In 1905, after the failed revolt of 1863, no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until 1905.
After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the term White Russia caused confusion as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks.
In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, various states emerged and competed for legitimacy during the Civil War, ultimately leading to the rise of the Byelorussian SSR.
On March 25, 1918, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation, forming the Belarusian People's Republic, during the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
In 1918, the Belarusian People's Republic, the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under the name "Belarus", was established.
In 1918, the Polish-Soviet War began, lasting until 1921, and resulting in Belarus losing almost half of its territory to Poland.
In January 1919, a part of Belarus under Bolshevik Russian control was declared the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB).
In 1919, the Belarusian People's Republic ceased to exist due to domination by various armies during and after World War I.
The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed Curzon Line.
In July 1920, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was created.
In 1920, the Republic of Central Lithuania was created following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division of the Polish Army under Lucjan Żeligowski.
In 1921, the Polish-Soviet War ended, resulting in Belarus losing almost half of its territory to Poland.
In 1921, the contested lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended.
On January 8, 1922, after a disputed election, the territory of the Republic of Central Lithuania was annexed to Poland.
In 1922, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In 1927, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, a Belarusian organization, was banned in the Second Polish Republic, and opposition to the Polish government was met with state repressions.
In 1935, after the death of Piłsudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the Belarusian minority, with many Orthodox churches and Belarusian schools being closed, and use of the Belarusian language was discouraged.
In September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied eastern Poland, following the German invasion of Poland.
On October 28, 1939, the Soviet-controlled Byelorussian People's Council officially took control of the territories of Western Belorussia in Białystok.
In 1939, the Soviet Union occupied Polish-held territory in Belarus, leading to a period of exile for several poets and authors after the subsequent Nazi occupation.
In 1939, the borders of Belarus began to take their modern shape, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland.
In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, with the defense of Brest Fortress marking the first major battle of Operation Barbarossa.
In 1941, most of Western Belarus became part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland during the German occupation.
In 1943, German authorities allowed local collaborators to set up a client state, the Belarusian Central Council.
In 1943, Żeligowski's memoir, published in London, condemned the annexation of the Republic of Central Lithuania by Poland.
The Byelorussian SSR remained under German occupation until 1944.
In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union.
In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR joined the United Nations as one of the original 51 members.
After Joseph Stalin died in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued his predecessor's cultural hegemony program, promoting the use of Russian language.
In 1971, the population of Belarus finally regained its pre-war level, after suffering immense losses during World War II.
In 1985, the film "Come and See" was released, among other pieces of media made about the Belarusian partisans during World War II.
In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was significantly contaminated with nuclear fallout, receiving 70% of the fallout from the Chernobyl power plant explosion in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR.
In March 1990, elections were held for seats in the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR.
On 27 July 1990, Belarus declared itself sovereign by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic.
On July 27, 1990, the parliament of the republic proclaimed the sovereignty of Belarus.
From 1990 to 2020, the annual circulation of Belarusian-language literature significantly decreased.
In 1990, forest cover in Belarus was at 7,780,000 hectares.
In April 1991, wide-scale strikes erupted in Belarus.
On 25 August 1991, with the support of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus.
On August 25, 1991, during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus gained independence.
On 8 December 1991, Stanislav Shushkevich of Belarus, Boris Yeltsin of Russia, and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine met in Białowieża Forest to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world's most industrially developed states by proportion of GDP and the richest CIS member-state.
In 1991, the term Byelorussia (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was used officially only until 1991.
In January 1992, the Belarusian Popular Front campaigned for early elections.
In May 1992, the Belarusian ruble was introduced to replace the Soviet ruble.
In 1992, the Armed Forces of Belarus were formed using parts of the former Soviet Armed Forces located on the new republic's territory.
In 1993, Belarus applied to become a member of the World Trade Organization.
In 1993, Belarus attempted to join the Council of Europe but was refused admission due to electoral malpractice and human rights concerns.
In 1993, a new law on parliamentary elections failed to pass in Belarus.
Elections for the Supreme Council were set for March 1994.
In March 1994, a national constitution was adopted in Belarus, assigning prime ministerial functions to the President.
On 24 June 1994, the first round of the presidential election catapulted Alexander Lukashenko into national prominence, garnering 45% of the vote.
On 10 July 1994, Alexander Lukashenko won the second round of the presidential election with 80% of the vote, defeating Vyacheslav Kebich. These were the first and only free elections after independence.
Belarus competed in the Olympic Games as an independent nation for the first time at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products.
In 1994, following the adoption of a new constitution, Alexander Lukashenko was elected as Belarus's first president in the country's first and only free election after independence.
Under the 1994 constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president.
In October 1995, a presidential decree abolished the local governments of cities of raion subordination and urban-type settlements which served as the administrative center of raions, demoting them from administrative-territorial units to territorial units.
