Puerto Rico is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island, functioning as an unincorporated territory (commonwealth) of the United States. Situated approximately 1,000 miles southeast of Miami, Florida, it lies between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Besides the main island, Puerto Rico includes smaller islands like Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. Its population is around 3.2 million, distributed across 78 municipalities, with San Juan as the most populous. Both Spanish and English are official languages, although Spanish is more commonly used.
In 1900, the Foraker Act established a civil government in Puerto Rico, ending military rule.
In 1901, after the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico, legal reforms were initiated, leading to the adoption of codes of criminal law, criminal procedure, and civil procedure modeled after those in effect in California. These reforms were influenced by the California Penal Code.
In 1902, an English-only language law was enacted, although Spanish remains the only official language of the Commonwealth judiciary system.
On March 12, 1903, the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded, evolving from the "Escuela Normal Industrial", which had been established in Fajardo three years earlier.
In 1906, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that the U.S. Constitution applied within Puerto Rico's territory.
In 1907, Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli became the first operatic artist to record an entire opera, participating in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan, Italy.
In 1917, Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens, enabling free movement between the island and the mainland. However, they were disenfranchised from federal elections and generally exempt from federal income tax.
In 1917, Puerto Ricans were collectively made U.S. citizens as a result of the Jones–Shafroth Act, but they cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections while residing in Puerto Rico.
In 1917, the Jones Act granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft when it has been in effect.
In 1918, the San Fermín earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.5, struck off the coast of Aguadilla and caused a tsunami, resulting in significant damage, widespread losses, and approximately 116 deaths.
By 1920, Ponce Creole architecture had developed in Ponce, Puerto Rico, as a unique style blending French, Spanish, and Caribbean influences to create climate-resilient homes.
The 1920 Jones Act was mentioned in a 2018 study by Reeve & Associates and Estudios Tecnicos regarding retail prices and the cost of living in Puerto Rico.
The Merchant Marine Act of 1920, also known as the Jones Act, prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, impacting Puerto Rico's trade by requiring goods to be shipped via U.S.-flagged ships.
In September 1928, the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane (San Felipe Segundo) made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane.
In 1930, Baloncesto Superior Nacional began operating as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico.
In 1931, the name of the island was officially changed back to Puerto Rico through a joint resolution in Congress.
In 1937, the U.S. issued a postal stamp commemorating Insular Territories, with the third stamp honoring Puerto Rico and featuring 'La Fortaleza', the Spanish Governor's Palace.
In 1940, Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation, the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.
In 1943, Irene Barnes Taeuber reported on the reliability of census data from Puerto Rico collected by Spain between 1765 and 1857.
Law No. 40 of May 1, 1945, established the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (PRASA), designating its existence and amendments.
In 1948, Juan Evangelista Venegas won the first Olympic medal for Puerto Rico, in boxing.
On April 27, 1949, a 3-cent U.S. postal stamp was issued in San Juan, Puerto Rico, to honor the first free election for governor of Puerto Rico, referring to the election of Luis Muñoz Marín.
In 1950, the U.S. Congress oversaw Puerto Rico under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act.
In 1951, the Puerto Rico national baseball team won a gold medal at the World Cup of Baseball.
In 1951, the independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed to San Juan, which previously consisted of Old San Juan and Santurce since 1864.
On July 25, 1952, the official Spanish name "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" (Free Associated State of Puerto Rico) was adopted by a constitutional assembly.
In 1952, Congress approved a territorial constitution for Puerto Rico, allowing residents to elect a governor, senate, and house of representatives.
In 1952, Puerto Rico's Constitution was approved by Congress and Puerto Rican voters.
In 1952, the island's first synagogue, Sha'are Zedeck, was established by American Jews.
Since 1952, Puerto Rico has had three main political parties each advocating for a different political status: the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), the New Progressive Party (PNP), and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP).
In 1957, the Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation.
Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity.
On September 12, 1971, an 8-cent stamp commemorating the 450th anniversary of San Juan, Puerto Rico, was issued, featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro.
