The Guardian is a British daily newspaper founded in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian, rebranding and relocating to London in 1959. It operates under the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust Limited, established in 1936 to ensure the paper's financial and editorial independence, safeguarding its journalistic freedom and liberal values. Reorganized as a limited company in 2008, its constitution maintains these protections. The Guardian reinvests profits into its journalism, distinguishing itself from shareholder-driven models. Recognized as a UK newspaper of record, it holds a significant position in British media.
In 1907, C. P. Scott became the owner of the paper, buying it from the estate of Taylor's son.
In 1911, The Guardian published a collection of articles and drawings documenting social conditions in the west of Ireland, titled Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara.
Beginning in August 1930, a special archival copy of all the daily newspapers was preserved in 700 zinc cases.
In June 1936, ownership of the paper passed to the Scott Trust, ensuring the paper's independence.
In 1936, The Manchester Guardian supported the Republican government against General Francisco Franco's insurgent nationalists during the Spanish Civil War.
In 1936, The Scott Trust, a charitable foundation, was established to ensure the editorial independence and financial health of The Guardian.
In 1936, the Scott Trust was created to ensure The Guardian's financial and editorial independence and safeguard journalistic freedom, protecting it from commercial or political interference.
In 1938, George Orwell wrote that The Manchester Guardian left him with an increased respect for its honesty.
The Manchester Guardian supported the Republican government against General Francisco Franco's insurgent nationalists during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).
In 1948, The Manchester Guardian supported the new State of Israel.
Following the closure of the Anglican Church Newspaper, The Guardian, in 1951, the paper underwent changes.
In 1951, The Manchester Guardian encouraged readers to vote Conservative in the general election.
In October 1952, The Guardian began printing news on the front page, replacing adverts.
In 1956, The Manchester Guardian strongly opposed military intervention during the Suez Crisis, calling the Anglo-French ultimatum an act of folly.
On August 24, 1959, The Manchester Guardian officially changed its name to The Guardian.
In 1959, The Guardian dropped "Manchester" from its title.
In 1959, The Manchester Guardian changed its name to The Guardian, reflecting the growing importance of national and international news. This was followed by a move to London.
In September 1961, The Guardian began printing in London, and Nesta Roberts was appointed as the newspaper's first news editor there, becoming the first woman to hold such a position on a British national newspaper.
Until 1961, the newspaper was printed in Manchester.
In 1963, Alastair Hetherington appointed John Cole as news editor, aiming to sharpen the paper's setup.
In 1964, The Guardian moved to London.
Since 1965, The Guardian Fiction Award had been running.
In 1967, preservation of archival copies in zinc cases ended.
In 1967, the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize was founded.
In January 1972, following the Bloody Sunday incident, The Guardian argued that both sides were at fault and stated that while the army had endured a barrage of missiles, it did not justify opening fire so freely.
On April 20, 1972, The Guardian published an article supporting the Widgery Tribunal and its findings regarding the Bloody Sunday killings, arguing that "Widgery's report is not one-sided". The Guardian also stated that "Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable".
In 1980, the Israeli Knesset enacted a law designating the city of Jerusalem, including East Jerusalem, as the country's capital.
In 1981, three of The Guardian's four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party on its foundation.
In 1983, The Guardian was involved in a controversy after civil servant Sarah Tisdall leaked documents about cruise missiles. The paper complied with a court order to hand over the documents, leading to Tisdall's imprisonment.
On 12 February 1988, The Guardian had a significant redesign, including improving the quality of its printer's ink and changing its masthead.
In 1988, 700 zinc cases containing archival copies of The Guardian were found while the newspaper's archives were being deposited at the University of Manchester's John Rylands University Library.
In 1992, The Guardian relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement.
In June 1993, The Guardian bought The Observer from Lonrho.
In 1994, KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky identified Guardian literary editor Richard Gott as "an agent of influence," leading to Gott's resignation.
In 1995, The Guardian and its parent groups intervened to save the Mail & Guardian in South Africa.
In 1995, The Guardian was sued for libel by Jonathan Aitken over allegations related to payments from Mohamed Al Fayed.
In 1997, The Guardian produced evidence disproving Jonathan Aitken's claim about his wife paying for a hotel stay.
In May 1998, The Guardian exposed the fabrication of an ITV documentary called The Connection, produced by Carlton Television.
