Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic, divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, separated from Great Britain by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. It's the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest worldwide. In 2022, the island's population was just over 7 million, with 5.1 million in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, making it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.
By 1900, cultural nationalists had begun the Gaelic revival, which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish.
In 1900, Sir Joseph Larmor published "Aether and Matter", a book on theoretical physics.
In 1904, the Abbey Theatre, the Republic of Ireland's national theatre, was founded.
In 1913, the Ulster Volunteers were formed under the leadership of Edward Carson to prevent the Home Rule bill from passing.
In 1914, it looked certain that the Home Rule bill would finally pass.
In 1914, the Irish Volunteers were established to ensure the Home Rule Bill was passed. The Act was passed but suspended due to World War I. The Irish Volunteers then split into the National Volunteers and the Irish Volunteers.
In 1916, the Easter Rising was carried out by the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army. The British response turned the mood of the country in favor of the rebels.
In the general election of 1918, the pro-independence republican party, Sinn Féin, received overwhelming endorsement.
Support for Irish republicanism increased further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the Conscription Crisis of 1918.
In 1919, Sinn Féin proclaimed an Irish Republic, setting up its own parliament (Dáil Éireann) and government.
Northern Ireland resulted from the division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act in 1920.
In July 1921, a truce was called ending a three-year guerrilla war launched by the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
In December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was concluded between the British government and representatives of the Second Dáil, granting Ireland complete independence in its home affairs.
By 1921, the population of Ireland had decreased to slightly over four million, down from over eight million in 1841, due to the Great Famine and emigration.
In 1921, Dublin-based clubs broke away to form the Football Association of the Irish Free State after an incident where the IFA moved an Irish Cup semi-final replay from Dublin to Belfast.
Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony.
Violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland.
In 1922, James Joyce's novel Ulysses was published, which is considered one of the most important works of Modernist literature.
In May 1923, the Irish Civil War officially ended when Éamon de Valera issued a cease-fire order.
In 1928, An Taibhdhearc, the national Irish-language theatre, was established in Galway.
In 1929, elections in Northern Ireland began using the "first-past-the-post" system, leading to the Ulster Unionist Party controlling the government and further alienating the minority Catholic community.
In 1937, a new constitution was adopted, completing a process of gradual separation from the British Empire.
In September 1941, German intelligence operations in Ireland ended with arrests based on surveillance in Dublin.
In 1941, Belfast suffered four bombing raids as part of Northern Ireland being part of the United Kingdom during the Second World War.
In 1947, Fred Daly wins the British Open
In 1948, the Irish Free State declared itself a republic with the Republic of Ireland Act, becoming increasingly sovereign over the preceding decades.
In 1949, Máirtín Ó Cadhain's novel Cré na Cille was published, which is regarded as a modernist masterpiece.
In 1949, the state was officially declared to be the Republic of Ireland.
In 1950, FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories.
In 1951, Ernest Walton won the Nobel Prize in Physics for being the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means.
In 1953, FIFA directed that the FAI's team be known only as "Republic of Ireland" and that the IFA's team be known as "Northern Ireland".
In 1953, an Irish government survey found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey.
In 1958, Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals, reaching the quarter-finals.
By 1961, the population continued to fall post-famine.
In 1967, astronomer Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered pulsars.
In 1969, the Provisional IRA emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army and initiated a campaign against the "British occupation of the six counties" in pursuit of a united Ireland.
In 1970, the last European won the US Open, before Graeme McDowell's victory in 2010.
In 1972, due to the civil unrest during the Troubles, the British government suspended home rule and imposed direct rule over Northern Ireland.
Until 1972, Northern Ireland was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.
In 1973, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom acceded to the European Economic Community (EEC), which was a precursor to the European Union.
In 1973, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, with Northern Ireland as part of it, joined the European Economic Community.
In 1973, there was an unsuccessful attempt to end the Troubles politically with the Sunningdale Agreement.
In 1982, Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals.
In 1986, Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals.
Beginning in 1987 the economy improved, leading to substantial economic growth in the 1990s.
In 1988, the Republic of Ireland qualified for the European Championship.