In 1971, the municipality of Florida was founded, making it the most recently established municipality in Puerto Rico.
Since 1973, Puerto Rico has been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget, contributing to its cumulative debt.
In 1979, Puerto Rico hosted the Pan American Games, officially in San Juan.
Between 1984 and 2000, the San Juan PPQ station recorded 7.74% of all interceptions, ranking #4 in the country, #2 for insects, and #3 for pathogens. This high volume of cargo traffic makes San Juan one of the worst locations for cut flowers and other plant parts.
Between 1985 and 1986, pathogen interceptions were lower when compared to the period between 1999 and 2000.
Between 1985 and 1986, pathogen interceptions were lower when compared to the period between 1999 and 2000.
Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity.
In 1991, according to the Autonomous Municipalities Act, each municipality in Puerto Rico has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for four-year terms. Puerto Rico does not have first-order administrative divisions like counties but has 78 municipalities as the secondary unit of administration. These are subdivided into barrios and sectors.
In 1992, President George H. W. Bush issued a memorandum directing federal departments and agencies to treat Puerto Rico administratively as a state, as long as it didn't disrupt federal programs. This memorandum established the administrative relationship between the federal government and Puerto Rico.
In 1992, the FBI made armed carjacking a federal crime. As of 2019, the problem continued in municipalities like Guaynabo and others.
After 1993, U.S. Atlantic Command was known as LANTCOM (later USACOM), which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission.
In 1993, Puerto Rico hosted the Central American and Caribbean Games in Ponce.
In 1994, the Puerto Rico national basketball team won gold at the Goodwill Games.
In 1997, another researcher estimated the Protestant population in Puerto Rico at approximately 33 to 38 percent.
As of 1998, the Puerto Rican archipelago had 239 endemic plant species, 16 bird species, and 39 amphibian/reptile species.
In 1998, pollster Pablo Ramos stated that Puerto Rico's population was 38% Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% independent churches.
Between 1999 and 2000, pathogen interceptions were dramatically (17%) higher than in 1985-1986.
In 1999, Orlando Cepeda was enshrined in the Hall of Fame.
In 1999, the U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as U.S. Joint Forces Command. At that time, Puerto Rico came under the responsibility of U.S. Northern Command.
According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population in Puerto Rico attained a high school degree or higher, and 18.3% held a bachelor's degree or higher.
Between 1984 and 2000, the San Juan PPQ station recorded 7.74% of all interceptions, ranking #4 in the country, #2 for insects, and #3 for pathogens. This high volume of cargo traffic makes San Juan one of the worst locations for cut flowers and other plant parts.
Since 2000, Puerto Rico approved budgets with a structural deficit for 25 consecutive years. Bonds were issued to cover deficits rather than making structural adjustments.
The 2000 United States Census included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico.
The 2000 census recorded that a certain amount of people identified as American Indian or Alaskan Native. in the 2010 census there was an increase of almost 49 percent.
The commonwealth's population peaked in 2000 at 3,808,610 before beginning to decline.
As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%, with 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.
In 2003, San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series.
In 2003, a University of Puerto Rico study found that 61.1 percent of those surveyed had mitochondrial DNA of Indigenous origin.
On August 8, 2004, the Puerto Rico national basketball team defeated the United States 92-73 in the inaugural game of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, marking the first time since the integration of NBA players that the U.S. lost in an Olympic tournament.
In 2004, San Juan continued to host the Montreal Expos for several series before the team relocated to Washington, D.C.
In March 2006, San Juan's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening and second rounds of the newly formed World Baseball Classic.
Puerto Rico entered a recession in 2006, which lasted until 2011, interrupted by four quarters of economic growth. The recession began due to growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives.
As of 2007, Puerto Rico had 30 TV stations, 125 radio stations, and approximately 1 million TV sets.
In 2007, the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party was registered.
In 2007, there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population.
In 2008, the Puerto Rico Soccer League, the archipelago's first unified league, was established.
