Pokémon is a highly successful Japanese media franchise spanning video games, animation, trading cards, and more. It centers on a world where humans and Pokémon, creatures with unique abilities, coexist. Primarily aimed at children, its appeal extends to all ages, making it the highest-grossing media franchise globally and one of the best-selling video game series.
In 1932, the film Freaks inspired Satoshi Tajiri when creating the doujinshi magazine titled Game Freak.
Satoshi Tajiri, the founder of Game Freak and the creator of Pokémon, was born in August 1965 in Machida, a suburb of Tokyo.
In March 1983, Satoshi Tajiri self-published the first issue of his doujinshi magazine titled Game Freak at the age of 17.
In 1985, Arakawa allocated an enormous budget to Pokémon's launch, approximately the same amount as the launch budget of the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985.
In 1986, Satoshi Tajiri, Ken Sugimori, and other enthusiasts started an informal development team called Game Freak, named after Tajiri's magazine.
In 1987, 4Kids Entertainment became NoA's licensing agent. Alfred R. Kahn, CEO of 4Kids Entertainment, later played a pivotal role in Pokemon's global expansion.
In 1987, while playing Dragon Quest II for the Famicom (NES), Satoshi Tajiri was inspired by the game's randomly appearing items, which eventually contributed to the concept of Pokémon.
On April 26, 1989, Satoshi Tajiri officially incorporated Game Freak Co., Ltd.
In 1989, The Final Fantasy Legend was an influence on Satoshi Tajiri when conceiving the Pokemon game, being the first RPG for the Game Boy.
After the initial development phase of Pocket Monsters in 1990 and 1991, the staff tinkered with it from time to time.
At the beginning of 1990, the development contract for Pocket Monsters was signed with Nintendo, with a planned delivery of the game in October.
After the initial development phase of Pocket Monsters in 1990 and 1991, the staff tinkered with it from time to time.
From 1991 onwards, Japan's economy stagnated, causing the country to lose its status as an economic superpower, though the country would re-emerge later as a source of cultural goods.
In 1991, Tsunekazu Ishihara became the vice-president of Ape Inc.
In 1993, Magic: The Gathering, the first collectible card game (CCG) in history, was released in the United States, gaining popularity in North America, Europe, and Asia. This influenced the creation of the Pokemon Trading Card Game, which is considered a simplified version of Magic.
In 1994, Akihiko Miura, Kōichi Ōyama, and Takumi Akabane who later designed the Pokemon Trading Card Game, worked on EarthBound. Miura was the main designer, Ōyama was the art director, and Akabane was one of the chief debuggers for EarthBound.
In the summer of 1994, after the release of Pulseman, Tajiri decided to make a serious effort towards finishing Pocket Monsters.
Pocket Monsters Red and Green were finally finished in December 1995.
In 1995, Ishihara pitched the Pokemon card game to Nintendo, who agreed to manufacture the cards. Later in 1995, Satoshi Kayama, director of Media Factory, contacted Ishihara and offered to distribute the card game, signing the contract near the end of the year.
In February 1996, the franchise began with the release of role-playing games on the Game Boy. These games, developed by Game Freak, became sleeper hits and started the franchise.
On February 27, 1996, Pocket Monsters Red and Green were released. Nintendo had no high expectations for the games, and media largely ignored them.
On April 15, 1996, the May issue of CoroCoro announced the "Legendary Pokemon Offer", centered around a mysterious, secret Pokemon called Mew, to further promote Red and Green.
In August 1996, Kubo convinced Shogakukan to create an anime adaptation of Pokemon. Nintendo was initially reluctant, and Ishihara opposed the idea fearing it would overly hasten the 'consumption' of the property.
On October 20, 1996, the first Pokemon card set was released in Japan. Despite being ignored by the media, except for CoroCoro, the cards became an instant success upon release.
In 1996, Minoru Arakawa, founder and then-president of Nintendo of America, played one of the Pokemon titles and thought the games were promising, but Nintendo of Japan had no plans at the time to release them elsewhere. He tested the game on his employees but they did not believe it would work in the US market. They considered a graphical redesign to enhance the franchise's coolness, but ultimately decided against it.
On April 1, 1997, Pocket Monsters premiered on TV Tokyo. By November, it had become the highest-rated program on the channel.
On the evening of December 16, 1997, the Pokemon franchise was hit by a crisis related to the broadcast of the anime's 38th episode, "Dennō Senshi Porygon" (Computer Warrior Porygon). The episode triggered adverse health effects in over 10,000 viewers due to bright, rapidly swapping red and blue flashes.
In late November 1997, NoJ president Hiroshi Yamauchi officially approved the Pokémon project, which was subsequently announced at Space World 1997. However, three weeks later, the "Dennō Senshi Porygon" incident happened, which made more people resistant to the idea of an overseas introduction.
