddam Hussein

2006 witnessed a surge in sectarian violence in Iraq, reaching its peak during this period. In a significant event that year, Saddam Hussein, the former dictator of Iraq, was convicted of crimes against humanity and executed by hanging for his role in the 1982 Dujail massacre.

2006: US Iraq Study Group Recommendations

In late 2006, the US government's Iraq Study Group, tasked with assessing the situation in Iraq and providing policy recommendations, suggested that the US shift its focus toward training Iraqi military personnel, marking a potential shift in US strategy.

January 2007: US "Surge" in Iraq

In January 2007, US President George W. Bush announced a "Surge," increasing the number of US troops in Iraq in response to the recommendations of the Iraq Study Group, which advocated for a focus on training Iraqi military personnel.

May 2007: US Study Reveals Potential Oil Revenue Losses

A US study in May 2007 indicated that a significant portion of Iraq's declared oil production, between 100,000 and 300,000 barrels per day, may have been lost to corruption or smuggling over the preceding four years.

May 2007: Iraq Calls for US Withdrawal Timetable

In May 2007, the Iraqi Parliament urged the United States to set a timetable for withdrawing its troops from Iraq. Simultaneously, several US coalition partners, including the U.K. and Denmark, started withdrawing their forces.

October 2007: Iraqi Diaspora and Returns

By October 2007, with improving security, the Iraqi government reported that 46,000 refugees returned home.

2007: Proposed Iraq Oil Law Stalls

In 2007, a proposed oil law, aimed at governing the country's oil industry, was submitted to the Iraqi parliament but failed to gain approval due to disagreements among political factions.

2007: Iraq Wins AFC Asian Cup

Iraq achieved a significant football victory in 2007 by winning the AFC Asian Cup.

November 2008: Status of Forces Agreement

In November 2008, the US and Iraq reached a Status of Forces Agreement within their Strategic Framework Agreement.

2008: Formal End of Iraqi Civil War

While violence continued, 2008 marked the formal end of the Iraqi Civil War.

2008: Beginning of US Troop Withdrawal

The United States began withdrawing its troops from Iraq in 2008, although the war officially continued until 2011.

2008: Healthcare Workers in Iraq

In 2008, Iraq had 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses for every 10,000 people.

2008: Al Jazeera Report on Unaccounted Iraqi Oil Revenues

In 2008, Al Jazeera published a report alleging that $13 billion in Iraqi oil revenues under US control had been improperly accounted for, including $2.6 billion that remained completely unaccounted for.

2008: Iraqi Forces Target Militants

During 2008, Iraq's newly trained armed forces, mentored by US and coalition partners, took a more active role in combating the ongoing insurgency, launching offensive operations against militant groups.

February 2009: Iraq Joins Chemical Weapons Convention

Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the Chemical Weapons Convention on February 12, 2009, declaring its possession of chemical weapon stockpiles and committing to their destruction.

June 2009: US Hands Over Security Duties in Iraqi Cities

US troops formally transferred security responsibilities to Iraqi forces in June 2009, marking a significant step in the gradual withdrawal of US forces from Iraq. Despite the handover, US troops continued to collaborate with their Iraqi counterparts.

October 2009: Jim Cramer's Endorsement of the Iraqi Dinar

On October 20, 2009, Jim Cramer's endorsement of the Iraqi dinar on CNBC sparked increased interest in the currency as a potential investment.

November 2009: Civilian Death Toll Falls to Lowest Level Since 2003

Despite an initial surge in violence following the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009, Iraqi Interior Ministry officials reported a significant decrease in civilian casualties in November 2009. The death toll reached its lowest point since the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003.

December 2009: Awarding of Service Contracts to International Oil Companies

In December 2009, Iraq awarded service contracts to international oil companies for several oil fields, including the "super-giant" Majnoon oil field, Halfaya Field, West Qurna Field, and Rumaila Field.

December 2009: Iran-Iraq Oil Well Dispute

Tensions arose between Iran and Iraq in December 2009 when Iraq accused Iran of seizing control of an oil well located on their shared border.

