History of Iran in Timeline
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and historically known as Persia, is located in West Asia and shares borders with several countries including Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It also has coastlines along the Caspian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and the Persian Gulf. With a population of almost 90 million and covering an area of 1,648,195 km2, Iran ranks 17th in the world by both geographic size and population. The country is known for its predominantly Persian ethnicity and Muslim-majority population. Tehran is the capital and the largest city. Other significant cities include Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, and Shiraz. Iran is divided into five regions comprising 31 provinces and is one of the most mountainous countries globally.
1904: Opening of First Public Cinema in Tehran
In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim (Sahhaf Bashi) opened the first public cinema in Tehran. This event marked the beginning of public cinema in Iran, paving the way for the development of the Iranian film industry.
1905: Constitutional Revolution Begins
In 1905, the Constitutional Revolution began in Iran, sparked by protests against foreign concessions and leading to significant political changes.
1906: First Iranian Constitution
In 1906, Iran's first constitution was established, formally recognizing the country's religious minorities and marking a pivotal moment in its political evolution.
1907: Anglo-Russian Convention
In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Convention divided Iran into spheres of influence, formalizing many concessions and leading to increased foreign military presence.
1908: Young Turks Revolution
In 1908, the Young Turks revolution took place, influenced by the earlier Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and further shaping political dynamics in the region.
1909: Triumph of Tehran
In 1909, the Triumph of Tehran forced Mohammad Ali to abdicate, ending the period known as the minor tyranny and further advancing the Constitutional Revolution.
1917: War-Induced Famine
In 1917, Iran experienced a devastating famine induced by World War I, resulting in significant civilian casualties and exacerbating the suffering caused by the war.
1919: End of War-Induced Famine
In 1919, the war-induced famine in Iran came to an end, having caused immense suffering and significant loss of life among civilians during World War I.
1921: End of Occupation
In 1921, the Ottoman, Russian, and British Empires fully withdrew their forces from Iran, which had been occupied despite its neutrality during World War I, leaving a trail of devastation.
1921: Persian Coup d'état
In 1921, the British-directed Persian coup d'état led to Reza Pahlavi's rise to power, marking the beginning of significant political changes in Iran.
1921: Persian Coup d'état
In 1921, a coup d'état occurred in Persia, leading to significant political changes that set the stage for Reza Pahlavi's rise to power.
1925: Establishment of the Pahlavi Dynasty
In 1925, Reza Pahlavi took power, establishing the Pahlavi dynasty and marking a new era in Iran's history.
1925: Establishment of Pahlavi Dynasty
In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was declared monarch, establishing the Pahlavi dynasty and initiating a new era in Iran's political history.
1925: Mandatory Military Service Introduced in Iran
Since 1925, it has been mandatory for all male citizens aged 18 in Iran to serve around 14 months in the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces (IRIAF) or the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). This policy was implemented to ensure the country's sovereignty and internal security.
1928: Establishment of New Iranian School of Fine Art
In 1928, Kamal-ol-Molk, a prominent realist painter, established a new Iranian school of fine art. This institution marked a significant shift in Iranian art, embracing a naturalistic style that competed with photographic works and influencing the development of the 'coffeehouse' style of painting.
1930: First Iranian Feature Film
In 1930, the first Iranian feature film, 'Abi and Rabi,' a silent comedy directed by Ovanes Ohanian, was produced. This film marked the beginning of feature filmmaking in Iran.
1932: First Sounded Iranian Film
In 1932, the first Iranian sounded film, 'Lor Girl,' was produced by Ardeshir Irani and Abd-ol-Hosein Sepanta. This milestone represented a major advancement in the Iranian film industry.
1933: Founding of Tehran Symphony Orchestra
In 1933, the Tehran Symphony Orchestra was founded by Qolam-Hoseyn Minbashian, marking the establishment of Iran's first symphony orchestra. This was a pivotal moment in the development of Iran's classical music scene.
1935: Name Change to Iran
In 1935, Reza Pahlavi requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran, rather than Persia, aligning with the country's historical identity.
August 1941: British and Soviet Invasion of Iran
In August 1941, the British and Soviets launched a surprise invasion of Iran after Reza Pahlavi refused their demand to expel all Germans. The invasion aimed to secure a supply line to the USSR, protect oil fields, and limit German influence in Iran.
