Denver, the capital and most populous city of Colorado, is a consolidated city and county located in the Western United States. Situated in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains, it lies east of the Rocky Mountains' Front Range. Denver's population was 715,522 in 2020, marking a significant increase since 2010 and making it the 19th most populous city in the U.S. As the principal city of the Denver Metropolitan area, it serves as the economic and cultural hub of the Front Range, which is home to over 5 million people.
In 1900, whites represented 96.8% of Denver's population. The African American and Hispanic populations increased with migrations of the 20th century.
In 1901, a bill proposing a state constitutional amendment to allow home rule for Denver and other municipalities was introduced in the legislature and passed. The measure called for a statewide referendum.
In 1902, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902.
In 1902, voters approved a statewide referendum allowing home rule for Denver and other municipalities. On December 1 that year, Governor James Orman proclaimed the amendment part of the state's fundamental law, thus creating the City and County of Denver, separating it from Arapahoe and Adams counties.
Denver mayor Robert Speer, from 1904 to 1912 and later from 1916 to 1918, began to expand and beautify the city's parks as part of the City Beautiful movement.
In 1908, Denver hosted the Democratic National Convention.
In 1908, the Municipal Auditorium in Denver hosted the Democratic National Convention. The auditorium is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House.
In 1910, Samsonite began in Denver as Shwayder Trunk Manufacturing Company.
In 1911, Qwest Corporation, now a part of Lumen Technologies, was founded in Denver as Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company.
Denver mayor Robert Speer, from 1916 to 1918, began to expand and beautify the city's parks as part of the City Beautiful movement.
In 1919, The Gates Corporation, the world's largest producer of automotive belts and hoses, was established in S. Denver.
From 1923 to 1931, Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver.
In 1923, Russell Stover Candies made its first chocolate candy in Denver.
In 1929, construction of Denver Municipal Airport began amid heavy criticism; it was later renamed Stapleton International Airport.
Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver until 1931.
Since 1933, Colorado's 1st congressional district, centered in Denver, has been in Democratic hands for all but two terms.
From 1935 to 1947, Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver.
On October 31, 1937, Continental Airlines, now United Airlines, moved its headquarters to Stapleton Airport in Denver, Colorado.
Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver until 1947.
In 1948, Denver's relationship with Brest, France, began, making it the second-oldest sister city in the United States.
In 1950, the original Frontier Airlines began operations at Denver's old Stapleton International Airport.
From 1953, the Rocky Flats Plant, a DOE nuclear weapon facility near Denver, produced fissile plutonium "pits" for nuclear warheads.
Since 1954, Scott's Liquid Gold, Inc., has been making furniture polish in Denver.
In 1957, a major fire at the Rocky Flats Plant resulted in the contamination of some parts of Denver with plutonium-239.
Between 1958 and 1968, leakage from nuclear waste stored at the Rocky Flats Plant resulted in the contamination of some parts of Denver with plutonium-239.
In 1958, Village Inn restaurants began as a single pancake house in Denver.
In 1962, Big O Tires, LLC, of Centennial opened its first franchise in Denver.
Since the 1963 municipal election, the mayor's office has been occupied by a Democrat.
Lowry Air Force Base, a military flight training facility, ceased flight operations in 1966.
In 1967, the Denver Nuggets joined the American Basketball Association.
Leakage from nuclear waste stored at the Rocky Flats Plant between 1958 and 1968 resulted in the contamination of some parts of Denver with plutonium-239.
In March 1969, the Crusade for Justice hosted the First National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in Denver.
In 1969, Russell Stover Candies moved to Kansas City.
In 1970, Denver was selected to host the 1976 Winter Olympics.
In 1970, John A. Love was the last Republican to win Denver in a gubernatorial election by a narrow majority.
Since 1970, the Denver Broncos have sold out every home game (except for strike-replacement games).
The City and County of Denver has 78 official neighborhoods used for planning and administration. The system of neighborhood boundaries and names dates to 1970 when city planners divided the city into 73 groups of one to four census tracts, called "statistical neighborhoods," most of which are unchanged since then.
In 1971, The Shane Company sold its first diamond jewelry in Denver.
In 1972, Denver hosted the Libertarian Party of the United States National Convention, nominating Tonie Nathan for vice president.
In 1972, Johns Manville Corp., a manufacturer of insulation and roofing products, relocated its headquarters to Denver from New York.
In 1973, Re/Max made Denver its headquarters.
Since 1974, Denver and surrounding areas began rehabilitating the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for recreational use.
Richard Lamm, who led the movement against hosting the 1976 Winter Olympics, was elected as Colorado governor in 1975.
From 1976 to 1982, the Colorado Rockies played in the National Hockey League.