2009: Iraq at the FIFA Confederations Cup

Iraq took part in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2009.

2009: Formation of the Iraq Britain Business Council

The Iraq Britain Business Council was established in 2009, spearheaded by House of Lords member and trade expert Lady Nicholson, to foster trade relations between the two countries.

2010: Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity

By 2010, Iraq's population had increased tenfold since 1890, significantly straining water resources and highlighting the country's vulnerability to climate change.

2010: Electricity Shortages Despite Oil Revenue

Despite improved security and substantial oil revenue, Iraq continued to experience significant electricity shortages in 2010, highlighting the challenges in rebuilding infrastructure and meeting the population's needs.

2010: Life Expectancy in Iraq

In 2010, the life expectancy at birth in Iraq was 68.49 years. This was a decline from a high point of 71.31 years in 1996.

February 2011: Iraqi Navy Personnel Count

As of February 2011, the Iraqi navy had a force of approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800 marines, tasked with protecting coastal and inland waterways from insurgent activity.

May 2011: Iraqi Refugees Granted US Citizenship

As of May 25, 2011, official United States Citizenship and Immigration Services data revealed that 58,811 Iraqis had been granted citizenship as refugees.

October 2011: Turkish Parliament Renews Cross-Border Operations Law

In October 2011, the Turkish parliament renewed a law authorizing Turkish forces to pursue Kurdish rebels across the border into Iraqi territory, impacting relations between the two countries.

December 2011: Final US Troops Withdraw from Iraq

On December 18, 2011, the final contingent of US troops withdrew from Iraq, marking the end of the US military presence in the country after nearly a decade of involvement. The withdrawal, completed as per the US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement, saw the troops ceremonially crossing the border into Kuwait.

2011: High Unemployment and Low Female Workforce Participation in Iraq

In 2011, Iraq's heavy reliance on its oil sector for employment resulted in high unemployment rates, ranging between 18% and 30%, and limited female participation in the workforce, estimated at a maximum of 22%.

2011: End of the Iraq War

The Iraq War ended in 2011, leaving the country grappling with the aftermath of conflict and the challenges of rebuilding.

2011: Pew Research Center Survey on Muslim Identity in Iraq

A 2011 survey by the Pew Research Center revealed that among Iraqi Muslims, 51% identified as Shia, 42% as Sunni, and 5% as "just a Muslim."

2011: Official End of the Iraq War

The Iraq War officially ended in 2011 with the withdrawal of the remaining US combat troops.

December 2012: Iraq's Oil Production Reaches 3.4 Million Barrels Per Day

By December 2012, Iraq's oil production had reached a significant milestone, reaching 3.4 million barrels per day, highlighting the country's vast oil reserves.

2012: Six Million Students Enrolled

By 2012, the number of students in Iraqi schools reached six million.

2012: Syrian Refugees in Iraq

Over 252,000 Syrian refugees, seeking refuge from the Syrian Civil War, fled to Iraq since 2012.

May 2013: Sectarian Violence and Car Bombings in Iraq

Sectarian violence continued to plague Iraq in May 2013. A series of car bomb attacks, including one on May 15th that killed 33 people, culminated in a wave of bombings on May 20th, resulting in at least 95 deaths. On May 18th, 76 people were killed in bombings in Sunni areas of Baghdad.

July 2013: Mass Jailbreak from Abu Ghraib Prison

On July 22, 2013, over 500 convicts, many of whom were senior al-Qaeda members on death row, escaped from Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The orchestrated assault, which involved a car bomb detonated at the prison gates, was a significant blow to Iraqi security and bolstered al-Qaeda's presence in the region.

2013: Daewoo's Deal to Build Bismayah New City

In mid-2013, South Korean firm Daewoo secured a deal to construct Bismayah New City in Iraq. This ambitious project aimed to create a new urban center with 100,000 homes for an estimated population of 600,000 residents.

2013: Gender Disparities in Education

In the 2013–2014 academic year, about five million boys were enrolled in schools, compared to around 4.2 million girls.