September 1941: Reza Pahlavi Exiled
On 16 September 1941, following the British and Soviet invasion, Reza Pahlavi was sent into exile and replaced by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
1943: Tehran Conference
In 1943, the Tehran Conference took place where the Allied 'Big Three' issued the Tehran Declaration, guaranteeing Iran's post-war independence and boundaries.
May 1946: Soviet Withdrawal from Iran
In May 1946, Soviet forces withdrew from Iran after oil concessions were promised, ending the Iran crisis of 1946.
1947: Founding of Iran's National Olympic Committee
Iran's National Olympic Committee was founded in 1947, establishing the foundation for the country's future successes in international sports competitions.
September 1949: Opening of Tehran's First Modern Art Gallery
In September 1949, Tehran's first modern art gallery, Apadana, was opened by painters Mahmud Javadipur, Hosein Kazemi, and Hushang Ajudani. This gallery marked the beginning of Iran's vibrant contemporary art scene, which emerged with new western influences during World War II.
1949: Establishment of School of National Music
In 1949, Ruhollah Khaleqi founded Iran's first national music society and established the School of National Music. This institution played a crucial role in nurturing and promoting Iranian national music.
1950: Urbanization in Iran
From 1950 to 2002, Iran experienced one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. The urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%, highlighting significant demographic changes over this period.
1951: Mosaddegh Elected Prime Minister
In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh was democratically elected as the Prime Minister of Iran and became popular for nationalizing the oil industry.
1952: Iran Assumes Control of Commercial Fishing
In 1952, the Iranian government assumed control of commercial fishing. This allowed the country to expand its fishery infrastructure and harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from southern waters.
1953: Anglo-American Coup
In 1953, attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize Iran's vast fossil fuel supply led to an Anglo-American coup, significantly impacting Iran's political landscape.
1953: Iranian Coup d'état
In 1953, Mohammad Mosaddegh was removed from power in an Anglo-American coup d'état, marking the first US involvement in overthrowing a foreign government during the Cold War.
1954: Golrizan Film Festival
In 1954, efforts to organize a film festival began within the framework of the Golrizan Festival. These efforts would later lead to the establishment of the Sepas Film Festival and the Tehran World Film Festival.
1956: Iran's Population in 1956
In 1956, Iran's population was about 19 million. This marked the starting point of a rapid population growth period that led to significant demographic changes in the country.
1960: Ali Javan Co-Invents First Gas Laser
In 1960, Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invented the first gas laser. This invention played a pivotal role in the development of laser technology and showcased Iran's historical contributions to global scientific advancements.
1962: Founding of Iran Air
In 1962, Iran Air, the national airline, was founded. It operated both domestic and international flights, contributing significantly to the country's transportation sector.
1963: Khomeini's Arrest and Riots
In 1963, Ayatollah Khomeini was arrested for his opposition to the Shah's policies, leading to major riots across Iran with 15,000 casualties.
November 1964: Khomeini Sent into Exile
In November 1964, Ayatollah Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile for his opposition to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's regime.
January 1965: Establishment of IIDCYA
In January 1965, the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA) was established in Iran. This influential institute played a crucial role in the development of Iranian animation and children's literature.
1969: Sepas Film Festival and Notable Films
In 1969, the Sepas Film Festival was organized, and significant films like 'Qeysar' and 'The Cow' were screened. Directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively, these films contributed to the establishment of alternative cinema in Iran.
1971: Iran Takes Control of Strategic Islands
In 1971, Iran took control of Bumusa, Greater, and Lesser Tunbs in the Strait of Hormuz. Despite UAE's claims, Iran maintains control due to their strategic importance.
1973: Oil Crisis and Economic Impact
In 1973, the oil crisis led to a flood of foreign currency in Iran, causing inflation and economic challenges.
1973: First Tehran World Film Festival
In 1973, the first Tehran World Film Festival was held. This event marked a significant milestone in the promotion of Iranian cinema on the global stage.
September 1974: Iran Hosts the Asian Games
In September 1974, Iran became the first country in West Asia to host the Asian Games, marking a significant milestone in the country's sports history.
1974: Economic Inflation
By 1974, Iran faced double-digit inflation rates despite efforts to modernize the country, leading to widespread economic issues.
1975: Economic Recession
In 1975, Iran experienced an economic recession, increasing unemployment and exacerbating public discontent.