In 1976, Denver withdrew its winning bid to host the Winter Olympics, becoming the first city to back out after winning the bid.
In 1980, CH2M Hill, an engineering and construction firm, relocated from Oregon to the Denver Technological Center.
In 1980, after state and local legislation was passed, construction on SH 470 was finally started. SH 470 was originally intended to be I-470 and built with federal highway funds, but the funding was redirected to complete conversion of downtown Denver's 16th Street to a pedestrian mall.
From 1981 to 1989, the prime time drama Dynasty was set in Denver, although the show was mostly filmed in Los Angeles.
In 1981, Carl Johnson, Jefferson County health director, linked plutonium contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant to an increase in birth defects and cancer incidence in central Denver.
In 1981, Denver also hosted the Libertarian Party of the United States National Convention.
In 1981, the price of oil dropped from $34 a barrel.
Snowfall is common throughout the late fall, winter and early spring, averaging 53.5 inches (136 cm) for 1981–2010.
In July 1982, Denver hosted the World Theatre Festival at the Denver Center for Performing Arts, which comprised a program of 114 performances of 18 plays, by theatre companies from 13 countries, across 25 days.
From 1976 to 1982, the Colorado Rockies played in the National Hockey League, and later moved to the New York metropolitan area to become the New Jersey Devils.
In 1984, Denver supported Democrat Walter Mondale for president despite Ronald Reagan's landslide victory nationally and in Colorado.
In 1984, William L. Armstrong was the last Republican Senator to carry Denver during his landslide victory.
In 1986, the price of oil dropped to $9 a barrel, and the Denver economy also dropped, leaving almost 15,000 oil industry workers in the area unemployed.
In 1987, MediaNews Group purchased the Denver Post.
On June 15, 1988, an F3 tornado struck 4.4 miles (7.1 km) south of downtown Denver.
In 1988, voters in the Denver Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax (SCFD), a 0.1% sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area.
From 1981 to 1989, the prime time drama Dynasty was set in Denver, although the show was mostly filmed in Los Angeles.
In 1989, operations ceased at the Rocky Flats Plant, a DOE nuclear weapon facility near Denver.
Denver had one of the top 10 costliest hailstorms in U.S. history on July 11, 1990.
From August 10–15, 1993, Denver hosted the Catholic Church's 6th World Youth Day, which was attended by an estimated 500,000.
In 1993, the Colorado Rockies were created as an expansion franchise.
In 1994, Frontier Airlines was reincarnated at DIA.
In 1994, Lowry Air Force Base officially closed.
In 1994, Victoria Buckley was the last statewide Republican officeholder to carry Denver by a 1.2% margin.
In 1994, the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax was renewed by voters.
In 1995, Coors Field opened.
In 1995, the Colorado Avalanche joined the NHL after relocating from Quebec City.
Denver hosted the G7 summit between June 20 and 22 in 1997.
From 1998 to 2002 the city's Alameda East Veterinary Hospital was home to the Animal Planet series Emergency Vets, which spun off three documentary specials and the current Animal Planet series E-Vet Interns.
In 1998, the Denver Broncos won their second consecutive Super Bowl.
Since 1999, the Colorado Avalanche and Denver Nuggets have both played at Ball Arena (formerly known as Pepsi Center).
In 2000, Denver hosted the National Convention of the Green Party.
In 2001, Samsonite closed its NE Denver factory.
In 2001, The Denver Post and the Rocky Mountain News merged operations under a joint operating agreement.
In 2001, the Greenway project along the South Platte River won the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence.
From 1998 to 2002 the city's Alameda East Veterinary Hospital was home to the Animal Planet series Emergency Vets, which spun off three documentary specials and the current Animal Planet series E-Vet Interns.
In 2002, Bill Owens remained the last Republican governor to receive at least 40% of Denver's vote.
In 2004, the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax was renewed by voters for the second time, allowing the SCFD to operate until 2018.
In 2004, the city acquired the estate of abstract expressionist painter Clyfford Still and built a museum to exhibit his works near the Denver Art Museum.
In 2004, voters approved the FasTracks project, a commuter rail, light rail, and bus expansion project serving neighboring suburbs and communities.
In 2005, Denver became the first major U.S. city to vote to make the private possession of less than an ounce of marijuana legal for adults 21 and older.
In 2005, Molson Coors Brewing Company established its U.S. headquarters in Denver.
In 2005, a $310.7 million expansion of the Colorado Convention Center was completed, doubling its size.
On November 17, 2006, the Transportation Expansion Project (T-REX) for the southern I-25 corridor was completed. This project included wider and additional highway lanes, improved highway access and drainage, and a light rail line from downtown to the south end of the metro area.
As of 2006, Denver had over 200 parks, including the 314-acre City Park, and 29 recreation centers.
