The Winter Olympic Games, a major international multi-sport event held every four years, features sports practiced on snow and ice. Originating in Chamonix, France, in 1924, they were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, governs the Olympic Movement. The original sports included bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing, and skating. Held every four years until interrupted by World War II, they resumed in 1948. Initially synchronized with the Summer Olympics, a decision in 1986 separated them into alternating four-year cycles, starting in 1994. This change ensured the Games occur in separate even-numbered years.
In 1901, the Nordic Games were organized by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm, Sweden, marking the beginning of a multi-sport event focused on winter sports.
In 1903, the Nordic Games were held, continuing the series of winter sports events that had begun in 1901.
In 1905, the Nordic Games were held, continuing the series of winter sports events that had begun in 1901.
In 1908, figure skating was added to the Olympic programme at the Summer Olympics in London, marking the inclusion of winter sports in the Summer Olympics.
The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
In 1912, Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports as part of the Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, but the organisers rejected this idea.
In 1916, the Olympic Games, which were to be held in Berlin, Germany, were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I, and the planned winter sports week did not take place.
In 1920, Eddie Eagan had been an Olympic champion in boxing.
In 1920, Gillis Grafström of Sweden won gold medal in men's figure skating.
In 1920, the Olympic flag was stolen, as was its replacement.
In 1920, the Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp, Belgium, and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament, marking the inclusion of winter sports in the Summer Olympics.
In 1922, Germany, which was banned from the Olympics, hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele, starting with the winter edition.
In 1924, France, the host nation of the Summer Olympics, was chosen to host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC, later known as the first Winter Olympics.
In 1924, military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was a medal sport.
In 1924, the first Winter Olympic Games were held in Chamonix, France, marking the beginning of a major international multi-sport event held every four years.
In 1924, the first Winter Olympic Games were held in Chamonix, France, with more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competing in 16 events.
In 1925, the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 games in Chamonix were retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.
In 1926, the Nordic Games were held, continuing the series of winter sports events that had begun in 1901.
In 1928, Lake Placid, New York, United States hosted the Winter Olympics.
In 1928, Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was demonstrated.
In 1928, Skijöring, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz.
In 1928, Sonja Henie of Norway won the Ladies' Singles at age 15, a record that stood until 1998.
In 1928, St. Moritz, Switzerland, hosted the second Winter Games, facing challenges with fluctuating weather conditions.
In 1928, most venues from the games remained in place.
In 1928, the Winter Olympics were hosted in Switzerland.
In 1932, Gillis Grafström won his silver in figure skating.
In 1932, Lake Placid previously hosted the Winter Olympics.
In 1932, a sled-dog race was held at Lake Placid.
In 1932, the Winter Olympics were hosted in the United States for the first time.
In 1936, Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was demonstrated.
In 1936, ice stock sport, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in Germany.
In 1936, the German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen organized the Winter Games, marking the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year.
In 1936, the Winter Olympic Games were held, continuing the quadrennial tradition that had begun in 1924.
In 1939, the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland.
In 1940, the Winter Olympic Games were interrupted by World War II.
In 1944, Cortina d'Ampezzo had been selected to organise the Winter Olympics.
In 1944, the Winter Olympic Games were interrupted by World War II.
In 1948, Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was demonstrated.
In 1948, St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war games.
In 1948, the Winter Olympic Games resumed after being interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II.
In 1948, the Winter Olympics were hosted in Switzerland.
In 1948, winter pentathlon, a variant of the modern pentathlon, was included as a demonstration event.
In 1950, the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games.
In 1952, China competed in the Olympics for the first time.
In 1952, East Germany declined the invitation to compete as a unified team and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany.
In 1952, it was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo.
In 1952, the Norwegian Olympic team led the gold medal count.
In 1952, the Olympic Flame tradition was introduced at the games in Oslo, Norway, with the first Winter torch relay conducted entirely on skis.
In 1952, the People's Republic of China returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1952 and made its Winter Olympic debut.
In 1952, the Winter Olympics were hosted in Norway.
In 1955, the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, giving more credibility to East Germany's campaign to become an independent participant in the Olympic Games.
In 1956, Cortina d'Ampezzo organized the Winter Olympics after not being able to host the games in 1944.
In 1956, first Winter Olympics, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations.
The Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games.
In 1960, Military patrol became an official sport.
In 1960, no television rights were sold until the Summer Olympics in Rome.
In 1960, the IOC awarded the Olympics to Squaw Valley, United States.
In 1960, the Winter Olympics were hosted in the United States.