1976: Increased Focus on Inland Waters Fishing
Between 1976 and 2004, Iran focused on producing fish from inland waters, increasing the combined take from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons by 2004.
1976: Increased Unemployment
By 1976, unemployment rates soared, especially among youths, fueling opposition to the Pahlavi regime.
October 1977: Start of Demonstrations
In October 1977, demonstrations against the Pahlavi regime began, eventually developing into a significant campaign of civil resistance.
September 1978: Black Friday and Cinema Rex Fire
In September 1978, the deaths of numerous people during the Black Friday protests and Cinema Rex fire fueled the revolutionary movement in Iran.
January 1979: Pahlavi's Exile
On 16 January 1979, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran for exile amidst increasing revolutionary pressures.
February 1979: Khomeini's Return
In February 1979, Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile and formed a new government, marking a significant shift in the country's political landscape.
March 1979: Iranian voters approve shift to Islamic republic
In March 1979, a referendum was held in Iran where 98% of voters approved the shift to an Islamic republic. This marked the beginning of a new governmental structure in Iran.
November 1979: Iran hostage crisis begins
On 4 November 1979, a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran, taking 53 American personnel hostage. This event initiated the Iran hostage crisis, significantly impacting Iran-US relations.
December 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini becomes Supreme Leader
In December 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as the Supreme Leader of Iran. This event was part of the broader transition following the March 1979 referendum.
1979: Iranian Revolution
In 1979, the Iranian Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with The Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becoming the first supreme leader.
1979: Iran Derecognizes Israel
In 1979, Iran derecognized Israel and has since maintained no diplomatic relations with the state.
April 1980: Iran and US sever diplomatic relations
Following the Iran hostage crisis, the United States and Iran severed diplomatic relations in April 1980. This event marked a significant deterioration in bilateral relations.
September 1980: Iran-Iraq War begins
On 22 September 1980, Iraq invaded Iran's Khuzestan province, initiating the Iran-Iraq War. The conflict began with Iraq's hopes of a quick victory, which were quickly dashed.
December 1980: Iraqi forces stall in Iran-Iraq War
By December 1980, Iraqi forces had stalled in their invasion of Iran, marking the beginning of a prolonged conflict that would last eight years.
1980: Cultural Revolution begins
In 1980, the Cultural Revolution began in Iran, leading to the closure of all universities to conform to Islamization demands from the new government.
1980: Iran-Iraq War Begins
In 1980, the forces of Saddam Hussein invaded the Iranian province of Khuzestan, initiating the Iran-Iraq War, which would become the longest conventional war of the 20th century.
1981: Death of President Mohammad-Ali Rajai
In 1981, Mohammad-Ali Rajai, the President of Iran, died in office.
June 1982: Iran regains lost territory
By June 1982, Iranian forces had regained all lost territory and pushed Iraqi troops back into Iraq, marking a significant turning point in the Iran-Iraq War.
1982: Hezbollah Established in Lebanon
In 1982, Iran established Hezbollah in Lebanon as a primary branch of the Iranian Army. This was a strategic move that allowed Iran to exert significant influence in Lebanon and the broader region through military and political means.
1983: Universities reopen
In 1983, Iranian universities reopened after being closed for three years as part of the Cultural Revolution.
1985: Establishment of MCHTH
In 1985, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts (MCHTH) was established in Iran, becoming a heavily centralized organization supervising various cultural activities. This marked a significant step in preserving and promoting Iranian culture and heritage post-Revolution.
1988: End of Iran-Iraq War
In 1988, the Iran-Iraq War came to an end, concluding the longest conventional war of the 20th century and leaving significant impacts on both nations.
1988: End of Iran-Iraq War
In 1988, the Iran-Iraq War ended after the Iraqi army defeated Iranian forces and pushed them back across the border. Iran accepted a UN-mediated truce, concluding the longest conventional war of the 20th century.
1989: Death of Ayatollah Khomeini
In 1989, following the death of Ayatollah Khomeini, Iran's first supreme leader, Ali Khamenei succeeded him, continuing the governance of the Islamic Republic.
1989: Akbar Rafsanjani focuses on economic rebuilding
In 1989, following the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Akbar Rafsanjani pursued a pragmatic pro-business policy aimed at rebuilding and strengthening Iran's economy without abandoning revolutionary ideologies.
