History of Stock market in Timeline

The stock market is where buyers and sellers trade stocks, representing ownership in businesses. This includes publicly listed securities and privately traded shares. Investment strategies guide participation in these markets.

October 24, 1929: Black Thursday - Start of the 1929 crash

On October 24, 1929, also known as Black Thursday, one of the most famous stock market crashes started. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 50% during this stock market crash, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

1929: Regulation of margin requirements after the crash of 1929

Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929.

1929: Start of the stock market crash in 1929

The names "Black Monday" and "Black Tuesday" are also used for October 28–29, 1929, which followed Terrible Thursday—the starting day of the stock market crash in 1929.

1929: Wall Street Crash of 1929

There have been famous stock market crashes that have ended in the loss of billions of dollars and wealth destruction on a massive scale, like the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

1960: Worker to beneficiary ratio in 1960

Economic and financial theories argue that stock prices are affected by macroeconomic trends such as decreasing worker to beneficiary ratio (year 1960 5:1).

1973: Stock market crash of 1973-4

There have been famous stock market crashes that have ended in the loss of billions of dollars and wealth destruction on a massive scale, like the stock market crash of 1973–4.

1980: Market capitalization in 1980

In 1980, the total market capitalization of all publicly traded stocks worldwide was US$2.5 trillion.

1986: Introduction of CATS trading system in 1986

In 1986, the CATS trading system was introduced to the Paris Bourse, which is now part of Euronext. This introduction fully automated the order matching system.

October 19, 1987: Black Monday - The 1987 crash

On October 19, 1987, another famous crash, known as Black Monday, took place. The crash began in Hong Kong and quickly spread around the world.

1987: The 1987 crash

In 1987, the crash raised some puzzles. For some time after the crash, trading in stock exchanges worldwide was halted, since the exchange computers did not perform well owing to enormous quantity of trades being received at one time.

1987: Stock market crash in 1987

The 'hard' efficient-market hypothesis does not explain the cause of events such as the crash in 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted 22.6 percent—the largest-ever one-day fall in the United States.

1987: Black Monday of 1987

There have been famous stock market crashes that have ended in the loss of billions of dollars and wealth destruction on a massive scale, like the Black Monday of 1987.

1992: Stock Ownership in 1992

In 1992, direct ownership of stock by individuals was 17.8%, while indirect participation in the form of retirement accounts was 39.3%.

2000: Dot-com bubble of 2000

There have been famous stock market crashes that have ended in the loss of billions of dollars and wealth destruction on a massive scale, like the dot-com bubble of 2000.

2003: Paper on stock participation rates in 2003

In 2003, a paper by Annette Vissing-Jørgensen suggested that a fixed cost of $200 per year is sufficient to explain why nearly half of all U.S. households do not participate in the stock market.

2006: Making Economic Sense published in 2006

Murray Rothbard's book "Making Economic Sense" was published in 2006.

October 2007: Beginning of the Great Recession in October 2007

October 2007 marked the beginning of the Great Recession, during which financial markets experienced a sharp decline. From October 2007 to March 2009, the S&P 500 fell 57%.

2007: Stock Ownership in 2007

In 2007, direct ownership of stock by individuals rose slightly to 17.9%, with the median value rising to $17,000. Indirect participation in the form of retirement accounts rose to 52.6%, with the median value more than doubling to $45,000.

2008: Financial crisis scrutiny in 2008

Events such as the 2008 financial crisis prompted a heightened degree of scrutiny of the impact of the structure of stock markets on the stability of the financial system and the transmission of systemic risk.

2008: Great Recession in 2008

Since the Great Recession of 2008, households in the bottom half of the income distribution lessened their participation rate both directly and indirectly.

March 2009: S&P 500 decline in March 2009

From October 2007 to March 2009, the S&P 500 fell 57% during the Great Recession.

2009: Worker to beneficiary ratio in 2009

Economic and financial theories argue that stock prices are affected by macroeconomic trends such as decreasing worker to beneficiary ratio (year 2009 3:1).

2011: Stock market ownership in 2011

As of 2011, the national rate of direct participation in the stock market was 19.6%, with white households at 24.5%, black households at 6.4%, and Hispanic households at 4.3%.

February 2012: Single-stock circuit breakers introduced in February 2012

In February 2012, the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) introduced single-stock circuit breakers.

2012: Stock markets role in growing industries in 2012

According to Padhi and Naik in 2012, stock markets play an essential role in growing industries that ultimately affect the economy through transferring available funds from units that have excess funds (savings) to those who are suffering from funds deficit (borrowings).

2012: S&P 500 Index Performance

In 2012, the S&P 500 index was part of a period from 2012-2021 that experienced an average annual return of 14.8%, although individual years can have fluctuating returns.

April 2013: S&P 500 recovery in April 2013

By April 2013, the S&P 500 recovered to its 2007 levels, following the sharp declines during the Great Recession.

2013: Stock holdings value in 2013

In 2013, the households in the bottom half of the income distribution lessened their participation rate both directly and indirectly from 53.2% in 2007 to 48.8% in 2013, while over the same period households in the top decile of the income distribution slightly increased participation 91.7% to 92.1%.

2016: Stock Exchanges in 2016

As of 2016, there were 60 stock exchanges in the world, with 16 having a market capitalization of $1 trillion or more, accounting for 87% of global market capitalization. These 16 exchanges were primarily located in North America, Europe, or Asia, with the exception of the Australian Securities Exchange.

February 20, 2020: Start of the 2020 stock market crash

The 2020 stock market crash started on February 20, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021: S&P 500 Index Performance

In 2021, the S&P 500 index concluded a period from 2012-2021 that experienced an average annual return of 14.8%, although individual years can have fluctuating returns.

2021: World stock markets increase in value in 2021

In 2021, the value of world stock markets increased by 26.5%, amounting to US$22.3 trillion. Developing countries contributed US$9.9 trillion and developed countries US$12.4 trillion. Asia and Oceania accounted for 45%, Europe had 37%, and America had 16%, while Africa had 2% of the global market.

January 2022: Largest Stock Markets in January 2022

As of January 2022, the largest stock markets by country were in the United States of America (about 59.9%), followed by Japan (about 6.2%) and the United Kingdom (about 3.9%).

2023: Market capitalization in 2023

By the end of 2023, the total market capitalization of all publicly traded stocks worldwide rose to US$111 trillion.

2030: Worker to beneficiary ratio in 2030

Economic and financial theories argue that stock prices are affected by macroeconomic trends such as decreasing worker to beneficiary ratio (year 2030 2.2:1).