In 1961, the situation became tense when the Berlin Wall was constructed by East Germany to stop migration of its citizens.
In 1964, Germany at the Winter Olympics last time before 1992 as a single nation.
In 1964, ice stock sport, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in Austria.
In 1964, the Austrian city of Innsbruck hosted the Winter Olympics, facing challenges with unprojected warm weather.
In 1964, the infrastructure built for Innsbruck Winter Olympics was maintained, which later helped with the decision to host the 1976 games.
In 1967, the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols in response to performance enhancing drugs.
At the 1968 Grenoble Games, the IOC split the East and West German teams and threatened to reject host-city bids from any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes.
In 1968, the Winter Olympics in Grenoble were the first to be broadcast in colour, with television rights sold for US$2 million. The Games featured 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events. The Games were decentralised to save costs, leading to the creation of three Olympic Villages.
Random drug testing started at the 1968 Winter Olympics.
In 1970, the 1976 Winter Olympics were awarded to Denver, Colorado. This decision was later reversed when Denver withdrew as the host city.
In November 1972, Denver, Colorado, withdrew from hosting the 1976 Winter Olympics due to increasing costs and the oil crisis, following a local plebiscite against public funding of the Games.
In 1972, Sapporo, Japan, hosted the Winter Games, the first time the event was held outside of North America or Europe. During the 1972 Games, Karl Schranz was excluded for professionalism. Canada boycotted the ice hockey tournaments in 1972 and 1976 in protest over the use of professional players. Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal.
In February 1973, Innsbruck accepted the IOC's invitation to host the 1976 Winter Games after Denver withdrew.
In 1976, Canada boycotted the ice hockey tournaments, continuing from 1972, in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues.
In 1976, Canada failed to win a gold at the Summer Olympics in Montreal
In 1976, Innsbruck hosted the Winter Games, featuring the first combination bobsleigh-and-luge track. During the 1976 Games, the Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.
In 1976, after Denver withdrew from hosting the Winter Olympics, the IOC offered the Games to Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia. Vancouver-Garibaldi rejected the offer due to a change in the provincial government.
In 1980, Lake Placid hosted the Winter Olympics. During the 1980 Games, Cyprus made their Olympic debut. The People's Republic of China and Costa Rica competed for the first time at the Winter Games. The Republic of China boycotted the Games due to the IOC's recognition of the People's Republic of China.
In 1980, the Winter Olympics were hosted in the United States.
In 1984, Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, hosted the Winter Olympics. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean received perfect scores for their Boléro routine.
In 1984, Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei, agreeing to compete under a specific flag and anthem.
In 1984, the Winter Olympics were held in Yugoslavia.
In 1986, during the 91st International Olympic Committee session, IOC members decided to alternate the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games on separate four-year cycles in even-numbered years.
In 1986, the 91st IOC Session reached the decision to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years.
An investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988.
In 1988, Calgary hosted the Winter Olympics, spanning 16 days. During the 1988 Games, new events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating. Curling, short track speed skating, and freestyle skiing were demonstration sports. The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time, on the Olympic Oval. Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals.
In 1988, Canada failed to win a gold at the Winter Olympics in Calgary
In 1988, Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen won all three events in his sport. Italian skier Alberto Tomba made his Olympic debut. East German Christa Rothenburger won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event, and later became the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year.
In 1988, the ski ballet event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated.
After 1992, demonstration sports were discontinued.
In 1992, Albertville hosted the Winter Games, the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. During the 1992 Games, Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since 1964.
In 1992, Kjetil-Andre Aamodt of Norway won Super-G.
In 1992, at the Albertville Games, Asian countries achieved a total of fifteen medals, with three being gold, marking the start of increasing success in the Winter Olympics.
In 1992, the Summer and Winter Olympic Games were held in the same year for the last time before a decision was made to alternate them on separate four-year cycles.
In 1992, the ski ballet event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated.
Since 1992, new sports have been added to the Olympic programme, including short-track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing.
In 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts in 1994 after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.
On 6 January 1994, American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding.
In 1994, Lillehammer, Norway, hosted the Winter Olympics, the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Games. It was also the first time the Olympic Truce was observed. As a result, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts.
In 1994, the Winter Olympics were held, as part of the change in rotation decided in 1986.
In 1994, the Winter Olympics were hosted in Norway.
In 1996, the games that would be held were brought forward by two years, being scheduled to 1994.