1989: Formation of Supreme National Security Council
In 1989, the Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) was established during the Iranian constitutional referendum to oversee foreign policy, national interests, and sovereignty, as mandated by Article 176 of the Constitution.
1990: First Scientific Meeting on Anthropology and Folklore
In 1990, the MCHTH held its first scientific meeting on anthropology and folklore. This event was significant in fostering scholarly discussions and research on Iran's rich cultural heritage and traditions.
1991: Israeli Attack
In 1991, Israel was directly attacked by a state force for the first time since then.
1996: Significant Increase in Iran's Scientific Publications
From 1996 to 2004, Iran saw a nearly tenfold increase in its scientific publication output. This growth positioned Iran as a leading country in terms of scientific research and publication growth rate.
1997: Kiarostami Wins Palme d'Or
In 1997, acclaimed Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for his film 'Taste of Cherry.' This achievement planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema and highlighted the country's cinematic talent.
1997: Mohammad Khatami becomes president
In 1997, moderate reformist Mohammad Khatami was elected president of Iran. His government prioritized freedom of expression, diplomatic relations, and economic policies supporting a free market and foreign investment.
1997: High Unemployment Rates
Since 1997, Iran has experienced unemployment rates exceeding 10%, with women's unemployment nearly double that of men's. This long-term economic issue reflects broader challenges within the country's labor market and economic policies.
2001: Export of Technical and Engineering Services
Between 2001 and 2011, Iran exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services, significantly contributing to its global presence.
2002: Urban Proportion of Population
By 2002, the urban proportion of Iran's population had increased to 60%, up from 27% in 1950. This growth rate was among the highest in the world, indicating substantial urbanization.
2003: Iran’s Influence in Iraq Post-U.S. Invasion
Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran began to finance and train militia groups in Iraq, creating a significant influence in the region. This move was part of Iran's strategy to build alliances and extend its reach beyond its borders.
2003: Iran’s Influence in Iraq Post-U.S. Invasion
Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran began to finance and train militia groups in Iraq, creating a significant influence in the region. This move was part of Iran's strategy to build alliances and extend its reach beyond its borders.
2003: 2003 Bam Earthquake
In 2003, Iran experienced a devastating earthquake in Bam, demonstrating its vulnerability to seismic activities.
February 2004: Establishment of Iranian Space Agency
On 28 February 2004, the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) was established, marking Iran's formal entry into the realm of space exploration and technology.
2004: Iran’s Support for Houthis in Yemen
During Yemen's civil war, since 2004, Iran has provided military support to the Houthis, a Zaydi Shiite movement fighting Yemen's Sunni government. This support has allowed the Houthis to gain significant power over the years, reflecting Iran's influence in the region.
2004: Iran's Crude Oil Production
In 2004, Iran produced 5.1% of the world's total crude oil, generating revenues between US$25 billion and US$30 billion. This was a major source of foreign currency for the country.
2004: Iran's Scientific Publication Growth
Iran's scientific publication output had increased nearly tenfold by 2004, marking the country as a leader in output growth rate, second only to China. This period highlighted Iran's rapid development in scientific research.
2004: Increased Focus on Inland Waters Fishing
Between 1976 and 2004, Iran focused on producing fish from inland waters, increasing the combined take from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons by 2004.
2004: Opening of Wind and Geothermal Plants
In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, marking a significant milestone in the country's renewable energy sector.
2005: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected president
In 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, a conservative populist, was elected president of Iran. Known for his hardline views and nuclear ambitions, his tenure was marked by hostility towards Western and Arab states.
2005: Lut Desert Temperature Record
In 2005, NASA recorded the highest temperature on Earth, 70.7°C, in Iran's Lut Desert.
2006: Iranian Scientists Clone Sheep
In late 2006, Iranian scientists at the Royan Research Center in Tehran successfully cloned a sheep. This milestone in biotechnology demonstrated Iran's advancements in biomedical sciences despite international sanctions.
2006: Disputed Election Results Lead to Protests
The 2006 election results in Iran were widely disputed, leading to nationwide protests. This period was marked by significant political unrest and challenges to the legitimacy of the government.
2006: Iranian Films at Berlin International Film Festival
In 2006, six Iranian films were showcased at the Berlin International Film Festival. This event was considered a remarkable moment in the history of Iranian cinema, attracting international attention to Iranian filmmaking.
