Mississippi, located in the Southeastern United States, ranks as the 32nd largest state by area and 35th in population. Bordered by Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Gulf of Mexico, its western edge primarily follows the Mississippi River. Despite its low per-capita income ranking, Mississippi boasts a rich history and diverse geography. The state capital, Jackson, also holds the title of largest city, with its metropolitan area, Greater Jackson, reaching a population of 591,978 in 2020.
By 1900, African Americans constituted more than half of Mississippi's population.
By 1900, the Social Gospel movement, which emphasized applying Christian ethics to social and economic issues, gained traction among many white ministers in Mississippi, particularly in urban areas.
By 1900, two-thirds of farm owners in Mississippi were Black, highlighting a significant achievement for these communities. They accomplished this by clearing land, engaging in timber sales, and developing bottomland.
In 1908, Mississippi enacted statewide prohibition, banning the sale and consumption of alcohol.
Between 1910 and 1930, many Chinese families migrated to Mississippi from other states, establishing small, family-run grocery stores in the Delta region.
By 1910, a majority of black farmers in the Mississippi Delta had lost their land and were forced into sharecropping.
Mississippi experienced devastating floods in 1912 and 1913, which contributed to the state's growing reliance on agriculture becoming increasingly costly.
Mississippi's cotton crops suffered from boll weevil infestations and severe flooding in 1912, creating economic hardship for many, particularly African American farmers.
Northwestern Mississippi faced significant flooding in 1912, causing substantial damage to the levee system and highlighting the need for improved flood control measures.
Mississippi experienced devastating floods in 1912 and 1913, which contributed to the state's growing reliance on agriculture becoming increasingly costly.
Starting around 1913, tens of thousands of African Americans began leaving Mississippi as part of the Great Migration, seeking better opportunities in northern cities.
The cotton crop failures and flooding continued into 1913, exacerbating the difficult conditions faced by African Americans and allowing white planters to expand their land ownership.
The flooding that began in 1912 continued into 1913, further devastating northwestern Mississippi and emphasizing the urgency for effective flood control solutions.
Responding to the devastating floods in the Mississippi River Valley, including those in Mississippi in 1912-1913, the U.S. Congress passed a national flood control bill in 1917. This legislation aimed to provide federal funding to support local levee districts in their flood control efforts.
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing women the right to vote, was officially certified and took effect in August 1920.
The collapse of cotton prices after 1920 further strained Mississippi's agriculture-dependent economy.
By 1920, a generation after the end of slavery, most African Americans in Mississippi had become landless laborers and faced widespread poverty.
Further national flood control legislation was enacted in 1923, providing additional federal matching funds for local levee districts. This legislation aimed to strengthen flood control infrastructure and mitigate the impact of future floods.
In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) released a report highlighting the unsafe living conditions for African Americans in Mississippi, where they faced constant threats of violence and lynching.
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 breached the levee system, causing widespread destruction in the Mississippi Delta. The flood resulted in significant property damage, livestock loss, and crop destruction, highlighting the limitations of existing flood control measures.
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 devastated the state, causing widespread flooding and homelessness. This event compounded the economic hardships faced by Mississippi, which had been grappling with agricultural struggles since the early 20th century.
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 led to widespread flooding in the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, impacting 27,000 square miles and displacing countless residents. This catastrophic event resulted in millions of dollars in property damage and exacerbated the state's economic struggles.
A severe drought struck Mississippi in 1930, adding to the state's economic woes that had been mounting since the beginning of the century.
According to the 1930 U.S. Census, Mississippi's population reached 2 million people, marking a significant milestone in the state's demographic history.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, African Americans in Mississippi faced significant challenges in obtaining credit and were subjected to Jim Crow laws and racial segregation. This period, extending to 1930, was marked by increased violence against blacks, including numerous lynchings.
Mississippi experienced its highest recorded temperature in 1930, when the mercury hit 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46 degrees Celsius) in Holly Springs, a city in the northern part of the state.
Between 1910 and 1930, many Chinese families migrated to Mississippi from other states, establishing small, family-run grocery stores in the Delta region.
The Great Migration of African Americans from Mississippi to northern cities continued until 1940, driven by a search for better living conditions and escape from discrimination.
Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 declaring segregated schools unconstitutional, Mississippi continued to operate segregated schools until the late 1960s.
In 1954, Mississippi established the Sovereignty Commission, a state-funded agency tasked with upholding segregation. This coincided with the formation of White Citizens' Councils, which aimed to resist school integration following the Brown v. Board of Education ruling.
By 1960, due to the significant outmigration during the Great Migrations, African Americans had become a minority in Mississippi, constituting 42% of the state's population. Despite this, they continued to face discriminatory voting practices.