2013: Iraq's Population Reaches 35 Million

In 2013, Iraq's population reached 35 million, experiencing a significant surge in the aftermath of the war.

2013: Iraq's Housing Crisis

Despite ongoing infrastructure development efforts, Iraq faced a severe housing crisis in 2013. The war-torn nation was struggling to meet the high demand for housing.

March 2014: Surge in Iraq's Oil Output

In March 2014, the International Energy Agency reported that Iraq's oil output had increased significantly, reaching an average of 3.6 million barrels per day in February. This marked the highest oil production level for the country since 1979.

April 2014: Inconclusive Elections and Political Instability

April 2014 witnessed inconclusive elections in Iraq, leading to heightened political instability. Nouri al-Maliki remained as caretaker Prime Minister, despite calls for new leadership due to the escalating security crisis sparked by the rise of the Islamic State.

July 2014: Seizure of Oilfields by Kurdistan Regional Government Forces

In July 2014, amid escalating sectarian conflict, forces from the Kurdistan Regional Government took control of the Bai Hassan and Kirkuk oilfields in northern Iraq. This action was condemned by the Iraqi government, which threatened serious consequences if the oilfields were not returned.

September 2014: Haider al-Abadi Becomes Prime Minister

On September 8, 2014, Haider al-Abadi assumed office as the new Prime Minister of Iraq, succeeding Nouri al-Maliki. Abadi's appointment came after a period of political maneuvering and international pressure for a more unified government in the face of the growing threat from the Islamic State.

2014: Rise of ISIS and Renewed Conflict

The emergence of ISIS and its rapid territorial gains in 2014 plunged Iraq into renewed conflict, prompting the return of US troops and intervention from Iran.

2014: High Repetition Rates in Schools

Repetition rates in Iraqi schools reached almost 17%, leading to a substantial loss of education funding in 2014–2015.

2014: Islamic State Gains Ground in Iraq

In early 2014, the Islamic State (ISIL) made substantial territorial gains in Iraq, seizing control of major cities and towns, including Mosul. The group's rapid advance and brutal tactics, including mass executions and human rights abuses, triggered international condemnation and military intervention.

2014: Girls' Enrollment Increasing

Despite disparities, girls' enrollment in education at all levels has been increasing at a faster pace than boys', particularly in central Iraq.

2014: Agreement Allowing US Troops to Help Against ISIS

In 2014, an agreement was reached that permitted the US to send troops to Iraq to assist in the fight against ISIS.

2015: Education Funding Shortfalls

Despite progress, education in Iraq only received 5.7% of government spending, leading to inadequate investment in schools.

2015: CIA World Factbook Estimate on Religious Affiliation in Iraq

In 2015, the CIA World Factbook estimated that Islam was the dominant religion in Iraq, with 95-98% of the population adhering to it. This included 61-64% Shia Muslims and 29-34% Sunni Muslims. Christianity accounted for 1%, while the remaining 1-4% practiced other religions such as Yazidism and Mandaeism.

2015: Estimated Ethnic Composition of Iraq

In 2015, the European Parliamentary Research Service provided an estimated breakdown of Iraq's ethnic composition: 24 million Arabs (14 million Shia and 9 million Sunni), 4.7 million Sunni Kurds (along with 500,000 Faili Kurds and 200,000 Kaka'i), 3 million (primarily Sunni) Iraqi Turkmens, 1 million Black Iraqis, 500,000 Christians (including Chaldeans, Syriacs, Assyrians, and Armenians), 500,000 Yazidis, 250,000 Shabaks, 50,000 Roma, 3,000 Mandaeans, 2,000 Circassians, 1,000 Baháʼí Faith followers, and a small number of Jews.

2016: Government Corruption and Budget Deficit

In 2016, Transparency International ranked Iraq's government as the 23rd most corrupt globally. The government faced a budget deficit near 25% of GDP due to factors like increased public sector employment and decreased oil prices.