In June 1998, The Guardian revealed further fabrications in another Carlton documentary from the same director as The Connection.
In 1998, The Guardian was awarded the National Newspaper of the Year by the British Press Awards.
In 1999, Jonathan Aitken was jailed for perjury and perverting the course of justice following the court case with The Guardian.
In 1999, The Guardian First Book Award was established as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award.
In 1999, the annual Guardian Student Media Awards were founded to recognize excellence in journalism and design of British student publications.
A MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters.
In 2000, the guardian.co.uk won an Eppy award from the US-based magazine Editor & Publisher for the best-designed newspaper online service.
In November 2007, The Guardian and The Observer made archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive to the year 2000 for The Guardian.
Since an editorial in 2000, The Guardian has favored abolition of the British monarchy.
In 2002, Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares of the Mail & Guardian in South Africa.
In 2002, The Guardian and The Observer opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London.
In 2002, The Guardian published an editorial condemning antisemitism and defending its right to criticize the Israeli government's policies, arguing against the notion that such criticism is inherently anti-Jewish.
In 2002, The Guardian was awarded Front Page of the Year for "A declaration of war" (12 September 2001).
On 19 January 2003, an Observer Editorial supported the current commitment to a possible use of force in Iraq.
In December 2003, columnist Julie Burchill cited "striking bias against the state of Israel" as a reason for leaving The Guardian for The Times.
In 2003, The Guardian launched GuardianFilms, a film production company led by journalist Maggie O'Kane, focusing on documentary production for television.
In November 2007, The Guardian and The Observer planned to make their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive up to the year 2003.
Since 2003, The Guardian is the only British national daily to conduct an annual social, ethical, and environmental audit, examining its behavior as a company under independent scrutiny.
In July 2004, The Guardian launched a dating website, Guardian Soulmates.
In August 2004, The Guardian's G2 supplement launched "Operation Clark County", a letter-writing campaign in Ohio for the US presidential election, aiming to influence undecided voters against President George W. Bush.
In October 2004, The Guardian published a humorous column by Charlie Brooker. The final sentence was seen by some as a call for violence against U.S. President George W. Bush, leading to controversy and an apology from Brooker and the paper.
On 21 October 2004, The Guardian scrapped "Operation Clark County" after publishing mostly outraged responses to the campaign.
In December 2004, The Guardian's average daily sale was less than in December 2005.
In 2004, GuardianFilms received an Amnesty International Media Award.
In 2004, The Guardian and Private Eye jointly established the Paul Foot Award in memory of Paul Foot.
In 2004, The Guardian announced plans to change to a Berliner or "midi" format.
In 2004, then Guardian features editor Ian Katz asserted that "it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper".
In July 2005, following the London bombings, The Guardian published an article by Dilpazier Aslam, a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir. Upon learning of Aslam's membership, The Guardian requested his resignation; his employment was terminated when he refused.
On Friday, 9 September 2005, The Guardian unveiled its newly designed front page, which debuted on Monday 12 September 2005, including a new masthead.
On Thursday, 1 September 2005, The Guardian announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005.
In December 2005, The Guardian's average daily sale stood at 380,693.
According to a MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent Liberal Democrat voters.
In 2005, Max Hastings said he writes for the Guardian because "it is read by the new establishment," reflecting the paper's then-growing influence.
In 2005, The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax won a Royal Television Society Award, and GuardianFilms also received another Amnesty International Media Award.
In 2005, The Guardian entered podcasting with a twelve-part weekly podcast series by Ricky Gervais.
In 2005, The Guardian was awarded the National Newspaper of the Year by the British Press Awards and co-won the World's Best-designed Newspaper.
In 2005, The National Newspaper division of GMG reported operating losses of £18.6 million.
In 2005, the guardian.co.uk website won the Best Newspaper category at the Webby Awards.
In January 2006, Ricky Gervais' show topped the iTunes podcast chart.
On 8 January 2006, sister Sunday newspaper The Observer also changed to this new format.
In 2006, The Guardian was chosen as one of the world's best-designed newspapers.
In 2006, The National Newspaper division of GMG reported operating losses of £49.9 million.
In 2006, the Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal occurred, involving a class action case that was later settled in September 2009 after The Guardian published some of the commodity trader's internal emails.
In 2006, the guardian.co.uk website won the Best Newspaper category at the Webby Awards for the second year running.
