Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East, occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2, it ranks as the fifth-largest country in Asia and the twelfth-largest globally. It's bordered by several countries including Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, and others, with coastlines on the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The landscape primarily consists of arid desert, lowland, and mountains. Riyadh is the capital and largest city, while Mecca and Medina are Islam's holiest cities. Saudi Arabia's population is approximately 32.2 million, making it the fourth most populous country in the Arab world.
In 1902, Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) began a series of conquests with the capture of Riyadh.
In 1902, Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) recaptured control of Riyadh, bringing the Al Saud back to Nejd and creating the third "Saudi state".
In 1912, the Ikhwan, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism, was founded and quickly grew.
In 1913, Ibn Saud captured Al-Ahsa from the Ottomans with the aid of the Ikhwan.
In 1916, with the encouragement and support of Britain, the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, led a pan-Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.
In 1920, Al Fallah, the first newspaper in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf region, was launched.
In 1921, following the final defeat of the Al Rashid, Ibn Saud took the title Sultan of Nejd.
The Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25 with the help of the Ikhwan.
In 1925, several regional health departments were established, with the first in Makkah, marking the origins of the Ministry of Health.
On 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself king of Hejaz after the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924-25.
In 1929, the Ikhwan were defeated at the Battle of Sabilla, where their leaders were massacred.
In September 1932, Abdulaziz issued a royal decree naming the new state al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya, translated as "the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia".
On 23 September 1932, Prince Faisal declared the unification, and the two kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This date is now Saudi National Day.
In 1932, King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) united Hejaz, Najd, parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and South Arabia (Aseer) into Saudi Arabia.
In 1938, petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia.
In 1941, full-scale development of the oil fields began under the US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company).
In 1945, Saudi Arabia joined the UN and became a founding member of the Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, Muslim World League, and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference.
In 1950, the Saudi population was estimated at 3 million.
In 1950, the various healthcare institutions were merged to become a ministerial body, forming the Ministry of Health.
Saudi Arabia is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention.
In 1953, Saud of Saudi Arabia succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia.
Since 1960, as a founding member of OPEC, Saudi Arabia's oil pricing policy has aimed to stabilize the world oil market.
Slavery was officially abolished in Saudi Arabia in 1962.
In 1964, Saud was deposed in favor of his half brother Faisal of Saudi Arabia.
In 1966, an earthwork in Tarout exposed an ancient burial field that yielded a large statue dating to the Dilmunite period (mid 3rd millennium BC).
As late as 1970, most Saudis lived a subsistence life in the rural provinces.
Since 1970, Saudi Arabia has had five-year "Development Plans".
In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20% control in Aramco.
In 1973, the ulema were key in the imposition of the oil embargo.
In 1974, the annual King's Camel Race began, attracting animals and riders from throughout the region. It has become one of the sport's most important contests.
In 1975, Arab News, the first English-language newspaper in Saudi Arabia, was launched.
In 1975, Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Prince Faisal bin Musaid, and was succeeded by his half-brother King Khalid.
By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world.
During the Islamic revival movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the Saudi Arabian government closed all cinemas and theatres.
Following the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 by Islamist radicals, the government strengthened the ulema's powers and increased their financial support.
In 1979, the Iranian Islamic Revolution and the Grand Mosque Seizure in Mecca greatly concerned the Saudi government and had a long-term influence on Saudi foreign and domestic policy.
In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution. A new centre, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet's Hadith, was established to monitor interpretations of the Prophet Mohammed's hadiths to prevent them being used to justifying terrorism.
In 1980, Saudi Arabia bought out the American interests in Aramco.
Since 1980, Saudi Arabia's published petroleum reserves have shown little change.
King Khalid died of a heart attack in June 1982. He was succeeded by his brother, King Fahd.
In 1984, Saudi Arabia national football team won the AFC Asian Cup.
In 1986, King Fahd added the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" to his name.
Between 1987 and 1988 there was an increase of about 100 billion barrels in Saudi Arabia's petroleum reserves.
Between 1987 and 1988 there was an increase of about 100 billion barrels in Saudi Arabia's petroleum reserves.
In 1988, Saudi Arabia national football team won the AFC Asian Cup.
In 1990, Saudi Arabia condemned the invasion of Kuwait and asked the United States to intervene.