2016: Karrada Bombing Kills Hundreds

In 2016, the Karrada district of Baghdad, Iraq, was struck by a devastating bombing claimed by the Islamic State. The attack, which targeted civilians during the holy month of Ramadan, resulted in the deaths of nearly 400 people and injured hundreds more, making it one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Iraq's history.

2016: Projected Housing Construction in Iraq

By 2016, Iraq aimed to complete the construction of 5% of the 2.5 million homes needed to address the country's housing shortage.

2016: Nine Million Children in School

Around 9.2 million children were attending school in Iraq by 2015–2016.

March 2017: US-led Airstrike in Mosul Results in Civilian Casualties

On March 17, 2017, a US-led coalition airstrike targeting Islamic State positions in Mosul, Iraq, resulted in the unintentional deaths of over 200 civilians, highlighting the human cost of the conflict and raising concerns about the conduct of the war.

September 2017: Kurdish Independence Referendum

In September 2017, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq held an independence referendum despite opposition from the Iraqi government and international community. The referendum passed with over 92% voting in favor of independence, escalating tensions between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Baghdad.

December 2017: ISIL Defeated in Iraq

By December 2017, following a concerted campaign by Iraqi forces and their international allies, the Islamic State (ISIL) lost all of its controlled territory in Iraq. The defeat marked a turning point in the fight against the extremist group, although challenges remained in ensuring its lasting defeat and addressing the humanitarian and political consequences of the conflict.

December 2017: Iraq Declares Victory Over ISIL

On December 9, 2017, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared victory over the Islamic State (ISIL), announcing the full liberation of Iraqi territory from the group's control. The victory marked a significant milestone in the fight against ISIL, but challenges remained in rebuilding the country and achieving lasting peace and stability.

2017: Defeat of ISIS in Iraq

Following a three-year campaign, Iraqi forces, backed by a US-led coalition, successfully defeated ISIS in 2017, marking a turning point in the fight against the extremist group.

May 2018: Parliamentary Elections Held in Iraq

Parliamentary elections took place in Iraq in May 2018, with the aim of electing a new government following the defeat of the Islamic State. The elections were seen as a crucial step in consolidating stability and rebuilding the country after years of conflict.

July 2018: Protests Erupt Over Economic Conditions

Beginning in July 2018, widespread protests erupted across Iraq, particularly in Baghdad and southern provinces, driven by public anger over deteriorating economic conditions, high unemployment, inadequate public services, and government corruption. The protests reflected deep-seated frustrations and the urgent need for economic and political reforms.

October 2018: New Iraqi Government Approved

In October 2018, the Council of Representatives in Iraq approved a new government headed by Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi. Barham Salih was also elected as the country's president. The formation of a new government was a significant step towards normalcy after years of conflict and political instability.

2018: UN Estimate of Oil Revenue in Iraq

In 2018, the United Nations estimated that oil revenue constituted a staggering 99% of Iraq's total revenue, highlighting the country's heavy reliance on oil exports.

October 2019: Nationwide Protests and Violence

In October 2019, Iraq experienced a resurgence of large-scale protests, met with a deadly crackdown by security forces. The protests, fueled by grievances over corruption, unemployment, and lack of basic services, resulted in the deaths of at least 93 people, highlighting the fragility of the political situation and the urgent need for reform.

November 2019: Australian Defence Force Rotation and Training Support

In November 2019, over 100 Australian Defence Force personnel were deployed to Iraq for the 10th rotation of Task Group Taji, contributing to the training of Iraqi Security Forces at the Iraqi School of Infantry.

January 2020: Iraqi Parliament Votes to Expel US Troops

On January 5, 2020, the Iraqi Parliament voted to urge the government to expel US troops, ending a 2014 agreement that allowed US involvement in combating ISIS. This decision followed a US drone strike that killed Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani.

January 2020: US Drone Strike Kills Qasem Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis

In a significant escalation of regional tensions, a US drone strike near Baghdad International Airport on January 3, 2020, killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of Iran's Quds Force, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the deputy commander of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces. The strike sparked outrage in Iran and raised fears of a wider conflict.