2006: Government Budget and Oil Revenue
In 2006, around 45% of Iran's government budget was derived from oil and natural gas revenues, with an additional 31% coming from taxes and fees. The country faced chronic budget deficits, largely due to extensive state subsidies.
2006: Hezbollah's Victory in the Israel-Hezbollah War
In 2006, Hezbollah, supported by Iran, achieved a symbolic victory against Israel during the Israel-Hezbollah War. This victory elevated Iran's influence in the Levant and strengthened its appeal across the Muslim World.
2007: Iran Wins Asian Basketball Championship
In 2007, the Iran men's national basketball team won the Asian Championships, marking a significant achievement in the sport for the country.
2008: Industrial Production Growth
Between 2008 and 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.
2008: Energy Sector Subsidies
By 2008, Iran's state subsidies for the energy sector had reached over $84 billion, contributing to persistent budget deficits. These subsidies included essential goods like foodstuffs and petrol.
2008: Iran's Road and Car Statistics
In 2008, Iran had nearly 100 passenger cars for every 1,000 inhabitants and extensive road infrastructure.
February 2009: Iran's First Domestically Built Satellite into Orbit
On 2 February 2009, Iran launched its domestically built satellite, Omid, into orbit using its first expendable launch vehicle, Safir. This event marked Iran as the ninth country capable of both producing a satellite and launching it from a domestically made launcher.
2009: Industrial Production Growth
Between 2008 and 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.
2009: First Solar Thermal Plant
In 2009, Iran was set to bring its first solar thermal plant online, furthering its commitment to renewable energy.
2009: Nowruz Recognized by UNESCO
In 2009, Nowruz, the ancient Iranian New Year celebration, was registered on UNESCO's list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, highlighting its cultural significance.
2009: Blocking of Facebook in Iran
In 2009, the Iranian government blocked direct access to Facebook, along with many other mainstream worldwide websites.
2010: Carpet Weaving Inscription on UNESCO List
In 2010, the traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars Province and Kashan were inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. This recognition highlighted Iran's status as the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, which are a significant part of Persian culture and art.
2010: Unveiling of Iranian Humanoid Robot Sorena 2
In 2010, engineers at the University of Tehran unveiled the Iranian humanoid robot Sorena 2. The robot was recognized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as one of the five prominent robots in the world for its performance.
2010: Economic Reform Plan
In 2010, Iran's parliament approved an economic reform plan aimed at gradually cutting subsidies and replacing them with targeted social assistance. The plan sought to transition to free market prices over five years to enhance productivity and social justice.
2010: Electric Power Demand Growth
By 2010, Iran aimed to reach 53,000 megawatts of installed capacity through new gas-fired plants and additional hydropower and nuclear power generation.
2011: Iranian Contractors' Global Projects
As of 2011, 66 Iranian industrial companies were carrying out projects in 27 countries, exporting over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services from 2001 to 2011.
2011: Iran's Road Infrastructure
In 2011, Iran had 173,000 kilometres of roads, 73% of which were paved. The Tehran Metro, the largest in the Middle East, carried over 3 million passengers daily.
2011: First Nuclear Power Plant Online
In 2011, Iran's first nuclear power plant went online, making it the second nuclear power plant in the Middle East.
2011: Iran Wins 2011 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
In 2011, Iran's men's national volleyball team won the Asian Men's Volleyball Championship, showcasing their dominance in the sport within the continent.
2012: SCImago Study on Iran's Research Output
A 2012 study by SCImago predicted that Iran would rank fourth in the world in terms of research output by 2018 if the then-current trend persisted. This forecast emphasized Iran's rapid advancement in scientific research.
2012: Iran's Leading Agricultural Production
In 2012, Iran was identified as one of the world's top five producers of several agricultural products, including apricots, cherries, cucumbers, and pistachios, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Economic sanctions, however, continued to impact the country's economy.
2012: Farhadi Wins First Academy Award
In 2012, Iranian director Asghar Farhadi won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film with 'A Separation.' This marked a significant achievement for Iranian cinema on the global stage.
June 2013: Hassan Rouhani elected president
On 15 June 2013, Hassan Rouhani, a centrist and reformist, was elected president of Iran. He focused on improving diplomatic relations, women's rights, and supporting ethnic and religious minorities.
2013: US Acknowledges Role in 1953 Coup
In 2013, the US government formally acknowledged its role in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état as part of its foreign policy initiatives.