In 2006, Denver established a Major League Lacrosse team, the Denver Outlaws, who played in Empower Field at Mile High and won the Western Conference Championship. Also in 2006, the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League won a championship.
In 2006, Denver was recognized for the third year in a row as the best city for singles.
In 2006, Samsonite moved its headquarters to Massachusetts after a change of ownership.
In 2007, Dick's Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000-seat soccer-specific stadium, opened for the MLS season in the Denver suburb of Commerce City for the Colorado Rapids.
In 2007, the Colorado Rockies advanced to the playoffs as a wild-card entrant, won the NL Championship Series, and brought the World Series to Denver for the first time.
In the fourth quarter of 2007, Denver required the mayor to appoint a review panel to monitor compliance with the 2005 marijuana ordinance.
In 2008, Denver hosted the Democratic National Convention, promoting the city on the national, political, and socioeconomic stage.
In February 2009, the E. W. Scripps Company closed the Rocky Mountain News newspaper.
On March 29, 2009, the Ski Train, operated on the former Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, made its final run to Winter Park.
Denver had one of the top 10 costliest hailstorms in U.S. history on July 20, 2009.
According to the 2009-2010 rankings from Nielsen Media Research, Denver is the 16th-largest market in the country for television.
In late April 2010, Denver launched B-Cycle, a citywide bicycle sharing program which was the largest in the United States at the time, with 400 bicycles.
As of August 2010, Plutonium contamination was still present outside the former Rocky Flats Plant site, presenting risks to building the envisioned Jefferson Parkway.
According to the 2009-2010 rankings from Nielsen Media Research, Denver is the 16th-largest market in the country for television.
As of 2010, 72.28% of Denver residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 21.42% spoke Spanish, and other languages were also spoken.
From 2010 onward, the Downtown region has seen increased real estate investment with the construction of several new skyscrapers and major development around Denver Union Station.
In 2010, Denver adopted a comprehensive update of its zoning code to guide development as envisioned in adopted plans.
In 2010, Denver launched B-Cycle, a citywide bicycle sharing program that was the largest in the United States at the time, with 400 bicycles.
Prior to the 2020 census, Denver's population increased 19.22% since 2010.
Snowfall is common throughout the late fall, winter and early spring, averaging 53.5 inches (136 cm) for 1981–2010.
According to data from the 2011 American Community Survey, Denver ranks 6th among US cities with populations over 400,000 in terms of the percentage of workers who commute by bicycle.
According to the Spring 2011 Arbitron ranking, the Denver–Boulder radio market is the No. 19 market in the United States.
In 2011, Denver's homeless rate was 19 per 10,000 residents, lower than many other major cities.
In April 2012, the state history museum, History Colorado Center, opened.
On October 3, 2012, the University of Denver hosted the first of the three 2012 presidential debates.
In April 2013, the W Line, or West line, opened serving Golden/Federal Center.
In 2013, Continental merged with United Airlines.
In 2013, History Colorado Center was named by True West Magazine as one of the top-ten "must see" history museums in the country.
In 2013, the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 2,697,476, ranking as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area. The larger Denver–Aurora–Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 3,277,309, ranking as the 18th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.
According to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association, residents of Denver had a 2014 life expectancy of 80.02 years.
As of 2014, Weather Channel ranked Denver the 18th-coldest major U.S. city based on 30-year averages for December, January, and February.
In 2014, B-Cycle ridership peaked before steadily declining.
In 2014, the Denver Outlaws won their first championship eight years after being established.
In 2015, 9.6 percent of Denver households lacked a car.
In 2015, Denver ranked No. 1 on Forbes' list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.
In 2015, a new commuter railway system commenced operations in the Denver metropolitan area with a network operation of 25 kV 60 Hz.
In April 2016, the commuter rail A Line from Denver Union Station to Denver International Airport opened with ridership exceeding RTD's early expectations.
In November 2016, Denver's unemployment rate recovered and had one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation at 2.6%.
As of December 2016, the unemployment rate for the Denver–Aurora–Broomfield MSA is 2.6%.
In 2016, Ballot issue 4B won approval by Denver metro area voters to extend the SCFD sales tax until 2030.
In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.
In 2016, the Denver Outlaws won another championship.
In 2016, the Ski Train service was revived on a trial basis with a great amount of local fanfare.
In 2016, the percentage of Denver households lacking a car was virtually unchanged at 9.4 percent. Denver averaged 1.62 cars per household, compared to a national average of 1.8.
Denver had one of the top 10 costliest hailstorms in U.S. history on May 8, 2017.
In 2017, Denver International Airport was rated by Skytrax as the 28th-best airport in the world and the second-best in the United States. Skytrax also named DIA as the second-best regional airport in North America for 2017, and the fourth-best regional airport in the world.