In 1961, the Supreme Court case Torcaso v. Watkins deemed Mississippi's constitutional provision barring atheists from holding office as unconstitutional.
The Freedom Summer campaign of 1964 aimed to register black voters in Mississippi. The murders of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner during this period exposed the violent resistance to black enfranchisement.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a significant step towards ending segregation and discrimination in the United States. It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, paving the way for greater equality.
In 1964, the same year as the landmark federal Civil Rights Act, Mississippi enacted its own set of laws aimed at circumventing the federal legislation and perpetuating racial discrimination. These laws were later struck down by federal courts in 1967.
Following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, African Americans in Mississippi began to exercise their right to vote more freely after decades of disenfranchisement. This marked a turning point in the struggle for civil rights.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked a turning point for black suffrage in Mississippi, leading to increased black voter registration and political participation.
The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner galvanized support for the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a landmark piece of legislation that aimed to overcome legal barriers to African American suffrage.
In 1966, Mississippi became the last state to repeal its statewide prohibition law, ending an era of alcohol prohibition and allowing for the legal sale and consumption of alcohol.
Mississippi repealed its statewide prohibition law in 1966, ending an era of alcohol prohibition that had been in effect since 1908.
The coldest temperature ever recorded in Mississippi was -19 degrees Fahrenheit (-28 degrees Celsius). This occurred in 1966 in Corinth, located in the northeastern part of the state.
In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that Virginia's ban on interracial marriage was unconstitutional, setting a precedent for similar laws in other states, including Mississippi.
The year 1967 saw a rise in black political participation in Mississippi, with African American candidates running for state and local offices, signifying a shift in the political landscape.
On August 17, 1969, Hurricane Camille, a powerful Category 5 hurricane, made landfall on the Mississippi coast, causing widespread destruction and resulting in the deaths of 248 people.
Hurricane Camille, a catastrophic storm, struck Mississippi in 1969, causing widespread damage and loss of life.
The Second Great Migration, which began in the 1940s, saw a significant exodus of African Americans from Mississippi to northern and western states, seeking better opportunities and escaping racial discrimination. This migration lasted until 1970.
The Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) experienced rapid growth in Mississippi in 1973, attracting many conservative congregations.
By 1976, there was an increase in the number of African American representatives in the Mississippi state legislature, marking progress in achieving political representation for the black community.
The 1980 U.S. Census revealed that 656,371 Mississippians, out of a total population of 1,946,775, identified as having English ancestry, representing 38% of the state's population at that time.
From 1981 to 2005, Mississippi consistently ranked among the top four states in the nation for federal spending relative to taxes collected.
Mississippi ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in March 1984, which granted women the right to vote.
Twenty years after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Virginia's similar law in the Loving v. Virginia case of 1967, Mississippi repealed its own ban on interracial marriage in 1987. This ban, known as miscegenation, had been in effect since 1890.
Mississippi took a step towards dismantling its segregationist past by repealing the poll tax in 1989, a measure that had been used to disenfranchise African American voters.
In 2000, 96.4% of Mississippi residents aged five and above reported speaking only English at home, showing a decline from 97.2% in 1990.
The legalization of casino gambling along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast in 1990 marked a turning point for Mississippi's economy. This decision spurred increased tourism and revenue for the state, transforming towns like Bay St. Louis, Gulfport, Biloxi, Tunica, Greenville, Vicksburg, and Natchez into gambling destinations.
In a symbolic gesture, Mississippi ratified the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1995. This amendment, which abolished slavery, had been adopted in 1865.
Mississippi ranked third highest nationally in 1995 for its ratio of federal spending to tax receipts, receiving $1.54 in federal spending for every dollar of taxes paid.
A 2002 report highlighted that a 1999 survey suggested one-third of children in Mississippi were obese, with higher rates in the Delta region.
In 2000, 96.4% of Mississippi residents aged five and above reported speaking only English at home, showing a decline from 97.2% in 1990.
The 2010 United States census recorded 6,286 same-sex unmarried-partner households in Mississippi, marking a significant increase from the 2000 census.
The year 2000 marked the beginning of a significant shift in how Mississippi residents self-identified their race. This period saw a notable increase in the number of people identifying as mixed-race, reflecting changing societal norms and a departure from the traditional binary racial categories.
A 2002 report highlighted that a 1999 survey suggested one-third of children in Mississippi were obese, with higher rates in the Delta region.
Between 2002 and 2005, a significant portion of federal subsidies intended for farmers in the Bolivar County region of the Mississippi Delta, totaling $1.2 billion, went to large mechanized plantations.