2013: Estimation of Setad's Wealth
In 2013, Reuters estimated Setad's wealth at $95 billion. The organization's accounts are secret, even from Iran's parliament.
2013: Iran Wins 2013 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
In 2013, Iran's men's national volleyball team secured another victory at the Asian Men's Volleyball Championship, continuing their streak of success.
August 2014: Maryam Mirzakhani Receives Fields Medal
In August 2014, Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman and the first Iranian to receive the prestigious Fields Medal, the highest prize in mathematics. This marked a significant achievement in the field of mathematics and brought international recognition to Iran’s contributions in science.
2014: Iran’s Role in Yemen's Civil War
Since 2014, Iran has provided military support to the Houthis in Yemen's civil war. This involvement has been part of Iran's broader strategy to influence regional conflicts and extend its influence across the Middle East.
2014: Iran’s Role in Yemen's Civil War
Since 2014, Iran has provided military support to the Houthis in Yemen's civil war. This involvement has been part of Iran's broader strategy to influence regional conflicts and extend its influence across the Middle East.
July 2015: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Agreement
On 14 July 2015, Iran and the P5+1 agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) aimed at ending economic sanctions in exchange for Iran restricting its production of enriched uranium. This agreement was a critical step in international negotiations regarding Iran's nuclear program.
July 2015: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action signed
On 14 July 2015, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was agreed upon in Vienna between Iran and the P5+1 countries, aiming to limit Iran's nuclear capabilities in exchange for lifting economic sanctions.
2016: Population Census of Major Iranian Cities
According to the 2016 census, Tehran, Iran's capital, had a population of around 8.8 million, making it the largest city in the country. Mashhad and Isfahan were the second and third most populous cities, with populations of around 3.3 million and 2.2 million, respectively.
2016: Launch of Simorgh Rocket
In 2016, Iran launched the Simorgh rocket, the successor to the Safir launch vehicle, further advancing its capabilities in space technology and exploration.
2016: Qeshm Island Becomes UNESCO Global Geopark
In 2016, Qeshm Island was designated as a UNESCO Global Geopark, highlighting its geological significance, including the world's largest salt cave, Namakdan.
2016: UNESCO Literacy Report 2016
In 2016, UNESCO reported that Iran's literacy rate among people aged 15 years and older was 85.54%, with a notable gender disparity as men had a literacy rate of 90.35% compared to women's 80.79%. This report also highlighted that the Iranian government allocated around 4% of its GDP to education.
July 2017: Iran Men's National Volleyball Team's FIVB Ranking
In July 2017, Iran's men's national volleyball team was ranked eighth in the world according to the FIVB World Rankings, solidifying their position as the strongest team in Asia.
2017: 2017-18 Iranian Protests
In 2017, widespread protests erupted across Iran in response to economic and political dissatisfaction. Thousands of protesters were arrested during these demonstrations, highlighting the government's strict response to dissent.
2017: Farhadi Wins Second Academy Award
In 2017, Asghar Farhadi won his second Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film with 'The Salesman.' This further solidified his reputation and brought international recognition to Iranian cinema.
2018: US withdraws from JCPOA
In 2018, the Trump administration withdrew the United States from the JCPOA, reimposing sanctions on Iran and leaving the agreement in jeopardy.
2018: U.S. Withdraws from the JCPOA
In 2018, the United States, under the Trump administration, withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and intended to re-impose sanctions on Iran. This decision was met with resistance by Iran and other members of the P5+1, leading to increased tensions.
2018: Iran's Population Growth Rate in 2018
As of 2018, Iran's population growth rate had slowed to about 1.39%, with the fertility rate dropping to about 1.7 children per woman. This decline in fertility rate indicated changing demographic trends in the country.
2018: Tehran Metro Usage
In 2018, 820 million trips were made on the Tehran Metro, highlighting its significance in the region's transportation network.
2018: Iran's Predicted Research Output
By 2018, Iran was projected to rank fourth globally in scientific research output if the growth trend continued, according to a 2012 SCImago study. This projection underscored the country's significant progress in the realm of scientific research.
2019: Discovery of New Oil Field
In 2019, Iran discovered a new oil field in the south, containing over 50 billion barrels of crude.