In 1990, Saudi Arabia expelled 800000 Yemenis.
In 1990, the ulema were key in the invitation to foreign troops to Saudi Arabia
In 1991, Saudi Arabia expelled 800000 Yemenis.
Saudi Arabia's role in the 1991 Gulf War, particularly the stationing of US troops on Saudi soil from 1991, prompted the development of a hostile Islamist response internally.
In March 1992, King Fahd introduced the "Basic Law", which emphasized the duties and responsibilities of a ruler in Saudi Arabia.
In 1992, the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia was adopted by royal decree, stipulating that the king must comply with Sharia and the Quran.
In December 1993, the Consultative Council, composed of a chairman and 60 members chosen by the King, was inaugurated in Saudi Arabia.
Osama bin Laden, responsible for future terrorist attacks, was a Saudi citizen until he was stripped of his citizenship in 1994.
In 1995, King Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke, leading Crown Prince Abdullah to assume the role of de facto regent, though his authority was challenged by the "Sudairi Seven".
In 1996, Saudi Arabia national football team won the AFC Asian Cup.
In 1998, Osama bin Laden was responsible for the U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa.
In 1999, the Saudi Arabian national basketball team won bronze at the Asian Championship.
Higher education has expanded rapidly in Saudi Arabia, with large numbers of universities and colleges being founded, particularly since 2000.
In 2000 the red sea contained more than 1,200 species of fish around 10% of which are endemic. This also includes 42 species of deep water fish. The rich diversity is partly owed to the 2000 km (1240 mi) of coral reef extending along the coastline
In 2000, Osama bin Laden was responsible for the USS Cole bombing near the port of Aden, Yemen.
In 2000, the Saudi Arabian government established the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority to encourage foreign direct investment in the kingdom.
In 2001, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, a senior member of the royal family, acknowledged and defended the existence of corruption in an interview.
Since 2001, Saudi Arabia has engaged in widespread internet censorship, targeting "immoral" content and websites critical of the Saudi regime.
From 2003 to 2013, Saudi Arabia privatized several key services including municipal water supply, electricity, and telecommunications.
In 2003, Saudi Arabia experienced a series of bombings and armed violence in Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu and Khobar, indicating signs of discontent.
In 2003, Saudi Arabia refused to support or participate in the US-led invasion of Iraq.
In 2003, the National Dialogue Forum was established in Saudi Arabia as a limited step to widen political participation.
The consequences of the 2003 invasion and the Arab Spring led to increasing alarm within the Saudi monarchy over the rise of Iran's influence in the region.
In 2004, Saudi Arabia experienced a series of bombings and armed violence in Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu and Khobar, indicating signs of discontent.
The 2004 census indicated that 97% of the population had access to an improved source of drinking water and 99% had access to improved sanitation.
In February-April 2005, the first nationwide municipal elections were held in Saudi Arabia, with women being excluded from participation.
In November 2005, Saudi Arabia was approved as a member of the World Trade Organization.
After his accession to the throne in 2005, King Abdullah took steps to reduce the powers of the ulema, such as transferring control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.
In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeeded by Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. King Abdullah also introduced economic reforms aimed at reducing the country's reliance on oil revenue.
In 2005, Saudi Arabia joined the World Trade Organization.
In 2005, the first municipal elections were held in Saudi Arabia as part of limited steps to widen political participation.
In 2006, Saudi feminist and journalist Wajeha al-Huwaider stated that Saudi women lacked legal protection, regardless of their status.
In 2007, the Allegiance Council was created to regulate the succession in Saudi Arabia.
In February 2009, King Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions.
In 2009, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) was founded as the first mixed-gender university campus in Saudi Arabia.
In 2009, a study found the median percentage of smokers to be highest among elderly people (~25%) and significantly higher among males (~26.5%) than females (~9%).
In 2009, the King made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post.
In December 2010, then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that Saudi Arabia remained a critical financial support base for al-Qaida, the Taliban, LeT, and other terrorist groups.
Before 2010, Saudi Arabia had no policies banning or restricting smoking.
In 2010, Transparency International gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.7 in its Corruption Perceptions Index.
On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in Jeddah to criticize the city's poor infrastructure after flooding killed 11 people; police stopped the demonstration and arrested 30 to 50 people.