In November 2007, The Guardian and The Observer made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive.
Between 2007 and 2014, The Guardian Media Group sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds, and consolidated into The Guardian as sole product.
In 2007, Baghdad: A Doctor's Story won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film.
In 2007, Paddy Considine played a fictional Guardian journalist in the film The Bourne Ultimatum.
In 2007, The Guardian Weekly was linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad.
In 2007, The Guardian was co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design.
In 2007, The Guardian was ranked first in a study on transparency, scoring 3.8 out of 4.0.
In 2007, the guardian.co.uk website won the Best Newspaper category at the Webby Awards for the third year running.
At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trust's assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the aim of winding up the original trust.
In 2008, Guardian columnist Jackie Ashley described editorial contributors as a mix of "right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc."
In 2008, Sean Smith's Inside the Surge won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film, marking the first time a newspaper won such an award. Also in 2008, The Guardian's Katine website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards and GuardianFilms won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.
In 2008, The Newsroom's activities were transferred to Kings Place, now known as The Guardian News & Media archive.
In 2008, the Scott Trust was converted into a limited company, with a constitution designed to maintain the same protections for The Guardian as the original trust.
In February 2009, Michael Tomasky stepped down as editor of Guardian America, retaining his position as a columnist and blogger with the title editor-at-large.
In September 2009, Carter-Ruck issued a gagging order related to a 2006 report on the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal. The company settled a class action case and the injunction was lifted after The Guardian published internal emails.
In October 2009, The Guardian abandoned Guardian America.
In October 2009, The Guardian reported that it was forbidden from reporting on a parliamentary matter, citing legal obstacles and questioning free speech rights established under the 1689 Bill of Rights.
In early 2009, The Guardian initiated a tax investigation into major UK companies, publishing a database of tax payments by FTSE 100 companies. Internal documents were later removed after a gagging order from Barclays Bank.
One of The Guardian's presses was part-owned by Telegraph Newspapers and Express Newspapers, contracted to use the plant until 2009.
The Guardian launched an iOS mobile application for its content in 2009.
In March 2010, Guardian Media Group disposed of its Regional Media division by selling titles, including the Manchester Evening News, to Trinity Mirror.
In 2010, Fidel Narváez began working at Ecuador's embassy in London as a consul, a position he held until July 2018.
In 2010, The Guardian declared its support for the Liberal Democrats due to their stance on electoral reform, suggesting tactical voting to prevent a Conservative victory.
In 2010, The Guardian was awarded the National Newspaper of the Year by the British Press Awards.
In February 2011, Martin Kettle wrote for The Guardian, detailing the newspaper's historical views on slavery and the American Civil War, including criticism of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation.
On Friday, 25 February 2011, The Guardian closed its talkboards after settling a libel action.
In March 2011, Assistant Editor Michael White discussed media self-censorship, noting a liberal unease in pursuing stories about immigration, welfare fraud, or working-class habits.
In April 2011, MediaWeek reported that The Guardian was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.
In June 2011, Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of £33 million and announced a focus on its online edition.
In June 2011, Josh Treviño's appointment as a blogger for The Guardian revived controversy over a past tweet, leading to an apology in his first blog post.
In September 2011, Guardian US, led by editor-in-chief Janine Gibson, launched as a replacement for the previous Guardian America service.
On 6 November 2011, The Guardian's readers' editor, Chris Elliott, addressed concerns about language used regarding Jews or Israel, noting revisions to articles with language deemed anti-Semitic.
In 2011, The Guardian broke the News International phone-hacking scandal, particularly the hacking of Milly Dowler's phone, leading to the closure of the News of the World.
In 2011, The Guardian founded its US edition.
In 2011, The Guardian launched an Android app.
In June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, prompting Intelligent Life to question its survival.
By December 2012, circulation had dropped to 204,222.
By 2012, Guardian Abroad had been taken offline.
In 2012, The Guardian initially referred to Tel Aviv as the capital of Israel. After a complaint, they apologized for wrongly calling Jerusalem Israel's capital. The newspaper later clarified that while Israel designates Jerusalem as its capital, this is not internationally recognized, and nearly every country has its embassy in Tel Aviv.
In March 2013, The Guardian's average daily circulation fell to 193,586.
As of May 2013, The Guardian was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2 million unique visitors per month.