In the 2008 general election, the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party failed to obtain the required number of votes and ceased to be a registered party.
In 2009, Puerto Rico contributed $3.742 billion to the U.S. Treasury. While residents pay into Social Security and are eligible for benefits, they are excluded from Supplemental Security Income and receive less Medicaid funding compared to U.S. states. Medicare providers also receive reduced reimbursements for services in Puerto Rico, despite residents fully contributing to the system.
In 2009, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the U.S. government to expedite a process allowing Puerto Ricans to exercise their right to self-determination and independence.
As of 2010, Puerto Rico had 1539 public schools and 806 private schools.
Based on 1 July 2019 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.
In 2010, Orthodox Christians accounted for one percent of the population.
In 2010, Puerto Rico hosted the Central American and Caribbean Games in Mayagüez.
In 2010, approximately 3 percent of Puerto Ricans identified as multiracial.
In 2010, the average life expectancy in Puerto Rico was 78.7 years.
In 2010, the population of Puerto Rico was 3,725,789 according to the census.
In the 2010 census, 19,839 respondents identified as "American Indian or Alaskan Native", an increase of almost 49 percent from the 2000 count.
As part of the "Flags of our nation series", a Forever stamp featuring the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird was issued in 2011.
In 2011, median home value in Puerto Rico ranged from U.S.$100,000 to U.S.$214,000, while the national median home value was $119,600.
Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011. In 2011, the recession ended after being interrupted by four quarters of economic growth.
In November 2012, a referendum was held in Puerto Rico where 54% voted against the current territorial status, and 61.16% favored statehood.
In 2012, Puerto Rico's population declined by nearly 1% due to a falling birthrate and emigration.
In 2012, a Pew Research survey indicated an adult literacy rate of 90.4% in Puerto Rico.
The 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista (Sovereign Union Movement) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador (Working People's Party).
In 2013, Puerto Rico entered into recession again, following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico.
In 2013, Puerto Rico's population declined by an additional 1% (36,000 people) due to a falling birthrate and emigration.
In 2013, the Government Accountability Office published a report suggesting that repealing or amending the Jones Act could reduce Puerto Rico's shipping costs, but noted that the effects of modifying the Jones Act were highly uncertain.
An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent" of Puerto Ricans identified as Catholic.
In 2014, Puerto Rico's homicide rate was 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, significantly higher than any U.S. state. Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80% of homicides being drug related.
In 2014, the 65th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. Army, known as The Borinqueneers, received the Congressional Gold Medal for their heroism during the Korean War. This all-Puerto Rican regiment participated in several conflicts including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the War on Terror.
In 2015, the household median income was $19,350, and the mean income was $30,463. 45.5% of individuals were below the poverty level.
In 2015, there were 25,832 Jehovah's Witnesses in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.70% of the population.
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico had been defaulting on many debts, including bonds, since 2015.
In 2016, Jenniffer González-Colón of the New Progressive Party and Republican Party was elected as the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico. As a delegate to the U.S. Congress, she serves and votes on committees but cannot vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. She received more votes than any other official elected in Puerto Rico that year.
In 2016, Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women's Tennis singles title in Rio.
In 2016, President Barack Obama signed the PROMESA Act into law, establishing a federal Control Board over the Puerto Rican government.
In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that accusing someone of a criminal act at the federal level and then accusing them of the same act in a Commonwealth court in Puerto Rico would constitute double jeopardy. This ruling is due to Puerto Rico lacking sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does.
According to a letter sent to Congress, without action, Puerto Rico's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations would be threatened, putting at risk the health care of up to 900,000 impoverished U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico beginning July 1, 2017.
In early July 2017, the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt. The agency planned to seek Court protection.
In early August 2017, the island's financial oversight board planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees, down from an original plan of four days per month, expected to achieve $218 million in savings. Governor Rossello rejected this plan. Pension reforms were also discussed.
On September 7, 2017, Puerto Rico was struck by Category 5 Hurricane Irma, causing significant damage.