In 1995, Belarus adopted its current national flag in a disputed referendum. The flag incorporates an ornamental pattern common in early Belarusian dresses.
In 1995, Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program.
In 1995, overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled.
In 1995, treaties were signed to demarcate Belarus's borders with Latvia.
In November 1996, a constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections took place, leading to the Council of Europe removing Belarus from its observer status.
On December 27, 1996, the first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued.
GDP only began to rise in 1996; the country was the fastest-recovering former Soviet republic in the terms of its economy.
In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years.
In 1996, a series of treaties between Belarus and Russia established the Union State, a supranational confederation aimed at monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy.
In 1996, the National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize as the top ballet company in the world.
In 1996, treaties were signed to demarcate Belarus's borders with Lithuania.
In 1997, The Council of Europe removed Belarus from its observer status as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections.
In 1997, a treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border was signed.
In 1997, the transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus was completed, reducing the number of soldiers and restructuring its leadership and military formations.
Since 1997, Belarus has participated in the Individual Partnership Program with NATO.
In 1998, Belarus became a member of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
As a result of the 1996 referendum on presidential term extension, the election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back.
From 5000 to 2000 BC, the Bandkeramik culture predominated in what now constitutes Belarus.
In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the Union State.
In 2000, the Belarusian ruble was reintroduced with new values.
In 2001, Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president.
In 2001, contract soldiers in Belarus numbered 12,000, highlighting the increasing importance of contract soldiers due to demographic decreases in Belarusians of conscription age.
The election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001.
At the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, the national hockey team of Belarus finished fourth, highlighted by an upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals.
The unemployment rate in Belarus has been declining since 2003.
In 2004, a change in the constitution eliminated term limits for the presidency.
In 2004, the Russia–Belarus energy dispute began when Gazprom ceased gas imports into Belarus due to price disagreements.
In 2004, the United States passed the Belarus Democracy Act, which authorized funding for anti-government Belarusian NGOs and prohibited loans to the Belarusian government, except for humanitarian purposes.
In the 2004 elections, neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, nor the People's Coalition 5 Plus opposition parties, won any seats.
Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest, marking their participation in the international music competition.
In 2005, GDP in Belarus increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%.
In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus's gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure.
In 2005, nearly a quarter of the population in Belarus was employed in industrial factories. According to government statistics, the unemployment rate was 1.5%.
In March 2006, tensions between NATO and Belarus peaked after the presidential election in Belarus.
In 2006, Belarus's GDP amounted to US$83.1 billion in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars, or about $8,100 per capita.
In 2006, Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president.
In the 2006 presidential election, Lukashenko was opposed by Alaksandar Milinkievič and Alyaksandr Kazulin. Lukashenko won the election with 80% of the vote.
In February 2007, Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents.
On June 21, 2007, Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside state-controlled sectors, which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels.
As of 2007, Belarus's main trading partners were Russia, accounting for about 45% of exports and 55% of imports (including petroleum), and EU countries, accounting for 25% of exports and 20% of imports.
In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41%, and its fertility rate was 1.22, below the replacement rate.
In 2007, The National Bank of Belarus abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian ruble.
In 2007, the United States did not have an ambassador in Minsk, marking a period of strained bilateral relations.
The 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil from the Druzhba pipeline.
In 2008, Belarus did not have an ambassador in Washington, further indicating tense diplomatic relations with the United States.
In 2008, Inna Zhukova earned a silver medal in rhythmic gymnastics at the Beijing Olympics.
According to data published in 2009, 53% of the population in Belarus described Belarusian as their "mother tongue" compared to 41% who described Russian in that way.
In 2009, Belarus ratified the 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border.
Following the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term. Protests erupted in Minsk, leading to arrests and beatings.
In 2010, Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president.
In May 2011, the Belarusian ruble experienced a significant devaluation, depreciating 56% against the United States dollar. This devaluation led to financial instability as citizens rushed to exchange rubles for more stable currencies and goods.
In June 2011, Belarus formally requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) due to the financial crisis caused by the ruble's devaluation.
According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion, with Eastern Orthodoxy making up about 82% of those.
In 2011, Belarus carried out executions, making it the only European country still using capital punishment at that time.
In 2011, Belarus experienced a severe economic crisis, with inflation reaching 108.7%. The 2011 Minsk Metro bombing also occurred, resulting in 15 deaths and 204 injuries.
In 2012, Liubov Charkashyna earned a bronze medal in rhythmic gymnastics at the London Olympics.
In 2012, Victoria Azarenka became the first Belarusian to win a Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open. She also won a gold medal in mixed doubles at the Summer Olympics with Max Mirnyi.
In 2012, similar regulations as those for kolkhoz workers were introduced for the forestry industry.
In 2012, two suspects arrested in connection to the 2011 Minsk Metro bombing were executed by shooting.