In June 2013, The Guardian broke news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records by the Obama administration and revealed the PRISM surveillance program, based on leaks from Edward Snowden. A DSMA-Notice was sent to editors and journalists on June 7 in an "attempt to censor coverage of surveillance tactics employed by intelligence agencies in the UK and US".
In June 2013, The Guardian reported on the Obama administration's secret collection of Verizon telephone records.
In August 2013, a webshow titled Thinkfluencer was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with Arte.
In 2013, Rory Carroll, The Guardian's Latin America correspondent, stated that many editors at The Guardian believed they should support Hugo Chávez as a standard-bearer for the left.
In 2013, The Guardian founded its Australian edition.
In 2013, The Guardian launched its Australian digital edition.
In 2013, The Guardian was awarded the National Newspaper of the Year by the British Press Awards and co-won the World's Best-designed Newspaper.
In 2013, according to anonymous sources cited in a November 2018 Guardian article, Paul Manafort allegedly held a secret meeting with Julian Assange inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London.
In 2013, employees of The Guardian were depicted in the film The Fifth Estate.
In June 2014, The Register reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives related to the location of a "beyond top secret" internet monitoring base in Seeb, Oman, and the close involvement of BT and Cable & Wireless in intercepting internet communications. The Guardian offices were visited in July by GCHQ, who supervised the destruction of hard drives containing Snowden information, following orders from the UK government.
As of July 2014, The Guardian Media Group acquired a capital stock of £838.3 million after selling side businesses.
On 11 August 2014, The Guardian published a pro-Israeli advocacy advert during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. The readers' editor later stated that the language should have been negotiated.
In 2014, The Guardian US shared the Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting for coverage of the NSA's and GCHQ's electronic surveillance program.
In 2014, The Guardian launched a membership scheme to reduce financial losses without introducing a paywall.
In 2014, The Guardian was co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design.
In 2014, The Guardian was named "newspaper of the year" for its reporting on government surveillance.
In early June 2015, Lee Glendinning was appointed to succeed Katharine Viner as head of the American operation at The Guardian.
In 2015, Katharine Viner succeeded Alan Rusbridger as editor-in-chief of The Guardian.
In 2015, The Guardian launched its "International" digital edition.
In 2015, The Guardian supported Yvette Cooper in the Labour Party leadership election and criticized Jeremy Corbyn.
In 2015, according to anonymous sources cited in a November 2018 Guardian article, Paul Manafort allegedly held a secret meeting with Julian Assange inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London.
In the 2015 United Kingdom general election, The Guardian endorsed the Labour Party.
In January 2016, The Guardian publishers announced that the newspaper would cut 20 percent of staff and costs within the next three years.
In December 2016, The Guardian's circulation stood at 161,091.
In 2016, The Guardian began awarding an annual Footballer of the Year award.
In 2016, The Guardian endorsed remaining in the EU in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.
In 2016, The Guardian established a U.S.-based philanthropic arm to raise money from individuals and organizations.
In 2016, The Guardian led an investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing David Cameron's links to offshore bank accounts.
In 2016, The Guardian removed 13 articles written by freelance journalist Joseph Mayton due to fabricated information and apologized to its readers.
In 2016, according to anonymous sources cited in a November 2018 Guardian article, Paul Manafort allegedly held a secret meeting with Julian Assange inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London.
In 2016, employees of The Guardian were depicted in the film Snowden.
On January 13, 2017, The Guardian published a story claiming WhatsApp had a "backdoor" allowing snooping on messages, which led to criticism from cryptographers.
In June 2017, Guardian Media Group (GMG) announced that The Guardian and The Observer would relaunch in tabloid format from early 2018.
On June 13, 2017, readers' editor Paul Chadwick released an article detailing flawed reporting in the original January article about a WhatsApp backdoor, which was subsequently amended.
The Guardian's print edition was the most trusted in the UK in the period from October 2017 to September 2018.
In 2017, The Guardian's Damian Carrington and George Monbiot received SEAL Environmental Journalism Awards.
In 2017, news and media operations reported loss.
In the 2017 general election, The Guardian endorsed the Labour Party while Corbyn was its leader.
The Guardian confirmed the launch date for the new format to be 15 January 2018.
In late April 2018, an assessment indicated that the new format had led to an increased number of subscriptions.
