History of Earthquake engineering in Timeline

Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary field focused on designing and analyzing structures to withstand seismic activity. The primary objective is to construct buildings and infrastructure capable of resisting minor tremors without damage and preventing collapse during major earthquakes. This involves designing structures to withstand seismic forces while sustaining acceptable damage levels, which doesn't necessarily require immense strength or cost but rather a focus on proper design and understanding of seismic effects.

1933: Long Beach earthquake leads to masonry reinforcement requirements

In 1933, the Long Beach earthquake revealed masonry's vulnerability to earthquake damage. As a result, the California State Code mandated masonry reinforcement across California.

1964: Soil liquefaction in Niigata, Japan

In 1964, an earthquake in Niigata, Japan, caused major damage to thousands of buildings due to soil liquefaction of loose granular deposited materials.

1973: Renovation of the Salt Lake City and County Building

From 1973 to 1989, the Salt Lake City and County Building in Utah underwent extensive renovations and repairs, preserving historical accuracy and undergoing seismic upgrades.

1987: Sliding off foundations effect during 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake

During the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, a relatively rigid residential building structure slid off its foundations. The magnitude 5.9 earthquake shifted the Garvey West Apartment building in Monterey Park, California, about 10 inches to the east on its foundation.

1989: Seismic upgrade

From 1973 to 1989, the Salt Lake City and County Building in Utah underwent extensive renovations and repairs, including a seismic upgrade that placed the sandstone structure on a base isolation foundation.

1994: Springs-with-damper base isolator installed

In 1994, a springs-with-damper base isolator, conceptually similar to a Lead Rubber Bearing, was installed under a three-story town-house in Santa Monica, California, before exposure to the Northridge earthquake.

1994: Brittle behavior of steel buildings in the 1994 Northridge earthquake

In 1994, the Northridge earthquake caused brittle behavior and damage to welded steel moment-resisting frame buildings, which were considered earthquake-proof. Following this, FEMA initiated the development of repair techniques and new design approaches.

1999: ASTM E2026 'Standard Guide for the Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes' produced

In 1999, ASTM E2026 'Standard Guide for the Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes' was produced to standardize the nomenclature for seismic loss estimation and establish guidelines for the review process.

December 26, 2004: Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, with its epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggered devastating tsunamis. These tsunamis killed over 230,000 people in eleven countries, inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 meters high.

2008: Damage after 2008 Sichuan earthquake

In 2008, the Sichuan earthquake severely damaged the Agriculture Development Bank of China building. Most of the beams and pier columns were sheared, with large diagonal cracks in the masonry. Abrupt settlement on one end was attributed to a landfill.

2011: Fukushima I nuclear accidents

In 2011, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents and damage to other nuclear facilities following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami raised concerns over Japanese nuclear seismic design standards, prompting governments to re-evaluate their nuclear programs.