The Tamagotchi fad (1997–98), centered around a portable digital pet device, was said to have "paved the way for Pokémon".
On April 16, 1998, the anime series returned after being halted due to the "Dennō Senshi Porygon" incident. During the hiatus, ShoPro and OLM worked on a feature Pokemon film.
On April 23, 1998, Pokémon Center Co. Ltd. was founded as a joint venture by Nintendo, Creatures, and Game Freak to manage specialized merchandise stores called Pokémon Centers.
On July 18, 1998, the film, titled Pocket Monsters the Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back (Pokémon: The First Movie), premiered and became the fourth highest grossing film of the year in Japan.
On July 18, 1998, the first Pokémon Center location opened in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, marking the beginning of specialized merchandise stores for the franchise.
On September 7, 1998, the Pokémon anime was first broadcast in North America. On September 28, 1998, Pokémon Red Version and Blue Version were released. To localize the card game, Nintendo contracted Wizards of the Coast.
On November 23, 1998, the release of the Game Boy Color coincided with the North American launch of Pokémon.
By December 1998, the Pokémon anime had become the highest-rated syndicated children's show during the weekdays in North America.
In 1998, Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures established The Pokémon Company (TPC) to manage the Pokémon property within Asia.
In 1998, Norman J. Grossfeld of 4Kids strongly believed that the Pokémon anime should be Americanized. Kahn decided to self-finance Pokémon's production costs, spending a fortune on the localization. To have it broadcast in syndication, 4Kids offered the show for free to local TV stations across the country, in exchange for a portion of the advertising revenue. NoA assisted, spending a total of $5 million on advertisement space.
In 1998, Pokémon was exported to the rest of the world, leading to a global phenomenon known as "Pokémania".
On January 9, 1999, the Pokémon Trading Card Game was officially launched nationwide, although pre-sold in select stores in December.
On February 13, 1999, Pokémon launched on the Kids' WB national television block. The debut episode became the most watched premiere in Kids' WB's history.
By April 1999, there was a general consensus in the US that Pokémon had become a phenomenon, referred to by some as "Pokémania."
The Columbine High School massacre occurred on April 20, 1999, during the height of Pokémania, leading to scrutiny of violent television, music, and games. In comparison, Pokémon was considered relatively tame.
In August 1999, severe scarcity occurred of Pokémon goods, especially Pokémon cards, in the US, causing companies to miss profits. A Toys "R" Us manager reported that a supply of 600 booster packs would last 24 hours. Wizards hired more employees and printers to increase card production.
In September 1999, US-based law firm Milberg filed a class-action lawsuit claiming that Pokémon booster packs constitute a form of lottery and promote gambling in kids. The suit is believed to have been settled.
In November 1999, Pokémon: The First Movie premiered in North America and became one of the most successful Japanese animated films ever, despite negative reviews. To support the American release, a massive promotional campaign with Burger King led to supply issues due to high demand for Pokémon toys. Tragically, on December 27, Burger King recalled its Poké Ball toy after a 13-month-old girl died from suffocating on one.
In November 1999, USA Today reported that factories making Hasbro's Pokémon toys had expanded production by 20 times, but demand still exceeded supply in the US.
In November 1999, incidents related to Pokémon, including violence, burglaries, robberies, and shoplifting, peaked in the US. These incidents were connected to the Pokémon cards and involved underage individuals.
On November 12, 1999, Pokémon: The First Movie premiered in the United States. The South Park episode "Chinpokomon" satirizing Pokémon also aired on November 3, 1999, portraying it as a low-quality line of products part of an evil Japanese plan.
In 1999, Nintendo experienced a 250% increase in profits compared to the previous year, reaching a six-year high, largely due to the Pokémon craze. The Pokémon franchise accounted for over 30% of Nintendo's revenue during that year, significantly boosting the sales of the Game Boy line. This financial surge occurred as Nintendo was losing ground in the home console market to Sony's PlayStation.
In 1999, Pokémon became an unprecedented, ubiquitous fad in the Western world. Time magazine described it as "a multimedia and interactive barrage like no other before it".
In North America, Pokémania peaked in 1999, marking the height of the franchise's popularity before it began to slow down in the following year.
In the summer of 1999, a surge in stocks of publicly traded Pokémon licensees dramatically increased their value. However, by November 1999, investors, anticipating a peak and fall in Pokémon's popularity, started shorting their shares, demonstrating bearish sentiment about the franchise's future prospects.
In February 2000, Pokémon: The First Movie premiered in European countries. The film received negative reviews, being decried as a cheap animated cash-in.
In April 2000, Pokémon-related delinquency reached a head in England. High prices on the grey market were a motive behind some of the crimes, "posing a great temptation for older kids and bullies to take advantage of weaker children".