September 2020: US Prepares Diplomatic Withdrawal

In September 2020, Washington prepared to withdraw diplomats from Iraq due to escalating tensions with Iran, marked by Iranian-backed militias targeting the US embassy in Baghdad.

December 2020: Launch of Grand Faw Port's Second Phase

In December 2020, the Iraqi Prime Minister initiated the second phase of the Grand Faw Port project. Daewoo was awarded the contract as the project manager and head contractor, with a bid of $2.7 billion.

2020: Start of Prolonged Drought

A prolonged drought began in Iraq in 2020, significantly impacting water resources and agriculture.

November 2021: Iraqi Prime Minister Survives Assassination Attempt

Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi survived an assassination attempt in November 2021, highlighting the persistent political instability and security challenges facing the country. The attack, which involved armed drones, underscored the deep divisions and potential for violence within Iraq's political landscape.

2021: Iraq Reclaims Looted Artifacts

In a significant victory for cultural heritage, Iraq announced in 2021 the recovery of approximately 17,000 looted artifacts, marking the largest repatriation of its kind.

2021: Second-Driest Season in Four Decades

Iraq experienced its second-driest season in four decades in 2021, exacerbating the ongoing drought and its consequences.

2021: Estimated Total Population of Iraq

In 2021, the total population of Iraq was estimated to be 43,533,592.

2021: Internally Displaced Persons in Iraq

In 2021, the UN Refugee agency estimated that 1.1 million Iraqis were internally displaced within their own country.

2021: Oil Sector's Contribution to Foreign Exchange Earnings

As of 2021, the oil sector in Iraq was responsible for approximately 92% of the country's foreign exchange earnings, further emphasizing its crucial role in the Iraqi economy.

October 2022: New President and Prime Minister Take Office in Iraq

In October 2022, Iraq saw a political transition with the election of Abdul Latif Rashid as the new President and the appointment of Mohammed Shia al-Sudani as Prime Minister. Rashid's victory over incumbent Barham Salih marked a shift in the largely ceremonial role traditionally held by a Kurd. Sudani, a close ally of former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, assumed the most powerful position in the country, tasked with addressing Iraq's pressing economic and security concerns.

2022: Iraq Completes War Reparations to Kuwait

In 2022, more than three decades after the UN Compensation Commission (UNCC) was established, Iraq fulfilled its war reparation obligations to Kuwait, totaling $52.4 billion, for the 1990 invasion.

2023: Assessment of Democracy and Political Stability

In 2023, Iraq was ranked as the third most electorally democratic country in the Middle East by the V-Dem Democracy indices, while the Fragile States Index ranked it as the world's 27th most politically unstable country.

2023: Iraqi Government Announces Plan to Build 15 New Cities

In late 2023, the Iraqi government unveiled plans to construct 15 new cities throughout the country to tackle the persistent housing shortage. The initial phase of the project commenced in late 2023 with the groundbreaking of Al-Jawahiri city, located west of the capital. This new city will feature 30,000 housing units and is estimated to cost $2 billion, with completion expected within four to five years.

2024: Signing of MOU for Iraq Development Road Project

During Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's visit to Baghdad in 2024, a quadrilateral memorandum of understanding (MOU) was signed between Iraq, Türkiye, Qatar, and the UAE. This MOU outlined cooperation on the Iraq Development Road project, a 1,200-kilometer network of railways and highways connecting the Grand Faw Port to the Turkish border. With an estimated cost of $17 billion, the project aims to establish Grand Faw as a major Middle Eastern port and enhance Iraq's geopolitical standing.

2024: Contract Signing for Ali El-Wardi Residential City

In early 2024, the Iraqi government signed a contract with Naguib Sawiris, director of Ora Real Estate Development Company, for the Ali El-Wardi residential city project, located east of Baghdad. Encompassing over 100,000 residential units, this ambitious endeavor represents the largest among the five new residential city projects in its initial phase.

2025: Targeted Completion Date for Iraq Development Road Project

The Iraq Development Road project is slated for completion by 2025.

History of Iraq in Timeline