History of Stock market in Timeline

The stock market is where buyers and sellers trade stocks, representing ownership in businesses. This includes publicly listed securities and privately traded shares. Investments are typically guided by a specific investment strategy.

October 24, 1929: Black Thursday and the Start of the Great Depression

The stock market crash began on October 24, 1929, known as Black Thursday, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average losing 50% of its value. This event marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

1929: Regulation of Margin Requirements After the Crash of 1929

After the Crash of 1929, the Federal Reserve implemented regulation of margin requirements. Before this, speculators often only needed to provide 10 percent or less of the total investment for stocks purchased.

1929: Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 is a famous stock market crash that resulted in billions of dollars in losses and massive wealth destruction.

1929: Black Monday and Black Tuesday in 1929

The names "Black Monday" and "Black Tuesday" are also used for October 28–29, 1929, which followed Terrible Thursday—the starting day of the stock market crash in 1929.

1960: Macroeconomic Trends and Stock Prices

Economic and financial theories suggest stock prices are affected by macroeconomic trends. In 1960, the worker to beneficiary ratio was 5:1.

1973: Stock Market Crash of 1973-4

The stock market crash of 1973-4 is a famous stock market crash that resulted in billions of dollars in losses and massive wealth destruction.

1980: Market capitalization at US$2.5 trillion

In 1980, the total market capitalization of all publicly traded stocks worldwide was US$2.5 trillion.

1986: Introduction of CATS trading system

In 1986, the CATS trading system was introduced to the Paris Bourse, which is now part of Euronext, fully automating the order matching system.

October 19, 1987: Black Monday Crash of 1987

On October 19, 1987, the stock market experienced another famous crash, known as Black Monday. The crash originated in Hong Kong and rapidly spread globally.

1987: Black Monday of 1987

Black Monday of 1987 is a famous stock market crash that resulted in billions of dollars in losses and massive wealth destruction.

1987: Stock Market Crash in 1987

The 'hard' efficient-market hypothesis does not explain the cause of events such as the crash in 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted 22.6 percent, which was the largest-ever one-day fall in the United States.

1987: Consequences and Aftermath of the 1987 Crash

The stock market crash in 1987 raised questions about rational human conduct, market equilibrium, and the efficient-market hypothesis. Trading was halted, and the SEC introduced new measures to prevent a recurrence.

1992: Stock ownership in 1992

In 1992, direct ownership of stock by individuals was 17.8%, and indirect participation via retirement accounts was 39.3%.

2000: Dot-com bubble of 2000

The Dot-com bubble of 2000 is a famous stock market crash that resulted in billions of dollars in losses and massive wealth destruction.

2003: Vissing-Jørgensen Paper on Investment Costs

In a 2003 paper, Vissing-Jørgensen suggested that a fixed cost of $200 per year could explain why nearly half of U.S. households do not participate in the stock market.

October 2007: Beginning of the Great Recession

The Great Recession began in October 2007, marking a sharp decline in financial markets, including the stock market, housing market, lending market, and global trade.

2007: Stock ownership in 2007

In 2007, direct ownership of stock by individuals rose slightly to 17.9%, while indirect participation in the form of retirement accounts increased to 52.6%.

2008: Increased Scrutiny of Stock Markets Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis

Events such as the 2008 financial crisis prompted a heightened degree of scrutiny of the structure of stock markets (called market microstructure), in particular to the stability of the financial system and the transmission of systemic risk.

2008: Beginning of the Great Recession in 2008

The Great Recession started in 2008, impacting both direct and indirect participation in the stock market. Households in the bottom half of the income distribution lessened their participation.

2008: Stock Market Crash of 2008

The Stock Market Crash of 2008 is a famous stock market crash that resulted in billions of dollars in losses and massive wealth destruction.

March 2009: S&P 500 Low During the Great Recession

From October 2007 to March 2009, during the Great Recession, the S&P 500 fell 57%.

2009: Macroeconomic Trends and Stock Prices

Economic and financial theories suggest stock prices are affected by macroeconomic trends. In 2009, the worker to beneficiary ratio was 3:1.

2011: Stock Market Ownership by Race in 2011

In 2011, the national rate of direct participation in the stock market was 19.6%, with white households having a participation rate of 24.5%, black households 6.4%, and Hispanic households 4.3%.

February 2012: Introduction of Single-Stock Circuit Breakers in Canada

In February 2012, the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) introduced single-stock circuit breakers.

2012: S&P 500 Index Performance

From 2012 to 2021, the S&P 500 index demonstrated an average annual return of 14.8%, although individual years varied with negative growth and substantial gains.

2012: Role of Stock Markets in Economic Growth

In 2012, Padhi and Naik highlighted the role of stock markets in transferring available funds from units with excess funds to those with a deficit, enhancing financial resources and positively affecting economic growth.

April 2013: Recovery of S&P 500 to 2007 Levels

In April 2013, the S&P 500 recovered to its 2007 levels, after the sharp declines of the Great Recession.

2013: Stock Ownership Statistics in 2013

In 2013, after the Great Recession, households in the bottom half of the income distribution lessened their participation rate both directly and indirectly from 53.2% in 2007 to 48.8%.

2016: Global Stock Exchanges in 2016

As of 2016, there were 60 stock exchanges globally, with 16 having a market capitalization of $1 trillion or more, accounting for 87% of the world's total market capitalization. These exchanges were primarily in North America, Europe, or Asia, excluding the Australian Securities Exchange.

February 2020: Beginning of the 2020 Stock Market Crash

The 2020 stock market crash, a major global event, began on 20 February 2020 due to the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021: S&P 500 Index Performance

From 2012 to 2021, the S&P 500 index demonstrated an average annual return of 14.8%, although individual years varied with negative growth and substantial gains.

2021: World stock markets increase in 2021

In 2021, the value of world stock markets increased by 26.5%, equivalent to US$22.3 trillion, with developing economies contributing US$9.9 trillion and developed economies contributing US$12.4 trillion.

January 2022: Largest Stock Markets by Country

In January 2022, the United States of America had the largest stock market share at approximately 59.9%, followed by Japan at about 6.2% and the United Kingdom at roughly 3.9%.

2023: Market capitalization at US$111 trillion

By the end of 2023, the total market capitalization of all publicly traded stocks worldwide had risen to US$111 trillion.

2030: Macroeconomic Trends and Stock Prices

Economic and financial theories suggest stock prices are affected by macroeconomic trends. In 2030, the projected worker to beneficiary ratio is 2.2:1.