On 22 February 2011, in response to Arab Spring protests, King Abdullah announced a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $36 billion, including $10.7 billion for housing, but no political reforms.
On 29 September 2011, male-only municipal elections were held in Saudi Arabia.
In December 2011, the Saudi interior ministry arrested three reporters for uploading a video on YouTube about poverty in the kingdom.
A 2011 study found that the first modern humans to spread east across Asia left Africa about 75000 years ago across the Bab-el-Mandeb connecting the Horn of Africa and Arabia.
Approximately 14.3 million people visited Saudi Arabia in 2012, making it the world's 19th-most-visited country.
By 2012, Saudi Arabia had lost an estimated four-fifths of its total groundwater reserves due to consuming non-renewable groundwater.
In November 2013, Saudi Arabia expelled thousands of illegal Ethiopian residents from the kingdom, drawing criticism from various Human Rights entities.
According to The Guardian, as of 2013, there were more than half a million foreign-born domestic workers in Saudi Arabia, primarily from Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, often facing high recruitment fees.
As of 2013, the CIA Factbook estimated that foreign nationals comprised about 21% of the population of Saudi Arabia.
From 2003 to 2013, Saudi Arabia privatized several key services including municipal water supply, electricity, and telecommunications.
In June 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a law giving the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage the means to protect Saudi Arabia's ancient relics and historic sites.
In 2014, Saudi Arabia implemented the anti-domestic violence law.
In 2014, Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-Sheikh, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, issued a fatwa explicitly prohibiting joining or supporting terrorist organizations such as ISIS and al-Qaeda.
In 2014, the Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population in Saudi Arabia to be 33%, totaling 10.1 million.
In March 2015, Saudi Arabia mobilized 150,000 troops and 100 fighter jets to support its intervention in the civil war in neighboring Yemen.
In December 2015, Saudi Arabia announced the formation of the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition, an alliance of Muslim-majority countries aimed at combating terrorism and extremism.
In 2015, Abdullah allowed women to vote and be elected in municipal elections, and to be nominated to the Shura Council.
In 2015, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad stated that the extreme ideology of ISIS and other Salafist groups originates from Wahhabism, which he claimed is supported by the Saudi royal family.
In 2015, estimates indicated that access to sanitation increased to 100%, with about 40% of the population connected to sewers. However, 886,000 people still lacked access to "improved" water.
In 2015, ten sites in Saudi Arabia submitted requests for recognition to UNESCO.
In September 2016, the U.S. Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA), allowing relatives of victims of the 9/11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks.
By early 2016, Saudi ground forces and their coalition allies captured Aden and parts of southwest Yemen, while the Houthis continued to control northern Yemen and the capital city Sanaa.
In 2016, Saudi Arabia ended domestic production of wheat to preserve water resources.
In 2016, Saudi Arabia was considered an "energy superpower," having the second highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$34.4 trillion.
In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority (GEA) was formed in Saudi Arabia to oversee the expansion of the entertainment sector.
In 2016, the Health Ministry launched the "Ada'a" project, a nationwide performance indicator for services and hospitals, resulting in improved waiting times and other major measurements.
In 2016, the power of the religious police in Saudi Arabia was curbed, preventing them from pursuing, questioning, requesting identification, or arresting suspects.
Mass executions carried out in Saudi Arabia in 2016 were condemned by international rights groups.
Starting in 2016, Saudi Arabia began backing away from Islamist ideologies, implementing reforms such as curbing the powers of religious police and stopping funding for mosques in foreign countries.
Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Programme, also known as Saudi Vision 2030, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage.
In March 2017, Saudi Arabia participated in the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas, contributing 18.5 million euros.
On 20 May 2017, President Donald Trump and King Salman signed a series of letters of intent for Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling $350 billion over 10 years.
In November 2017, as many as 500 people, including prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and businesspeople, were arrested in an anti-corruption campaign.
In November 2017, rock engravings dating back more than 8000 years were discovered in Shuwaymis, showing images of domesticated dogs wearing leashes, making them the earliest depictions of dogs in the world.
Between 2017 and 2020, Saudi Arabia addressed issues of mobility, sexual harassment, pensions, and employment-discrimination protections.