2019: Tourism Growth
In 2019, Iran was recognized as the world's third fastest-growing tourism destination, underscoring its rich cultural legacy and significant number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
2019: Record Tourism Before COVID-19
In 2019, Iran's tourism industry saw nearly 9 million foreign visitors, making it one of the world's fastest-growing tourism destinations before the COVID-19 pandemic halted progress.
2019: Vank Cathedral Registered as UNESCO World Heritage Site
In 2019, the Iranian government registered the Vank Cathedral in Isfahan's New Julfa district as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This recognition highlighted the government's support for the Armenian Christian community and its historical sites.
2019: 2019–20 Iranian Protests
Starting on 15 November 2019, protests broke out across Iran following a significant increase in fuel prices. The government responded with a week-long internet shutdown and a violent crackdown that resulted in hundreds of deaths and tens of thousands of arrests, according to international observers.
2019: Museum Visitation Milestone
In 2019, approximately 25 million people visited various popular museums across Iran, including the Golestan Palace, The Treasury of National Jewels, and the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, among others. This milestone underscored the significant cultural interest and heritage tourism in the country.
January 2020: Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
In January 2020, IRGC general Qasem Soleimani was assassinated by the US in Iraq, escalating tensions between the two nations. His death led to Operation Martyr Soleimani, the largest ballistic missile attack on Americans, causing 110 service members to be diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries. Millions attended Soleimani's funeral on 6 January, marking the largest funeral in Iran since Ayatollah Khomeini's.
January 2020: Downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752
On 8 January 2020, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 shortly after it took off from Tehran, killing all 176 occupants. The incident was later attributed to "human error" by the government, following an international investigation.
2020: Growth in Iran's Telecommunication Industry
As of 2020, 70 million Iranians were using high-speed mobile internet. Iran was recognized among the first five countries with a growth rate of over 20 percent and received the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas.
2020: Iran Announces Non-Compliance with JCPOA
By 2020, Iran announced that it would no longer observe any limit set by the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), escalating its nuclear program and increasing international concerns about its nuclear capabilities.
2020: The Last Fiction at Academy Awards
In 2020, Ashkan Rahgozar's animated film 'The Last Fiction' became the first Iranian animated film to be represented in the competition section at the Academy Awards in both Best Animated Feature and Best Picture categories. This was a significant milestone for Iranian animated cinema.
January 2021: Iran Blocks Major Social Media Platforms
In January 2021, Iranian authorities blocked major social media platforms including Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, and YouTube. This action was part of the country's stringent internet censorship policies, reflecting the extreme level of censorship in Iran.
March 2021: Iran and China Sign 25-Year Cooperation Agreement
In March 2021, Iran and China signed a 25-year cooperation agreement aimed at strengthening their bilateral relations. The agreement includes political, strategic, and economic components, marking a significant milestone in the long history of Iran-China relations that dates back to at least 200 BC.
September 2021: Iran Men's National Football Team's FIFA Ranking
As of September 2021, the Iran men's national football team ranked first in Asia and 22nd in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings.
2021: Domestic Tourism Expenditure
In 2021, domestic tourism in Iran was significant, with Iranian tourists spending $33.3 billion. This highlights the robust nature of internal travel within the country.
2021: Iran's Military Spending Increases
In 2021, Iran's military spending increased for the first time in four years, reaching $24.6 billion, which accounted for 2.30% of the national GDP. This increase in budget highlighted Iran's status as a major military power with the world's 14th strongest military.
2021: Ebrahim Raisi Becomes President
In 2021, Ebrahim Raisi won the presidential election, succeeding Hassan Rouhani.
2021: Tourism Industry Growth During Pandemic Recovery
In both 2021 and 2022, Iran's tourism industry grew by 40% each year, increasing the sector's contribution to the national economy to 4.7%. This growth occurred as the country recovered from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
August 2022: Launch of Khayyam Satellite
In August 2022, Russia launched the Iranian remote-sensing Khayyam satellite into orbit from Kazakhstan. This launch highlighted the ongoing scientific collaboration between Iran and Russia.
September 2022: Protests Following Mahsa Amini's Death
Protests erupted in Iran on 16 September 2022 after Mahsa Amini died in police custody, having been arrested by the 'morality police'. The incident triggered widespread demonstrations against the government's policies and actions.
2022: Continued Growth in Tourism
In 2022, Iran continued to see a 40% growth in its tourism industry, further boosting the sector's economic contribution as the country recovered from the pandemic's effects.