In 2004, Mississippi voters overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage in the state, reflecting the prevailing sentiment at the time.
The devastating Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 caused significant damage to coastal casinos, resulting in an estimated daily tax revenue loss of $500,000. This event highlighted the vulnerability of Mississippi's gambling industry to natural disasters.
Despite weakening to a Category 3 storm before making landfall, Hurricane Katrina caused widespread devastation across a 90-mile stretch of the Mississippi Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005. The storm's impact was felt from Louisiana to Alabama.
Following the devastating impact of Hurricane Katrina on coastal casinos, Governor Haley Barbour signed a bill on October 17, 2005, permitting casinos in Hancock and Harrison counties to rebuild on land within 800 feet of the water. This legislation aimed to support the recovery of the state's gambling industry.
Between 2002 and 2005, a significant portion of federal subsidies intended for farmers in the Bolivar County region of the Mississippi Delta, totaling $1.2 billion, went to large mechanized plantations.
Mississippi held the highest obesity rate among U.S. states from 2005 to 2008.
In 2005, Mississippi ranked second highest in the nation in terms of the ratio of federal spending to tax receipts. For every dollar of taxes paid, Mississippi citizens received $2.02 in federal spending, largely influenced by the substantial federal aid provided after Hurricane Katrina.
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina ravaged Mississippi, resulting in the deaths of 238 people. The storm surge inflicted near-total destruction on structures in and around Gulfport, Biloxi, and Pascagoula, highlighting the state's vulnerability to hurricanes.
In a bid to bolster economic growth and employment prospects, Mississippi implemented Momentum Mississippi in 2005. This public-private partnership aimed to foster economic development and create job opportunities throughout the state.
A 2006 study revealed that 22.8% of children in Mississippi were classified as obese.
A 2006 survey indicated that nearly 95% of adults in Mississippi recognized childhood obesity as a significant concern.
Mississippi had the lowest per capita personal income in the US at $26,908 in 2006, though it also boasted the nation's lowest living costs.
A report by the US Census Bureau on August 30, 2007, designated Mississippi as the poorest state in the nation.
Mississippi students scored the lowest nationwide in both math and science on the National Assessments of Educational Progress in 2007, raising concerns about the state's education system.
From 2005 to 2008, Mississippi had the highest rates of obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and adult inactivity in the United States. A 2008 study identified risk factors for African-American women in Mississippi, including limited awareness of body mass index (BMI), dietary habits, physical inactivity, and a lack of social support.
In 2008, Mississippi ranked last in academic achievement according to the American Legislative Exchange Council, with the lowest average ACT scores but a high national ranking in average SAT scores due to a low participation rate.
In 2008, a Gallup poll revealed that 85% of Mississippians regarded religion as a significant aspect of their daily lives, ranking highest among all states.
A 2009 Gallup poll placed Mississippi as the state with the highest percentage of residents (63%) who reported attending church weekly or almost weekly.
Mississippi repealed a set of discriminatory civil rights laws that had been passed in 1964 but deemed unconstitutional by federal courts in 1967. Governor Haley Barbour, a Republican, signed the bill into law.
In 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported the Southern Baptist Convention as the largest religious denomination in Mississippi with 907,384 adherents.
The 2010 United States census recorded 6,286 same-sex unmarried-partner households in Mississippi, marking a significant increase from the 2000 census.
By 2010, Mississippi had the highest rate of increase in its mixed-race population compared to any other state in the United States. This 70% surge over the decade reflected a growing trend of individuals embracing and identifying with multiple racial backgrounds.
In 2010, Mississippi's total state product was estimated at $98 billion by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
In 2010, Mississippi had the highest proportion of African Americans in the United States. The African American population had begun to increase, primarily due to a younger demographic compared to the white population.
By 2010, Mississippi remained a stronghold for the PCA, with a significant membership exceeding that of the PC(USA). The state had 121 PCA congregations and 18,500 members.
Data from the 2011-2012 school year indicated that Mississippi had the highest percentage of students experiencing corporal punishment among all states.
In 2011, over half (53.8%) of Mississippi's population under the age of one were minorities, indicating at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.
Mississippi and Arkansas had the lowest number of dentists per capita in the United States in 2011.
The Sierra Club filed a lawsuit against the US Department of Energy over its investment in a coal gasification plant being constructed by Mississippi Power in 2011.
Data from the 2011-2012 school year indicated that Mississippi had the highest percentage of students experiencing corporal punishment among all states.
Mississippi ranked sixth in gambling revenue among US states in 2012, generating $2.25 billion. The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians' casino played a role in this achievement, with its revenue allocated towards education and economic development.
