Life is full of challenges, and Adolf Hitler's rise to power faced many. Discover key struggles and how they were overcome.
Adolf Hitler's ascent to power began in 1919 when he joined the German Workers' Party, which he transformed into the Nazi Party and became its leader in 1921. Exploiting the Weimar Republic's instability, Hitler gained popularity through propaganda and promises of national restoration. While initially espousing some anti-capitalist ideas, he later purged those elements to gain support from industrialists. Key to consolidating his authority were ruthless tactics, including the Night of the Long Knives, which eliminated internal opposition and solidified his control over the Nazi Party.
In June 1921, while Hitler was on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich, with members wanting to merge with the German Socialist Party (DSP).
In January 1922, Hitler was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for "breach of the peace" related to his actions at the Hofbräuhaus. He served a little over one month at Stadelheim Prison in Munich.
In May 1923, the Stabswache was renamed to Stoßtrupp-Hitler. Inspired by Benito Mussolini's March on Rome, Hitler planned a coup d'état. Small Reichswehr elements aided the SA in illegally obtaining weaponry, but the order to march was canceled after Army General Otto von Lossow warned Hitler of Reichswehr opposition.
On November 8-9, 1923, Hitler led the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, attempting to depose Bavarian government officials and establish a base for marching on Berlin. Around 2,000 Nazi Party members marched to Marienplatz but were stopped by police. Sixteen Nazis and four officers died. Hitler was arrested on November 11, 1923 and charged with high treason.
In 1923, Hitler attempted a coup d'état known as the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich but was imprisoned. He used this time to write Mein Kampf.
In February 1924, Hitler's trial for high treason began. He attempted to put democracy and the Weimar Republic on trial, portraying them as traitors.
In the December 1924 federal election, the National Socialist Freedom Movement lost 18 seats, retaining only 14, with 3% of the electorate voting for Hitler's party.
On April 7, 1925, under the threat of deportation to Austria, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship. He would not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later, preventing him from running for public office.
In May 1928, the Nazi Party secured only 12 seats in the Reichstag. Due to these poor results, Hitler decided Germans needed to know more about his goals, and wrote a second book.
The Wall Street crash of 1929 dramatically affected the German political landscape, triggering the Great Depression, halting the German economy, and further polarizing German politics.
On April 13, 1932, following the presidential elections, the German government banned the Nazi Party paramilitaries, the SA and the SS, on the basis of the Emergency Decree for the Preservation of State Authority. This ban was later lifted on June 16 by Franz von Papen.
Throughout February and April 1932, street fights and beer hall battles resulted in deaths amidst Adolf Hitler's presidential election competition against Hindenburg. On April 10, 1932, Hitler lost the election to Paul von Hindenburg.
In the November 1932 election, the Nazi Party lost 35 seats but remained the Reichstag's largest party, with 196 seats. The Social Democrats (SPD) and Communists (KPD) also won seats.
In 1932, the political parties in the Weimar Republic failed to stop the rise of the Nazis. The Catholic Centre Party negotiated with the Nazis, and the Communists prioritized destroying the Social Democrats.
In February 1933, the Reichstag was set on fire, and Hitler used this as a pretext to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree, curtailing civil liberties and rights.
In 1934, Papen served as Vice-Chancellor, initially speaking out against Nazi excesses. However, after narrowly escaping death in the Night of the Long Knives, he ceased criticism and was sent to Vienna as German ambassador.
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