On September 20, 2017, Category 4 Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico, causing widespread destruction, knocking out power, damaging infrastructure, and leading to a high percentage of the population seeking assistance.
In 2017, Hurricane Maria caused severe damage to Puerto Rico and its infrastructure, disrupting tourism for many months. The damage was estimated at $100 billion.
In 2017, Puerto Rico had 69 hospitals.
In 2017, Puerto Rico was affected by Category 5 Hurricane Irma and Category 4 Hurricane Maria, leading to devastating impacts, particularly on the electric grid.
In 2017, another referendum was held in Puerto Rico, with a majority in favor of statehood, though it was boycotted by some political opponents.
In 2017, the first Eastern Catholic Church was established in Puerto Rico.
In 2017, the impact of Hurricanes Maria and Irma, combined with economic conditions, led to Puerto Rico's greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the archipelago.
In early 2017, the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis posed serious problems for the government, which had $70 billion in outstanding bond debt after a decade-long recession.
In July 2018, Puerto Rico Law 120-2018 (Ley para Transformar el Sistema Eléctrico de Puerto Rico) was signed, authorizing PREPA to sell infrastructure and services.
According to a letter sent to Congress, without action, Puerto Rico's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations would be threatened, putting at risk the health care of up to 900,000 impoverished U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico beginning July 1, 2017.
In 2018, Discover Puerto Rico launched a tourism campaign highlighting the island's culture and history, branding it distinct from other Caribbean destinations.
In 2018, a study by Reeve & Associates and Estudios Tecnicos concluded that the 1920 Jones Act has no impact on retail prices or the cost of living in Puerto Rico.
In 2018, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) effectively ceased being a government monopoly.
An April 2019 report indicated that only a few hotels were still closed, and life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal after the damage caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017.
As of July 1, 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census.
By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce, and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. Tourism provides up to 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP.
In 2019, Discover Puerto Rico planned to continue the tourism campaign that was launched in 2018.
In January 2020, Puerto Rico experienced its largest earthquake since 1918, with a magnitude of 6.4, causing over $3.1 billion in economic losses.
On June 22, 2020, a contract was signed making LUMA Energy the new operator of Puerto Rico's energy distribution and transmission infrastructure.
In November 2020, Puerto Rico held a statehood referendum during the general elections, with 52% of voters answering yes to the question of immediate admission into the Union as a State.
According to the 2020 U.S. census, the number of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico in the U.S. is almost twice as many as those living in Puerto Rico.
According to the 2020 United States census, Puerto Rico had 3,285,874 residents, representing an 11.8% decrease since 2010.
According to the World Bank, Puerto Rico's gross national income per capita in 2020 was $21,740. The economy is mainly driven by manufacturing (pharmaceuticals, textiles, petrochemicals, and electronics) and services, with agriculture representing less than 1% of GNP.
As of 2020, the Hispanic or Latino population made up 98.9 percent of the population with 95.5% being Puerto Rican.
Based on the 2020 Census, San Juan is the most populous municipality in Puerto Rico, with 342,259 people.
The takeover of PREPA's operations by LUMA Energy was scheduled for June 1, 2021, amidst protests and uncertainty.
As of 2021, the average life expectancy in Puerto Rico was approximately 82.1 years, according to the CIA World Factbook.
In 2022, The Puerto Rico Status Act, H.R. 8393, passed the House in the U.S. Congress, in support of a binding referendum on the island's status, however it did not pass the senate.
One researcher estimated that Puerto Rico would become 75 percent evangelical by 2022.
In 2023, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints dedicated a temple in San Juan, reporting approximately 23,000 members in the commonwealth.
On November 5, 2024, Statehood won a non-binding referendum with 59%. Also, Jennifer Gonzalez, who supports statehood, won the office of Governor of Puerto Rico in the 2024 general election with nearly 40% of the vote.
In November 2024, the governor and legislators of Puerto Rico were elected by popular vote.
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