Renewable energy sources accounted for a mere 0.05% of Mississippi Power's energy mix in 2012, highlighting the state's limited adoption of renewables.
Mississippi Power, the primary energy provider in southeast Mississippi, launched a program in 2014 aimed at contracting 210 MW of solar power, with the possibility of scaling up to 525 MW. This initiative aimed to diversify the state's energy portfolio and promote renewable energy adoption.
In 2014, Mississippi Power agreed to implement net metering and provide 100 MW of wind or solar power purchase agreements as part of a settlement. Mississippi, alongside Florida, lacks the capacity for standard commercial wind power due to the absence of locations with a minimum 30% capacity factor.
By 2014, the Pew Research Center reported that 83% of Mississippi's population identified as Christian.
A 2014 Pew Research Center poll revealed that a majority (59%) of Mississippians believe abortion should be mostly illegal, reflecting the state's restrictive stance on the issue.
A 2014 study by the Pew Research Center identified evangelical Protestantism as the most common Christian affiliation in Mississippi.
On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in Mississippi.
Mississippi experienced a GDP growth rate of 0.5 percent in 2015. The state's adjusted per capita personal income also reached $40,105 in 2015.
Mississippi passed HB 1523 in April 2016, which allows refusal of service to same-sex couples on religious grounds, sparking significant controversy and legal battles.
Around 2016, Mississippi saw over 31,000 students subjected to corporal punishment, highlighting its prevalence in the state's schools.
Mississippi's GDP growth was projected to reach 2.4 percent in 2016, marking two successive years of economic expansion following the recession, according to state economist Darrin Webb.
Mississippi's state sales tax experienced a growth rate of 1.4 percent in 2016.
In October 2017, a federal appeals court ruled in favor of Mississippi's HB 1523, upholding the controversial law that allows service refusal to same-sex couples based on religious beliefs.
A 2017 study revealed that Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Mississippi held the largest market share (53%) among health insurers in the state, followed by UnitedHealth Group at 13%.
The growth of Mississippi's state sales tax was projected to be slightly lower in 2017 compared to the previous year.
Mississippi had the eighth-highest rate of impaired driving deaths in the US in 2018, despite being the only state permitting open containers of beer in vehicles.
A lawsuit challenging The Mississippi Plan, an 1890 election law with a dual-win requirement for candidates, was filed in 2019, prompting a significant change in the state's electoral system.
Mississippi recorded its highest ever unemployment rate in April 2020, reaching 15.6% due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mississippi officially retired its state flag, which featured the Confederate battle flag, on June 30, 2020, becoming the last U.S. state to do so. Governor Tate Reeves signed the law marking the end of the controversial emblem's official status.
Mississippi voters chose the "New Magnolia" flag as their new state flag in a referendum held during the general election on November 3, 2020. The design, featuring a magnolia flower and the words "In God We Trust," replaced the previous flag that included the Confederate battle emblem.
A 2020 study ranked Mississippi as the fourth most challenging state for citizens to exercise their right to vote, highlighting the barriers faced by voters in the state.
The 2020 U.S. Census reported Mississippi's population at 2.9 million, indicating a relatively slow growth rate compared to its neighboring Gulf Coast states, Alabama and Louisiana.
In 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute conducted a study revealing that 80% of Mississippi's population identified as Christian.
In 2020, Jackson, Mississippi's capital and largest city, had a population of 591,978 within its metropolitan area, making it the state's most populous metropolitan region.
On January 11, 2021, the "New Magnolia" flag officially became the state flag of Mississippi. This followed the signing of the legislation by the state legislature and the governor, solidifying the results of the November 2020 referendum.
The Supreme Court's 6-3 decision in Jones v. Mississippi in 2021 upheld a Mississippi law permitting mandatory life sentences without parole for minors, sparking debate about juvenile sentencing.
A 2022 Public Religion study indicated that 84% of Mississippi's population identified as Christian, encompassing various denominations.
Data from the Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey provides insights into religious self-identification in Mississippi.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report estimated that there were approximately 1,196 homeless individuals in Mississippi, shedding light on the state's challenges related to homelessness.
Mississippi's unemployment rate showed improvement from 3.9% in January 2023 to 3.7% in February 2023.
Mississippi's unemployment rate stood at 3.7% in February 2023, ranking it as the eleventh highest in the US alongside Arizona, Massachusetts, and West Virginia.
Despite having significant potential for solar energy, Mississippi has yet to fully embrace this renewable resource. By early 2023, the state had an installed solar capacity of 438 MW, positioning it at 36th in the US.
The estimated $500,000 daily tax revenue loss from Hurricane Katrina's impact on coastal casinos in August 2005 is equivalent to $780,031 in 2023.