The Guardian Media Group's 2018 annual report (year ending 1 April 2018) indicated that digital editions accounted for over 50% of group revenues.
In July 2018, Fidel Narváez, Ecuador's London consul who worked at the embassy since 2010, left his position. He later stated that Manafort had not visited Assange during his time there.
In July 2018, the masthead of the new tabloid format was adjusted to a dark blue.
In September 2018, an Ipsos MORI poll showed The Guardian scored highest for trust in digital-content news, with 84% of readers trusting what they see in it.
In November 2018, The Guardian published an article citing anonymous sources claiming Paul Manafort and Julian Assange held secret meetings, which both Manafort and Assange denied. The Guardian has not retracted the story.
On 1 November 2018, The Guardian launched Today in Focus, a daily news podcast.
A December 2018 report stated The Guardian's print edition was the most trusted in the UK from October 2017 to September 2018.
As of 2018, The Guardian's membership scheme was considered successful, having brought more than 1 million subscriptions or donations.
In 2018, Damian Carrington and Johnathan Watts of The Guardian received SEAL Environmental Journalism Awards.
In 2018, The Guardian announced its apps and mobile website would be redesigned to coincide with its relaunch as a tabloid.
Since 2018, The Guardian has co-produced the female equivalent of The Guardian 100 Best Footballers In The World, called The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World.
Since 2018, The Guardian's main newsprint sections have been published in tabloid format.
As of 2018, The Guardian's membership scheme was considered successful and the paper hoping to break even by April 2019.
In 2019, John Pilger criticized The Guardian's editor for betraying Sarah Tisdall.
In 2019, Johnathan Watts and Fiona Harvey of The Guardian received SEAL Environmental Journalism Awards.
In 2019, The Guardian Media Group reported a profit (EBITDA) of £0.8 million before exceptional items, thus breaking even.
In 2019, employees of The Guardian were depicted in the film Official Secrets.
In 2019, the Guardian Media Group reported a profit (EBITDA) of £0.8 million before exceptional items, thus breaking even.
In the 2019 European election, The Guardian invited its readers to vote for pro-EU candidates, without endorsing specific parties.
In the 2019 general election, The Guardian endorsed the Labour Party while Corbyn was its leader, while also endorsing other parties in certain seats.
The move to a new format was part of a three-year plan that included cutting 300 jobs in an attempt to reduce losses and break even by 2019.
As of March 2020, The Guardian claims to be the first major global news organization to institute an outright ban on taking money from companies that extract fossil fuels.
On 1 July 2020, Guardian Soulmates was closed down.
In 2020, Fiona Harvey of The Guardian received a SEAL Environmental Journalism Award.
In 2020, The Guardian was accused of being "racist and misogynistic" after publishing a cartoon depicting Home Secretary Priti Patel as a cow, allegedly referencing her Hindu faith.
In January 2021, The Guardian began publishing in the Spanish language under the La Lista newspaper.
By July 2021, the number of online readers had drastically dropped.
In July 2021, The Guardian's circulation was 105,134.
As of July 2021, The Guardian's print edition had a daily circulation of 105,134.
In May 2022, The Guardian launched an .onion version of its website on the Tor network.
In October 2022, Suella Braverman blamed "Guardian-reading, tofu-eating wokerati" for disruptive Just Stop Oil protests during a speech in Parliament.
In December 2022, The Guardian suffered a significant cyber-attack on its office systems, suspected to be ransomware, leading staff to work from home.
In 2022, Richa Syal of The Guardian received a SEAL Environmental Journalism Award.
On January 4, 2023, UK staff at The Guardian were informed of a security breach related to the December cyberattack, and it was confirmed on January 11 that personal details of all UK staff had been accessed.
In March 2023, an academic review determined that John Edward Taylor and nine of his backers had links to the Atlantic slave trade.
In September 2023, The Guardian launched a European digital edition, hiring journalists and columnists to enhance its European perspective.
In October 2023, The Guardian decided not to renew cartoonist Steve Bell's contract after he submitted a cartoon featuring Netanyahu that prompted accusations of antisemitism, referencing Shylock's "pound of flesh".
In November 2023, The Guardian collaborated with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and other media partners to produce the 'Cyprus Confidential' report on financial networks supporting Vladimir Putin's regime.
In November 2024, The Guardian announced it would stop posting content on X (formerly Twitter) due to concerns about misinformation and racism on the platform.