In 1998, the Winter Olympics were held in Nagano. The National Hockey League allowed its players to participate in the men's ice hockey tournament for the first time, and the Czech Republic won the tournament. Women's ice hockey made its debut, and the United States won the gold medal. Bjørn Dæhlie became the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete. Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash and won two gold medals. Tara Lipinski became the youngest female gold medallist in an individual event.
In 1998, the four-year Olympic Cycle resumed after the games held in 1994, continuing the alternating schedule of Summer and Winter Olympics.
The 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, cost $12.5 billion to host.
The gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described as "astronomical".
In November 1999, the IOC established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
In 2001, the September 11 attacks of 2001 impacted the 2002 Winter Games, leading to a higher degree of security.
Following Salt Lake City being awarded the right to host the 2002 Games, a bribery scheme was discovered where gifts and other financial considerations were given to IOC officials.
In 2002, Kjetil-Andre Aamodt of Norway won Super-G.
In 2002, Norway Winter Olympic Gold Medals record was matched.
In 2002, Salt Lake City hosted the Winter Olympics. These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack.
In 2002, the Winter Olympics were hosted in the United States.
The Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2002.
In 2003, the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino Lindsey Jacobellis of the United States lost the gold due to a brutal fall.
In 2006, Kjetil-Andre Aamodt of Norway won the Super-G to become the most decorated ski racer of all time. Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals.
In 2006, Turin hosted the Winter Olympics. South Korean athletes won 10 medals in short-track speed skating. In the women's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and a Norwegian coach lent her a pole.
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving blood doping, with Italian police conducting a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team's residence.
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, cost $3.6 billion to host.
In February 2009, Claudia Pechstein tested positive for "blood manipulation" and received a two-year suspension, which she appealed.
Following a large investment in elite sport, Russia initially topped the medal table at the 2010 Games. Later claims emerged about state-sponsored doping.
In 2010, Pechstein was precluded from competing in Vancouver after a Swiss Federal Tribunal overturned a lower court's ruling.
In 2010, Vancouver hosted the Winter Olympics. During the 2010 Games, the death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili resulted in changes to the Whistler Sliding Centre track.
In 2010, at the Vancouver Winter Olympics, the Russian delegation had a poor performance. President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.
In July 2011, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, marking the first time South Korea would host the Winter Olympics.
From at least late 2011 to 2015, a state-sponsored doping program operated in Russia across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.
In February 2014, Sochi, Russia, hosted the Winter Olympics, the first time Russia hosted the Winter Olympics; the Games featured a record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competing in 98 events.
In 2014, Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the enhancement of an already existing doping scheme at the Sochi Games.
The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against Russian athletes.
The Sochi 2014 games had large costs as most installations had to be built.
On July 31, 2015, Beijing, China, was elected as the host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics, becoming the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics.
From at least late 2011 to 2015, a state-sponsored doping program operated in Russia across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.
In December 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would compete as the Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics due to the doping scandal.
In February 2018, the Winter Olympics took place in Pyeongchang, South Korea, with more than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participating in 102 events.
In 2018, Russian athletes competed in the Winter Olympics as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) due to the doping scandal.
In 2018, Therese Johaug was excluded from the Winter Olympics due to using a banned cream for sunburned lips.
In 2018, the lead-up to the Winter Olympics was affected by tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal, leading to a unified Korean team in women's ice hockey.
In 2018, the results of Asian countries in previous games increased the chances of an Asian city hosting the Winter Olympics to be held the following year.
As of 2020, Eddie Eagan remains the only Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics in different sports.
In December 2021, Kamila Valieva of Russia had a failed doping test. She was later disqualified for four years, leading to reallocation of team medals.
In February 2022, the Winter Olympics were held in Beijing with strict COVID-19 protocols, including restrictions on public attendance, with the venues run entirely on renewable energy.
Beginning with the 2022 Winter Games, the IOC is allowing a longer distance between the alpine events and other events.
In July 2024, it was confirmed that the 2030 Winter Olympics will be hosted by France in the French Alps.
As of 2024, no city in the Southern Hemisphere has applied to host the Winter Olympic Games in the month of August.
In February 2026, the Winter Olympics will be held in Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.
For the 2026 Winter Games, Stockholm's unsuccessful bid proposed to hold the alpine event in Åre, 620 kilometres away by road.
In 2026, the Winter Olympics are scheduled to be held in the Italian cities of Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.
In 2030, the Winter Olympics will be hosted by France in the French Alps.
The 2034 Winter Olympics were awarded to the United States in Salt Lake City, Utah.