On April 29, 2000, the Pokémon anime was bumped off Kids' WB's No. 1 spot after holding it for 54 weeks. Around the same time, Pokémon was surpassed at Fox Kids by its rival Digimon.
On September 4, 2000, 4Kids, a firm that experienced a thirty-fold revenue increase due to Pokémon, was named the fastest-growing company in America in Fortune magazine.
In October 2000, the Pokemon Center Co. Ltd. was reconfigured into The Pokémon Company (TPC) with the goal of centralizing and streamlining the global management of Pokémon.
On October 15, 2000, Pokémon Gold and Silver, the successors to Red/Green/Blue, were released in North America.
By 2000, "Pokémania" was in full swing as the Pokémon franchise took the world by storm.
From 2000, Game Freak began developing Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, the successors to Gold and Silver, for the newly released Game Boy Advance.
In 2000, Pokémon remained a widespread fad in the Western world, continuing its multimedia and interactive barrage.
On January 20, 2001, The New York Times reported that the Pokémon trading card market had collapsed in the US, indicating a decline in the franchise's popularity.
In February 2001, Pokémon USA was established as an affiliated firm of The Pokémon Company, expanding the company's presence in North America.
On April 6, 2001, Pokémon Gold and Silver were released in Europe.
A June 2001 survey in the United Kingdom confirmed that Pokémon's popularity was waning there, reflecting a broader trend of declining interest in the franchise.
In October 2001, 4Kids Entertainment signed a new contract with Pokémon USA (PUSA), continuing to serve as Pokémon's exclusive licensing agent and anime localizer.
In 2001, an American Pokémon Center opened in New York City, expanding the franchise's retail presence internationally.
By 2002, the Pokémania fad was largely over globally, signaling a significant decline in the franchise's widespread popularity.
By 2002, the initial "Pokémania" craze had subsided, but Pokémon remained a fixture in popular culture, with new products continuing to be released.
In 2002, Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station, a variety show, started airing on TV Tokyo.
Until 2002, Game Freak developed Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, the successors to Gold and Silver, for the newly released Game Boy Advance.
In March 2003, Pokémon UK was established in London as a British representative of The Pokémon Company, further expanding its global presence.
In 2004, Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station, a variety show, stopped airing on TV Tokyo.
In 2004, scholars David Buckingham and Julian Sefton-Green argued that Nintendo's survival as one of Japan's most profitable corporations could be attributed to the success of Pokémon, emphasizing the franchise's crucial role in the company's financial stability.
In a 2004 essay, anthropologist Christine R. Yano claimed that the reactions to the Pokémon franchise at one point constituted a moral panic due to its impact on children.
On December 23, 2005, it was announced that the agreement between 4Kids Entertainment and Pokémon USA (PUSA) would not be renewed and would expire on December 31. PUSA took over all licensing in-house and localized the anime in cooperation with TAJ Productions. PUSA proceeded to replace almost all of the original English voice actors, sparking controversy among fans and the actors themselves.
In 2005, the American Pokémon Center in New York City was remodeled into Nintendo World, later renamed Nintendo New York, marking a shift in the retail focus.
On September 28, 2006, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl were released for the Nintendo DS in Japan, marking the fourth generation (Generation IV) in the Pokémon video game series. These games were designed with the DS's features in mind, such as its Wi-Fi capabilities and Game Boy Advance cartridge slot.
In 2006, Junichi Masuda referred to Diamond and Pearl as Gen 4.
On April 22, 2007, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl were released for the Nintendo DS in North America, further expanding the fourth generation (Generation IV) in the Pokémon video game series.
On March 22, 2009, Pokémon Platinum was released in North America, completing the launch of the fourth generation Pokémon series in this region.
In 2009, Pokémon USA and Pokémon UK merged to form The Pokémon Company International (TPCi), a subsidiary of The Pokémon Company (TPC) that manages the Pokémon franchise outside of Asia.
Since 2009, The Pokémon Company International (TPCi), a subsidiary of TPC, has managed the franchise in all regions outside Asia.
On September 18, 2010, Pokémon Black and White were released in Japan for the DS, introducing enhanced visual effects and increased use of 3D graphics. The developers excluded old Pokémon and introduced over 150 new Pokémon.
On March 6, 2011, Pokémon Black and White were released in North America for the DS. These games featured enhanced visual effects, an increased use of 3D graphics, and introduced over 150 new Pokémon to provide a sense of novelty.
Until 2011, Pokémon games were released exclusively on Nintendo's consoles.
On June 23, 2012, Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 were released in Japan, continuing the Generation V series with new adventures and features.
On October 7, 2012, Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 were released in North America, bringing the next installment of the Generation V series to players in this region.
On October 12, 2013, Pokémon X and Y were released worldwide for the 3DS, marking the first time Pokémon games were released simultaneously across the globe. The developers focused on the themes of "beauty", "bond", and "evolution" and introduced a new core mechanic where Pokémon could achieve a higher form of evolution by strengthening their bonds with trainers.
