Eswatini, a landlocked country in Southern Africa, is bordered by South Africa and Mozambique. It's one of Africa's smallest countries, characterized by diverse climate and topography, ranging from mountainous highveld to dry lowveld. Mbabane serves as the executive capital and largest city, while Lobamba is the legislative capital.
In 1902, Swaziland was indirectly involved in the Second Boer War with skirmishes between the British and the Boers occurring in the country.
In 1903, Swaziland became one of the British 'High Commission Territories' after the British victory in the Second Boer War.
In 1904, the Swaziland Administration Proclamation established a commission to examine concessions and define their boundaries.
In 1906, much of the early administration of Swaziland, such as postal services, was carried out from South Africa until the Transvaal Colony was granted self-government.
By 1907, the commission established in 1904 finished examining all the concessions and defining their boundaries.
In 1910, 1,639,687 acres (approximately 38% of Swaziland's area) were set aside for the Swazi people.
In December 1921, Sobhuza II was officially coronated as king after the regency of Labotsibeni.
In 1922, Sobhuza II led an unsuccessful deputation to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in London regarding the issue of the land.
In 1923, Sobhuza II established the Swazi Commercial Amadoda to grant licenses to small businesses on the Swazi reserves.
In November 1963, Britain promulgated a constitution for independent Swaziland, establishing a Legislative Council and an Executive Council.
By 1963, the Swazi royal leadership was successful in resisting the weakening power of the British administration and the possibility of incorporation of Swaziland into the Union of South Africa.
In 1963, Waterford School, later named Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, was founded as southern Africa's first multiracial school.
On 9 September 1964, the first Legislative Council was constituted in Swaziland.
In 1967, elections were held in Swaziland under a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate.
In September 1968, Swaziland gained independence and adopted a Westminster-style constitution.
In September 1968, Swaziland regained its full independence after being a British high commission territory since 1903.
Following the 1967 elections, Swaziland was a protected state until independence was regained in 1968.
In 1972, following the elections, King Sobhuza II suspended the constitution of Swaziland and ruled by decree.
In 1972, the Mananga Agricultural Management Centre was established at Ezulwini as an international management development centre.
In 1972, tourist numbers rose to 89,015 as Eswatini began attracting visitors with different policies from South Africa.
Since 1972, Eswatini has sent athletes to the Summer Olympics.
In April 1973, King Sobhuza II annulled the Westminster-style constitution by decree and assumed supreme powers.
In 1978, the first non-party elections for the House of Assembly were held under the tinkhundla system.
In 1981, Waterford Kamhlaba joined the United World Colleges movement, becoming the first UWC on the African continent.
In 1982, King Sobhuza II died after reigning for almost 83 years, leading to a regency.
In 1982, an attempt to transfer parts of South Africa to Swaziland was never realized due to popular opposition.
In 1982, the University of Eswatini was established by act of Parliament and is headquartered at Kwaluseni.
In 1984, Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe was removed by the Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala.
In 1986, King Mswati III ascended to the throne after the death of his father King Sobhuza II.
In 1986, King Mswati III began his rule as the monarch of Eswatini.
In 1989, tourist numbers peaked at 257,997 in Eswatini.
Prior to the 1993 election, the voting process involved electing an electoral college through a public selection method.
In July 1996, King Mswati III appointed a constitutional review commission to draft proposals for a new constitution.
In 1996, the net primary school enrollment rate in Eswatini was 90.8%, with gender parity at the primary level.
In 1998, 80.5% of children in Eswatini reached grade five.
In May 1999, drafts of the new constitution were released for public comment and faced criticism.
In November 2000, further drafts of the constitution were released for comment, receiving strong criticism.
In December 2001, a 15-member team was announced to draft a new constitution, with reported ties to the royal family.
Since 2001, Real GDP growth in Eswatini has averaged 2.8%, lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union member countries.
In 2003, the Eswatini Tourism Board was established to promote royal celebrations and game parks.
In 2005, the constitution of Eswatini was adopted.
In 2005, the current Swazi constitution was introduced, despite objections by political activists.
The 2005 constitution in Eswatini established a court system based on the Western model, consisting of Magistrates Courts, a High Court, and a Court of Appeal (Supreme Court).
The country was under the rite of "umchwasho" until 2005, when all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment.
In 2006, Eswatini joined the Lubombo Route agreement with South Africa and Mozambique, facilitating cross-border travel.
In 2008, the first election under the new constitution took place, with members of Parliament elected from 55 constituencies.
In 2010, the Southern African Nazarene University in Manzini was established as a merger of multiple Nazarene colleges.
In 2011, Swaziland suffered an economic crisis due to reduced Southern African Customs Union (SACU) receipts.
On July 18, 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman bishop in Africa.
In 2012, Eswatini Medical Christian University, focusing on medical education, was established in Mbabane.
Starting in 2012, improvements in SACU receipts eased the fiscal pressure on the Swazi government.
In 2013, a new parliament was elected and Sibusiso Dlamini was reappointed as prime minister for the third time.
In 2013, the five-year terms of the Members of Parliament (MPs) that were elected in 2008 came to an end.
In 2013, there were 14 Jewish families residing in Eswatini.
In 2014, Eswatini participated in the Strengthening the National Protected Areas System (SNPAS) project.
The 2015 drought decreased sugar and soft drink concentrate production export.
In April 2018, the official name of the country was changed from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom of Eswatini.
On 19 April 2018, Mswati III announced that the Kingdom of Swaziland had been renamed as the Kingdom of Eswatini, reflecting the Swazi name for the state.
In September 2018, Eswatini workers began anti-government protests against low salaries, resulting in a three-day strike.
As of 2018, Eswatini had the 12th-lowest life expectancy in the world at 58 years, with 35% of the population aged 14 years or younger.
As of 2018, public services in Eswatini were poorly developed, with limited ambulances, disappearing canteens in elementary schools, and pharmacies.
In 2018, Eswatini had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.21/10, ranking it 142nd globally out of 172 countries.
In 2018, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) established a new category for informal, or non-gazetted, conservation areas called OECMs, or Other Effective Conservation Measures.
As of 2019, Eswatini has the highest prevalence of HIV among people aged 15 to 49 globally, at 27.1%.
In June 2021, pro-democracy protests broke out across Eswatini, sparking riots, looting, and street skirmishes with police and soldiers.
In 2021, Ellinah Wamukoya, the first woman to be a bishop in Africa, passed away.
In 2021, the SNPAS Project began certifying informal conservation areas in Eswatini using the OECM terminology.
The government of Eswatini expressed concern that climate change is exacerbating existing social challenges such as poverty, a high HIV prevalence, and food insecurity and will drastically restrict the country's ability to develop, as per Vision 2022.
The last elections in Eswatini were held on 29 September 2023, overseen by the Elections and Boundaries Commission.
According to the 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices, Eswatini is ranked 9th lowest worldwide and 2nd lowest in Africa for electoral democracy.
In 2024, Eswatini scored 15.7 on the global hunger index, ranking 74th.
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