In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution. A new centre, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet's Hadith, was established to monitor interpretations of the Prophet Mohammed's hadiths to prevent them being used to justifying terrorism.
In 2017, Mohammed bin Salman was appointed Crown Prince, leading to a series of social reforms regarding women's rights in Saudi Arabia.
In 2017, Saudi Arabia announced plans to extract uranium domestically as part of its nuclear power program, aiming for self-sufficiency in nuclear fuel production. The 2017 plan represented a significant step in the country's nuclear ambitions.
In 2017, a tax increase on unhealthy food, drink, and cigarettes was implemented to improve healthcare offerings. Also in 2017, women-only gyms were allowed to open.
In its 2017 religious freedom report, the U.S. State Department named Saudi Arabia a Country of Particular Concern, denoting systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom.
In March 2018, the Crown Prince met the Archbishop of Canterbury during a visit to the UK, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue.
On June 24, 2018, the Saudi government issued a law officially allowing women to drive.
In August 2018, Saudi Arabia halted new trade and investment dealings with Canada and suspended diplomatic ties over the kingdom's arrest of women's rights activist Samar Badawi on 6 August 2018.
According to 2018 data, the most numerous languages spoken by the large expatriate communities are Bengali, Tagalog, Punjabi, Urdu, Egyptian Arabic, Rohingya, North Levantine Arabic and Malayalam.
In 2018, Saudi Arabia made its debut appearances at the Cannes Film Festival and the Venice Biennale.
In 2018, Saudi Arabia ranked 28th worldwide in terms of high-quality research output according to the scientific journal Nature, making it the best performing Middle Eastern, Arab, and Muslim country.
In 2018, Saudi's US-based lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online.
In 2018, it was found that both religious and non-religious tourism have significant potential for expansion.
In 2018, the first public cinema opened in Saudi Arabia after a ban of 35 years, with plans for more than 2000 screens by 2030.
Until 2018, women were not permitted in sports stadiums. After 2018 restrictions have eased to allow segregated seating for women.
In May 2019, Saudi Arabia, represented by the then Minister of Health Tawfiq bin Fawzan AlRabiah, received a global award at the 72nd session of the World Health Assembly in Geneva for its efforts in combating smoking through social awareness, treatment, and regulation.
In July 2019, UNESCO signed a letter with the Saudi Minister of Culture in which Saudi Arabia contributed US$25 million to UNESCO for the preservation of heritage.
In August 2019, the kingdom's strategy received criticism for appearing as a method of sportswashing soon after Saudi's US-based 2018 lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online.
From 2019 to 2023, Saudi Arabia was the world's second-largest arms importer, receiving 15% of all U.S. arms exports. Spending on defense and security was about US$78.4 billion as of 2019.
In 2019, Saudi Arabia announced plans to open visa applications for visitors from about 50 countries.
In 2019, Saudi Arabia introduced a general tourism travel visa allowing non-Muslims to visit.
In 2019, Saudi Arabia introduced a specialized Premium Residency visa for foreigners, offering an alternative to permanent residency.
In 2019, Saudi Arabia partially amended the male guardianship law, excluding women over 21 from the requirement of a male guardian and granting women rights related to child guardianship. Women were also allowed to travel abroad, register for divorce or marriage, and apply for official documents without male guardian permission.
In 2019, Saudi Arabia was ranked 68th in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2019, as part of a strategy to reduce obesity, calorie labels were added to some food and drink products.
Mass executions carried out in Saudi Arabia in 2019 were condemned by international rights groups.
In April 2020, the Saudi Supreme Court issued a directive to eliminate the punishment of flogging from the Saudi court system, replacing it with imprisonment or fines.
In May 2020, the Finance Minister of Saudi Arabia admitted that the country's economy was facing a severe economical crisis because of the COVID-19 pandemic and declining global oil markets.
In November 2020, the Saudi Arabian Football Federation announced the launch of the first nationwide Saudi women's premier league.
According to the World Bank, as of 2020, 98% of the population of Saudi Arabia are internet users, ranking it 8th among countries with the highest percentage of internet users.
Between 2017 and 2020, Saudi Arabia addressed issues of mobility, sexual harassment, pensions, and employment-discrimination protections.
In 2020, it was announced that holders of a US, UK, or Schengen visa are eligible for a Saudi electronic visa upon arrival.