In 2017, Denver's Walk Score was ranked twenty-sixth among 108 U.S. cities with a population of 200,000 or greater.
In 2017, the Ski Train returned to service under Amtrak with the name "Winter Park Express".
On June 28, 2018, Denver experienced a high temperature of 105 °F (41 °C).
In 2018, Chipotle Mexican Grill moved its headquarters to Newport Beach, California.
In 2018, electric scooter services began operating in Denver with LimeBike and Bird scooters appearing in May, followed by Jump e-bikes in August and Lyft scooters in September.
In 2018, the Denver Bandits were established as the first professional football team for women in Colorado.
In 2018, the Denver Outlaws won another championship.
In 2018, the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax allowed the SCFD to operate until this year.
On April 26, 2019, the G Line to the suburb of Arvada (originally planned to open in the Fall of 2016) finally opened.
In May 2019, Denver became the first U.S. city to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms.
In July 2019, Mayor Hancock said that Denver will not assist U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents with immigration raids.
A 2019 analysis showed the average temperature at Denver International Airport, 50.2 °F (10 °C), was significantly cooler than downtown, 53.0 °F (12 °C).
In 2019, Molson Coors Brewing Company announced its departure from Denver.
In 2019, the "Denver Moves: Pedestrians" plan outlined a need for approximately $1.3 billion in sidewalk funding, plus $400 million for trails.
In 2019, the Denver Bandits participated in the initial season for the Women's National Football Conference (WNFC).
In the pre-pandemic year of 2019, Denver International Airport had the 5th highest number of passengers in the U.S., with 61 million.
In January 2020, B-Cycle, Denver's citywide bicycle sharing program, announced it would cease operations at the end of January.
On September 21, 2020, the N Line to Commerce City and Thornton opened.
According to the 2020 United States census, racial composition of Denver was recorded.
According to the 2020 census, the City and County of Denver contained 715,522 people and 301,501 households.
As of the 2020 census, Denver's population was 715,522, reflecting a 19.22% increase since 2010.
At the 2020 United States census, the City and County of Denver had an area of 99,025 acres (400.739 km), including 1,057 acres (4.276 km) of water.
In 2020, during the George Floyd protests, the Stapleton neighborhood was renamed Central Park due to Stapleton's racism.
In 2020, the Denver Outlaws would fold with the MLL-PLL merger.
In 2020, the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 2,963,821, while the Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had a population of 3,623,560. Denver functions as the principal city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor with a population of 5,055,344 at the 2020 U.S. census.
In 2021, Denver International Airport was ranked as the 3rd busiest airport in the world with 58.8 million passengers.
In the 2021 winter season, Denver began the month of December without any snowfall for the first time in history.
On December 22, 2022, Denver experienced a low of −24 °F (−31 °C), with a wind chill of −40 °F (−40 °C).
As of 2022, the Park Score by the Trust for Public Land ranked Denver as having the 18th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, noting that 89% of residents live within a 10-minute walk of a park.
Denver explored a potential bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but no bid was submitted.
In 2022, Denver voters passed Initiative 307, known as "Denver Deserves Sidewalks", to complete sidewalk construction and repair by shifting sidewalk maintenance responsibility to the city and imposing a fee on property owners.
In 2022, the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League won a championship.
As of 2023, the Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal to link the cities from Pueblo in the south, north to Fort Collins and possibly to Cheyenne, Wyoming.
As of the city's 2023 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, Denver's top employers are reported.
In 2023, the Denver MSA had a gross metropolitan product of $311.9 billion, making it the 18th largest metro economy in the United States. The 12-County Denver–Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had a GDP of $377.7 billion in 2023, while the broader Front Range had a GDP of $474.6 billion.
In 2023, the Denver Nuggets won their first NBA championship.
In 2024, Denver based Ibotta's initial public offering (IPO) was the largest tech IPO in Colorado's history.
In 2024, The Winter Park Express greatly expanded service for the 2024-2025 ski season, doubling capacity and increasing service to run Thursday-Monday during the winter ski seasons.
In 2024, the League of American Bicyclists rated Colorado as the sixth most bicycle-friendly state in the nation.
In 2025, Denver was awarded a National Women's Soccer League team.
The Winter Park Express' greatly expanded service which began in 2024 continues into the 2024-2025 ski season, doubling capacity and increasing service to run Thursday-Monday during the winter ski seasons.
In 2016, Ballot issue 4B won approval by Denver metro area voters to extend the SCFD sales tax until 2030.
The commuter rail connection to Boulder and Longmont, an extension of the B Line and part of the FasTracks initiative, is planned to be finished by RTD, but no construction funds have yet been identified prior to 2040.
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