In 1990, the Republic of Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals, reaching the quarter-finals.
In 1991, Ireland hosted games during the Rugby World Cup, including a quarter-final.
In 1994, Armagh was re-granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II, having lost that status in local government reforms of 1840.
In 1994, Irish rugby became increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional.
In 1994, the Republic of Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals.
Violence decreased greatly after the Provisional IRA and loyalist ceasefires in 1994.
Between 1995 and 1999, the Republic's real GDP grew by an average of 9.6% per annum.
In 1995, Sonia O'Sullivan won a gold medal at the World Championships in the 5,000 metres event.
In 1995, a period of rapid economic expansion began in the Republic of Ireland, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period.
Ireland experienced a heat wave in 1995.
In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the Good Friday Agreement was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments.
In 1999, Ireland hosted games during the Rugby World Cup, including a quarter-final.
In 1999, John B. Cosgrave discovered a 2000-digit prime number.
In 1999, economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the Corrib Gas Field off the coast of County Mayo.
In 1999, the Republic of Ireland joined the euro.
In 2000, John B. Cosgrave discovered a 2000-digit prime number.
In 2000, Sonia O'Sullivan won a silver medal at the Sydney Olympics in the 5,000 metres event.
In 2000, the Helvick oil field was discovered, estimated to contain over 28 million barrels of oil.
In 2000, the Republic of Ireland was the sixth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.
In 2001, Kilkenny ceased to be a city for administrative purposes due to the Local Government Act, but it is entitled by law to continue to use the description.
In 2002, the Republic of Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals.
In 2003, Gaelic football accounted for 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16%, and rugby at 8%.
In 2003, Gillian O'Sullivan won a silver medal in the 20k walk at the World Championships.
In 2003, John B. Cosgrave discovered a record composite Fermat number.
Ireland experienced a heat wave in 2003.
In 2004, the Irish International side won a Triple Crown in the Six Nations Championship.
Since 2004, there has been increased research and development in renewable energy, such as wind power, in the Republic of Ireland.
Since the European Union expanded to include Poland in 2004, Polish people have comprised the largest number of immigrants (over 150,000) from Central Europe.
In 2005, the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign, and an independent commission supervised its disarmament and that of other nationalist and unionist paramilitary organisations.
Since 2005, Katie Taylor has won gold in every European and World championship.
As of 2006, 4.3 million Canadians, or 14% of the population, were of Irish descent.
As of 2006, there were 420,000 foreign nationals in the Republic of Ireland, representing about 10% of the population.
Between the 2006 and 2011 census, the Muslim community in the Republic of Ireland experienced a 50% increase, mostly through increased immigration.
In 2006, County Leitrim became the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine.
In 2006, Derval O'Rourke won gold at the World Indoor Championship in Moscow in sprint hurdles.
In 2006, Munster won the Heineken Cup.
In 2006, salmon fishing received a boost with the closing of the salmon driftnet fishery.
In 2006, the Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare.
Ireland experienced a heat wave in 2006.
In July 2007, Pádraig Harrington became the first Irishman since 1947 to win the British Open at Carnoustie.
From 2007, international rugby and soccer were played at Croke Park during the redevelopment of the Lansdowne Road stadium.
In 2007, the Assembly and power-sharing Executive were restored, and the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner) and began withdrawing troops.
In 2007, the Irish International side won a Triple Crown in the Six Nations Championship.
In July 2008, Pádraig Harrington successfully defended his British Open title.
In 2008, Kenneth Egan won a silver medal and Paddy Barnes secured bronze at the Beijing Olympic Games.
In 2008, Munster won the Heineken Cup.
In 2008, the rapid economic expansion of the Celtic Tiger period came to an end due to the post-2008 Irish economic downturn.
The post-2008 Irish economic downturn dramatically ended the period of boom. GDP fell by 3% in 2008.
Up to 50,000 eastern and central European migrant workers left Ireland in response to the post-2008 Irish economic downturn.
In 2009, CNBC stated Irish whiskey remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades, characterizing it as less smoky than Scotch and less sweet than American or Canadian whiskies.