In 2013, Junichi Masuda referred to X and Y as the 6th generation of Pokémon games.
In 2014, the concept for Pokémon Go originated as a Google April Fools' Day joke called the "Google Maps Pokémon Challenge", conceived by Tsunekazu Ishihara and Satoru Iwata.
By the end of July 2016, Pokémon Go generated more than $160 million through in-game purchases, with daily revenue around $10 million. The same month, it surpassed $200 million in worldwide revenue, beating records set by Clash of Clans and Candy Crush, and its average daily usage on Android devices exceeded that of major social media platforms.
By September 2, 2016, Pokémon Go had generated over $440 million in worldwide revenue. By September 30, the game had reached 500 million downloads and grossed $470 million in 80 days. Pokémon Go reached $600 million in revenue after only 90 days on the market, becoming the fastest mobile game ever to achieve this milestone.
On November 18, 2016, Pokémon Sun and Moon were released worldwide for the 3DS, with a European release on November 23, 2016. Inspired by Hawaii, the developers aimed to focus on Pokémon as living creatures and express a respect for life, with the Sun and Moon influencing each other and life as a result.
In 2016, Pokémon Go, an augmented reality game developed by Niantic, spawned a worldwide craze.
In 2016, the Pokémon franchise experienced a second worldwide surge in popularity with the release of Pokémon Go, a mobile augmented reality game developed by Niantic. The game originated from a Google April Fools' Day joke in 2014.
In the summer of 2016, the franchise experienced a resurgence with the release of Pokémon Go, an augmented reality game developed by Niantic.
In 2018, Detective Pikachu, an adventure game, was released.
On November 15, 2019, Pokémon Sword and Shield were released for the Switch. These games were designed based on the theme of becoming the greatest or strongest, which was expressed through the Dynamax/Gigantamax Pokémon mechanic. The developers took advantage of the Switch's high resolution and TV connectivity to implement the games' gigantic-size core Pokémon mechanic.
In 2019, Detective Pikachu, a live-action/animated film based on the video game, was released.
In 2020, Pokémon the Movie: Secrets of the Jungle was released, marking the 23rd anime film in the franchise.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased popularity of Pokémon cards due to widespread ennui and leisure time. Influencers like Logan Paul further fueled the craze, resulting in supply shortages, safety concerns at retail outlets, and skyrocketing card values.
In January 2022, Pokémon Legends: Arceus was released for the Switch as a prequel to Diamond and Pearl. The game introduced real-time elements and a new approach to catching Pokémon, differing from traditional RPG mechanics. Its landscape was similar to those of The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.
In November 2022, Generation IX was introduced with the release of Pokémon Scarlet and Violet for the Switch. The games featured an entirely open-world experience and departed from traditional gym mechanics, opting for unique road quests. The improved multiplayer experience allowed for up to four players to travel together.
In September 2023, the DLC "The Teal Mask," part of The Hidden Treasure of Area Zero for Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, was released.
On October 20, 2023, a live-action television drama, Poketto ni Bōken o Tsumekonde ("A Pocketful of Adventures"), premiered on TV Tokyo.
In December 2023, the DLC "The Indigo Disk," part of The Hidden Treasure of Area Zero for Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, was released.
As of January 2024, there have been 1,025 Pokémon species that have been introduced.
On January 11, 2024, an epilogue to The Hidden Treasure of Area Zero for Pokémon Scarlet and Violet was released.
As of March 2025, over 489 million Pokémon game units have been sold worldwide, according to the official website of The Pokémon Company.
As of March 2025, over 75 billion Pokémon cards have been printed, according to the official website of The Pokémon Company.
On April 11, 2025, Pokémon Horizons – Rising Hope, the current season of the Pokémon anime, started airing.
As of September 2025, there are a total of 23 Pokémon merchandise shops operating in Japan.
On October 16, 2025, Pokémon Legends: Z-A was released for the Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2 as part of Generation IX. It is a successor to Legends: Arceus and returns to the Kalos region.
On December 10, 2025, the Mega Dimension DLC for Pokémon Legends: Z-A was released.
In 2025, a rare Pokémon card could be bought and sold for about $97 at specialty shops and online auctions.
In 2025, the dollar value from the 1900s has been adjusted for comparison purposes.
In January 2026, Lego announced their first ever Pokémon sets available for preorder, which were to be released on February 27, 2026. A massive $650 set sold out quickly and was being resold on eBay before its official release.
On February 27, 2026, the first ever Pokémon Lego sets were released. Prior to the release, a massive $650 set sold out quickly and was being resold on eBay.
As of 2026, the status of the sequel to Detective Pikachu remains unknown, despite its announcement prior to the original's premiere.
In 2026, the official logo for the 30th anniversary of the Pokémon franchise was officially unveiled on social media.
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