2022: UN Experts Urge Iran to Stop Persecution of Religious Minorities
In 2022, a group of UN experts urged Iran to stop the "systematic persecution" of religious minorities, particularly members of the Baháʼí Faith, who were being arrested, barred from universities, or had their homes demolished. This call highlighted ongoing human rights violations in the country.
February 2023: Iran's Population Growth
By February 2023, Iran's population had grown to about 85 million. Despite this rapid growth, the country's fertility rate has dramatically dropped, leading to a projected stabilization around 105 million by 2050.
October 2023: Tourism Growth in 2023
In October 2023, Iran's tourism industry experienced significant growth, with a 48.5% increase compared to the same period in 2019. The country attracted over 5.2 million visitors, reflecting a strong recovery and expansion of the tourism sector.
November 2023: Iran Achieves High-Level Uranium Enrichment
By November 2023, Iran had enriched uranium to up to 60% fissile content, close to weapon grade, following the U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA in 2018 and subsequent escalation in 2020. This progression has led some analysts to regard Iran as a de facto nuclear power.
November 2023: Iran Acquires Russian Military Equipment
In November 2023, following Russia's purchase of Iranian drones during the invasion of Ukraine, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) finalized arrangements to acquire Russian Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets, Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters, air defence and missile systems. This acquisition marks a significant enhancement of Iran's military capabilities.
2023: Increase in Travel from Western Asian Countries
In the first seven months of 2023, travel from other Western Asian countries to Iran increased by 31%, surpassing travel rates from Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. This growth underscores Iran's regional tourism appeal.
2023: Iran Ends Visa Requirements for 60 Countries
In 2023, the Iranian government ended visa requirements for 60 countries. This move was aimed at boosting tourism and fostering better international relations.
2023: Iran's Car Manufacturing Growth
In 2023, Iran produced 1.188 million cars, marking a 12% growth compared to previous years. The country also exported cars to Venezuela, Russia, and Belarus.
January 2024: Launch of Soraya Satellite
On 20 January 2024, Iran launched the Soraya satellite into its highest orbit yet (750 km), achieving a new milestone in its space program. The satellite was launched using the Qaem 100 rocket.
January 2024: Launch of Three Indigenous Satellites
On 28 January 2024, Iran successfully launched three indigenous satellites, the Mahda, Kayan, and Hatef, into orbit using the Simorgh carrier rocket. This marked the first time in Iran's history that it simultaneously sent three satellites into space, showcasing advancements in satellite technology.
February 2024: Launch of Pars 1 Imaging Satellite
On 29 February 2024, Iran launched its domestically developed imaging satellite, Pars 1, from Russia into orbit. This event marked the second collaboration with Russia since August 2022, reflecting deep scientific cooperation between the two nations.
April 2024: Operation True Promise
In April 2024, following the death of IRGC Brig. Gen Mohammad Reza Zahedi in an Israeli airstrike, Iran launched Operation True Promise on 13 April. It was a major attack on Israel involving UAVs, cruise, and ballistic missiles. This was the largest drone strike and missile attack in Iranian history, and the first direct attack on Israel by Iran.
April 2024: Discovery of Giant Shale Oil Deposits
In April 2024, the NIOC discovered giant shale oil deposits in 10 locations, adding over 2.6 billion barrels of oil to Iran's reserves.
May 2024: Helicopter Crash Killing President Raisi
On 19 May 2024, a helicopter crash near Varzaqan killed President Ebrahim Raisi and other high-ranking officials. The crash faced rescue difficulties due to adverse weather and dense forest terrain. Raisi was considered a potential successor to the Supreme Leader.
2024: Iran's Economic Rankings
As of 2024, Iran is ranked as the 19th largest economy by purchasing power parity (PPP) and 34th by GDP. The economy is characterized by a mix of central planning, state ownership of major industries, and small-scale private enterprises.
2025: Investment in Oil Sector
By 2025, Iran plans to invest a total of $500 billion in the oil sector, aiming to significantly boost its production capabilities.
2026: Projected Investment in Tourism Sector
By 2026, Iran plans to invest over $32 billion in its tourism sector, aiming to further develop and expand this critical aspect of its economy.
2050: Projected Population Stabilization
Studies project that Iran's population will stabilize around 105 million by 2050, reflecting a significant slowdown in growth compared to previous decades.