In 2020, the literacy rate in Saudi Arabia was 99% among males and 96% among females, with youth literacy rising to approximately 99.5% for both sexes.
In May 2021, archaeologists announced that a 350000-year-old Acheulean site named An Nasim in the Hail region could be the oldest human habitation site in northern Saudi Arabia.
In 2021, Saudi Arabia announced judicial reforms which will lead to an entirely codified law that eliminates discrepancies.
In 2021, Saudi Arabia took measures to remove antisemitic and sexist content from textbooks, as reported by the Washington Post.
In 2021, Saudi Arabia was the 27th largest market for e-commerce with a revenue of US$8 billion.
As of 2022, Reporters Without Borders rates the kingdom's press a "very serious" situation.
As of 2022, Saudi Arabia's reported population was 32,175,224, making it the fourth most populous country in the Arab world, with close to 42% of its inhabitants being immigrants.
In 2022, Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman became the prime minister of Saudi Arabia.
In 2022, The Economist ranked the Saudi government 150th out of 167 in its Democracy Index.
In 2022, according to World Bank data, Saudi Arabia had a life expectancy of 78 years (77 for males, 80 for females). Infant mortality was 6 per 1000 (6 for males, 5 for females). 71.8% of adults were overweight and 40.6% were obese in 2022.
In 2022, five Saudi institutions were ranked among the top 500 universities globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking).
In 2022, the Saudi Crown Prince stated that capital punishments will be removed "except for one category mentioned in the Quran", namely homicide, under which certain conditions must be applied.
In 2022, women in Saudi Arabia were granted the right to divorce without the approval of a legal guardian under the new Personal Status Law.
Mass executions carried out in Saudi Arabia in 2022 were condemned by international rights groups.
As of June 2023, Saudi Arabia reportedly reversed its ban on women "becoming lawyers, engineers, or geologists" and established "aggressive affirmative action programs", doubling the female labor force participation rate.
According to the 2023 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimate, Saudi Arabia spent around 7% of its GDP on its military, making it the world's fifth-largest military spender.
As of 2023, about 85% of Saudis live in urban metropolitan areas—specifically Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam.
In 2023, Freedom House gave Saudi Arabia its lowest "Not Free" rating, with a score of 8 out of 100, and according to the 2023 V-Dem Democracy Indices, Saudi Arabia is the least democratic country in the Middle East.
In July 2024, Saudi Arabia's Renewable Energy Localisation Company (RELC) formed three joint ventures with Chinese companies, including Envision Energy, Jinko Solar, and Lumetech, to enhance the country's clean energy infrastructure.
On November 5, 2024, archeologists announced the discovery of an ancient city named al-Natah, located within the Saudi oasis of Khaybar. The city dates back approximately 4,000 years to the Bronze Age around 2,400 BC and contained about 500 houses. A nearby cluster of graves was also found, containing metal weapons.
In December 2024, Saudi Arabia was confirmed as the host of the 2034 FIFA World Cup.
As of 2024, Saudi Arabia had 2,500 troops actively participating in the conflict in Yemen.
In 2024, Saudi Minister Faisal Al Ibrahim highlighted Saudi Arabia's progress in global climate goals at the High-Level Political Forum for Sustainable Development, citing over 80 initiatives and $180 billion in investments for the green economy.
Saudi Arabia was ranked 44th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.
In 2018, the first public cinema opened in Saudi Arabia after a ban of 35 years, with plans for more than 2000 screens by 2030.
Saudi Arabia's 2030 targets include the Public Investment Fund promoting the localization of renewable energy components, with the aim to localize up to 75% of the components used in renewable projects by 2030.
The unexpected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy, along with Saudi Arabia's poor human rights records, laid unforeseen challenges before the development plans of the kingdom, where some of the programmes under 'Vision 2030' were also expected to be affected.
Tourism is an important component of the Saudi Vision 2030.
Vision 2030 objectives are aligned to the efforts on local sustainability, sector integration, and societal advancement. This was reiterated in 2024.
Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Programme, also known as Saudi Vision 2030, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage.
Saudi Arabia will host the FIFA World Cup in 2034. Developments of stadiums to be used for the event are ongoing, with reportedly 11 new stadiums being built and airports scheduled to be expanded.
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