In 2009, GDP fell by 7.1%, the worst year since records began, although earnings by foreign-owned businesses continued to grow.
In 2009, Leinster won the Heineken Cup and the Irish International side achieved a Grand Slam in the Six Nations Championship.
In 2009, Olive Loughnane won a silver medal in the 20k walk at the World Athletics Championships in Berlin.
In 2009, nearly a quarter (24 percent) of births in the Republic of Ireland were to mothers born outside of Ireland.
In 2009, the Republic of Ireland experienced an economic depression following the post-2008 economic downturn.
During the winter of 2010-11, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather with temperatures falling as low as −17.2 °C in County Mayo on December 20.
In 2010, Graeme McDowell became the first Irish golfer to win the U.S. Open, and the first European to win that tournament since 1970.
In 2010, Paddy Barnes secured gold in the European Amateur Boxing Championships and the Commonwealth Games.
In a 2010 survey conducted on behalf of the Irish Times, 32% of respondents said they went to a religious service more than once per week.
Since just before the year 2010, Bundoran has hosted European championship surfing.
Until 2010, international rugby and soccer were played at Croke Park during the redevelopment of the Lansdowne Road stadium.
Between the 2006 and 2011 census, the Muslim community in the Republic of Ireland experienced a 50% increase, mostly through increased immigration.
In 2011, Leinster won the Heineken Cup.
In 2011, Rory McIlroy won the U.S. Open and Darren Clarke won the Open Championship at Royal St. George's.
On June 27, 2012, Northern Ireland's deputy first minister and former IRA commander, Martin McGuinness, shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast, symbolizing reconciliation between the two sides.
In August 2012, Rory McIlroy won his 2nd major championship by winning the USPGA Championship by a record margin of 8 shots.
In August 2012, at the Olympic Games in London, Katie Taylor became the first Irish woman to win a gold medal in boxing in the 60 kg lightweight category.
In 2012, Leinster won the Heineken Cup.
In 2012, research showed that the occurrence of genetic markers for the earliest farmers was almost eliminated by Beaker-culture immigrants, with a new Y-chromosome R1b marker.
In 2012, the Republic of Ireland qualified for the European Championship.
In 2012, unemployment, which doubled during 2009, remained above 14%.
As of 2013, there were 40 million Irish-Americans and 33 million Americans who claimed Irish ancestry.
Ireland experienced a heat wave in 2013.
In 2014, the Republic of Ireland ranked as one of the top 10 markets for clean-technology investment in the Global Green Economy Index.
In 2015, the Republic of Ireland was ranked the sixth most developed nation in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index.
In 2016, Northern Ireland qualified for the European Championship.
In 2016, a referendum on EU membership was held in the UK which resulted in 51.9% of UK voters choosing to leave the bloc.
In 2018, the Irish International side achieved a Grand Slam in the Six Nations Championship.
Ireland experienced a heat wave in 2018.
In 2020, Kellie Harrington won a gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics.
In 2020, the UK left the European Union after a referendum on EU membership was held in 2016 which resulted in 51.9% of UK voters choosing to leave the bloc.
In 2020, the United Kingdom, including Northern Ireland, officially left the European Union (EU). Northern Ireland was granted a limited special status, allowing it to operate within the EU single market for goods.
As of 2021, the GDP of the Republic of Ireland was €423.5 billion (nominal) with a GDP per capita of €84,049.9 (nominal). In Northern Ireland in 2021, the GDP was £52 billion (GVA Balanced) and GDP per capita was £27,154 (GVA Balanced).
Since 2021, the earliest evidence of human activity in Ireland has been dated to 33,000 years ago.
In 2022, the population of the entire island of Ireland was just over 7 million, with 5.1 million residing in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland.
In 2023, there was a comparison of the monthly cost of living and average wage after tax in Northern Ireland versus those in the Republic of Ireland.
According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Ireland is the second most peaceful country in the world.
In 2024, Ireland was ranked 19th in the Global Innovation Index, reflecting its standing in global innovation.
In 2025, Ireland is ranked 10th in the ICC Men's Test Team Rankings with a rating of 30.
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