Indonesia is a Southeast Asian and Oceanian country, the world's largest archipelago comprising over 17,000 islands. Spanning 1,904,569 square kilometers, it ranks as the 14th-largest country by area. Its major islands include Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. With over 280 million inhabitants, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous nation and the largest Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to over half of Indonesia's population.
After 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside of the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups began to adopt it for political expression.
In 1913, Ki Hajar Dewantara, the first native scholar, established a press bureau in the Netherlands called Indonesisch Pers-bureau.
In 1930, the Dutch and other European-descended populations in Indonesia numbered around 200,000.
In August 1945, just two days after Japan's surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta issued the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, becoming the first president and vice-president of the country.
In 1945, following independence, Indonesian was granted official status under the name Bahasa Indonesia.
In 1945, there were 8 provinces in Indonesia.
Since independence in 1945, the number of Jews in Indonesia has dwindled.
In 1948 the term "independent and active" (bebas aktif) foreign policy was coined by Mohammad Hatta
In 1949, the Dutch recognised Indonesian independence at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference following international pressure, marking the end of Indonesia's war of independence.
Since 1949, Garuda Indonesia has been the national flag carrier.
In 1950, Indonesia became a member of the United Nations.
In 1950, Indonesia's forest cover was 87%.
In 1955, the first general election was held to elect members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly.
Since 1957, Indonesia has deployed military and police personnel to United Nations peacekeeping missions, contributing to international peace and security.
Indonesia's first post-colonial census in 1961 recorded a population of 97 million.
The Papua conflict in Indonesia has been ongoing since 1962.
In 1965, an attempted coup led to a violent anti-communist purge led by the Army's Major General Suharto, resulting in the deaths of at least 500,000 people and imprisonment of around a million more.
In 1968, Suharto became President of Indonesia and established a US-backed "New Order" administration.
Five wetlands of international importance were included under the 1971 Ramsar Convention.
Between 1972 and 1991, Java experienced a total of 29 volcanic eruptions.
In 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor initiating a 25-year occupation.
In 1976, Indonesia launched its first satellite (Palapa) with assistance from the United States, becoming the first developing country with a satellite system.
Between 1972 and 1991, Java experienced a total of 29 volcanic eruptions.
In 1997, Indonesia was the country worst affected by the Asian financial crisis, leading to widespread discontent and the eventual end of Suharto's rule.
Following the fall of the New Order in 1998, sweeping amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia restructured the state's executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
In 1998, Indonesia experienced anti-Chinese riots, highlighting a history of racial discrimination and conflicts.
In 1998, political reforms in Indonesia removed the Indonesian National Armed Forces' (TNI) formal legislative role.
Since 1998, Indonesia has strengthened democracy by granting regional autonomy.
Since 1998, reforms have significantly enhanced the DPR's governance functionality.
In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia after a controversial 25-year occupation.
In 1999, Indonesia's GDP grew by only 0.8% during the Asian economic crisis.
Since 1999, Indonesia has operated under a multi-party system.
Since the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, regencies and cities have become key administrative units responsible for most government services.
At the national level, Indonesians did not elect a President until 2004.
In 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake caused catastrophic disasters in Indonesia.
Recovery began in the early 2000s, with growth rates between 4% and 6% since 2004 due to prudent banking regulations.
In 2005, a political settlement was achieved to a separatist insurgency in Aceh.
In 2005, the separatist movement in Aceh, Indonesia, ended peacefully.
Since 2007, Indonesia's economy has performed strongly, although corruption remains an issue.
In 2008, strong domestic consumption helped Indonesia weather the global financial crisis.
Under former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's 2009 initiative, a previous target of reaching 20 million hectares for marine protected areas by 2020 was set.
Between 2010 and 2020, Indonesia's population grew at a rate of 1.25%.
As of 2012, Indonesia has over 100 marine protected areas spanning 15.7 million hectares.
In 2013, the Constitutional Court ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019.
Beginning with the 2015 local elections, elections for governors and mayors have occurred on the same date.
In 2018, the Sulawesi earthquake caused catastrophic disasters in Indonesia.
In 2013, the Constitutional Court ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019.
In 2019, Indonesia established its own foreign aid agency, transitioning from being solely a recipient of humanitarian and development aid.
A previous target of reaching 20 million hectares for marine protected areas by 2020 was set under former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's 2009 initiative.
According to the 2020 census, Indonesia had a population of 270.2 million, making it the world's fourth most populous country.
In 2020, government spending on research and development in Indonesia was relatively low at 0.28% of GDP.
In 2021, services dominated Indonesia's economy in terms of employment, accounting for 49.2% of the workforce.
As of 2022, Indonesia's road network spanned 548,097 kilometers, including Transjakarta, the world's longest bus rapid transit system.
In 2022, Indonesia aimed to align its strategy with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
In 2022, Indonesia's forest cover declined to 48%.
In 2022, Indonesia's total installed power generation capacity was approximately 83.8 gigawatts, primarily from coal (61%).
In 2022, Southwest Papua was established as the most recent province in Indonesia, bringing the total to 38.
In 2022, services and industry each accounted for roughly 41% of Indonesia's GDP.
As of 2023, 87.1% of the population (248 million Indonesians) are Muslims, making Indonesia the world's most populous Muslim-majority country.
As of 2023, Indonesia has designated 21.3% of its land as protected areas.
In 2023, Indonesia inaugurated its first high-speed rail (Whoosh), connecting Jakarta and Bandung in collaboration with China.
In 2023, Indonesia produced 5,500 terawatt-hours of energy and consumed 3,081 terawatt-hours.
In 2023, Indonesia's defence spending was 0.7% of its GDP, accompanied by controversies surrounding military-owned commercial ventures.
In 2023, tourism contributed US$14 billion to Indonesia's GDP and drew 11.6 million international visitors.
As of 2024, Indonesia has a median age of 31.5 years.
As of 2024, Indonesia has launched 19 satellites for communication and other purposes.
In 2024, Indonesia was ranked 54th among 133 countries on the Global Innovation Index.
In 2024, Indonesia's nominal GDP was US$1.402 trillion, ranking 16th globally.
In 2024, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport served 54 million passengers.
The most recent elections in 2024 brought eight political parties to the DPR.
In the latest energy plan, in early 2025, the government aims for a 71-gigawatt expansion in power capacity by 2034, with a focus on renewables.
By 2034, the government aims for a 71-gigawatt expansion in power capacity, with a focus on renewables, according to the latest energy plan announced in early 2025.
Indonesia targets to increase its maritime area designated as marine reserves to 30% by 2045.
Population projections estimate that Indonesia will grow to 321 million by 2050.
The Indonesian government plans to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
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