In the 2012 parliamentary election, 105 of the 110 members elected to the House of Representatives were not affiliated with any political party. The Communist Party of Belarus won 3 seats, and the Belarusian Agrarian Party and RPTS, one each.
In 2014, Belarus hosted the IIHF World Championship, showcasing the country's capabilities in hosting international sports events.
In 2014, Darya Domracheva won three gold medals at the Winter Olympics in biathlon, highlighting her achievements in the sport.
In 2014, Lukashenko announced a new law that prohibits kolkhoz workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs without permission from governors.
As of 2015, 69.9% of Belarus's population was aged 14 to 64, 15.5% was under 14, and 14.6% was 65 or older.
In 2015, 100% of the forest area in Belarus was reported to be under public ownership.
In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% by private companies (in which the government had a 21.1% stake), and 3.5% by foreign companies.
In 2015, Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president.
In 2015, Melitina Staniouta won the Bronze All-Around Medal at the World Championships in rhythmic gymnastics.
In 2015, Minsk, the capital and largest city of Belarus, was home to 1,937,900 residents.
In 2015, Svetlana Alexievich, a Belarusian author, won the Nobel Prize in Literature. She named Ales Adamovich as her main teacher.
In 2015, cyclist Vasil Kiryienka won the Road World Time Trial Championship.
In July 2016, Belarus introduced a new currency, the new Belarusian ruble (BYN), to replace the old Belarusian ruble at a rate of 1:10,000 as part of an effort to combat the high inflation rate.
From July 1 until December 31, 2016, the old and new Belarusian rubles were in parallel circulation, allowing for a transition period after the introduction of the new currency.
From January 1, 2017, until December 31, 2021, old Belarusian ruble notes and coins could be exchanged for the new series, continuing the currency redenomination process.
According to the 2019 census, Belarus had a population of 9.41 million, with ethnic Belarusians making up 84.9% of the total population.
As of 2019, the administrative-territorial and territorial units in Belarus included 115 cities, 85 urban-type settlements, and 23,075 rural settlements.
In 2019, the share of manufacturing in Belarus's GDP was 31%, with manufacturing industries employing 34.7% of the workforce.
In September 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reported receiving 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of individuals arrested during the protests following the presidential election.
Following the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election, mass protests erupted across the country, with Lukashenko seeking a sixth term in office.
From 1990 to 2020, the annual circulation of Belarusian-language literature significantly decreased.
In 2020, Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president.
In 2020, sanctions were imposed on Belarus following the rigged "election" of Lukashenko.
In 2020, the forest cover in Belarus was around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,767,600 hectares of forest.
In 2020, the number of migrants crossing the Belarus-Poland border sharply increased multiple times compared to the previous year. Illegal migrant numbers also exceeded the previous annual numbers in Latvia.
In the 2020 presidential election, Lukashenko won again with official results giving him 80% of the vote, leading to mass protests and non-recognition by the European Union and the United Kingdom.
On May 23, 2021, Belarusian authorities forcibly diverted a Ryanair flight from Athens to Vilnius to detain opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend. Lukashenko threatened to flood the EU with migrants and drugs as a response to sanctions.
On June 28, 2021, Belarus suspended its participation in the European Union's Eastern Partnership program after the EU imposed additional sanctions on the country.
In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a hybrid warfare tactic by human trafficking of migrants to the European Union.
In August 2021, Belarusian officials were recorded on camera near the Belarus–Lithuania border pushing and urging migrants to cross the European Union border.
December 31, 2021, marked the end of the period during which old Belarusian ruble notes and coins could be exchanged for the new series, completing the currency redenomination process initiated in 2016.
On December 2, 2021, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada imposed new sanctions on Belarus.
In 2021, manufacturing growth in Belarus was about 2.2%.
In 2021, the IIHF World Championship, which was supposed to be co-hosted in Latvia and Belarus, and the UEC European Track Championships in cycling were cancelled due to widespread protests and security concerns in Belarus.
In April 2022, the European Union imposed trade sanctions on Belarus as a result of its facilitation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
On October 6, 2022, Lukashenko implemented a ban on price increases in Belarus as a measure to combat food inflation.
In 2022, Belarus was ranked 153rd out of 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders.
In 2022, further sanctions were imposed on Belarus following the country's role and complicity in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with Russian troops being allowed to stage part of the invasion from Belarusian territory.
In April 2022, Belarus's limited relationship with the Council of Europe was suspended due to its facilitation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
In January 2023, Belarus legalized copyright infringement of media and intellectual property created by "unfriendly" foreign nations.
In March 2023, Lukashenko signed a law allowing the use of capital punishment against officials and soldiers convicted of high treason.
In August 2023, the EU extended and expanded the trade sanctions imposed on Belarus.
In 2024, Belarus was ranked 85th in the Global Innovation Index.
It is estimated that the median age in Belarus, which was between 30 and 34 as of 2015, will rise to between 60 and 64 by 2050.
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