Minecraft is a sandbox video game developed by Mojang Studios, initially created by Markus "Notch" Persson, and later developed by Jens Bergensten. Released in 2011 after an initial alpha build in 2009, it allows players to build with a variety of different blocks in a 3D world, requiring creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving. The game has been ported to numerous platforms and became the best-selling video game of all time. In 2014, Microsoft acquired Mojang and the Minecraft IP for $2.5 billion. As of 2024, Minecraft boasts over 300 million copies sold and nearly 170 million monthly active players.
Around March 2009, Markus Persson left King and joined jAlbum, but otherwise kept working on his game prototypes.
In April 2009, Infiniminer, a block-based open-ended mining game, inspired Persson for how to take "RubyDung" forward, heavily influencing the visual style of gameplay.
In May 2009, development began for the original edition of Minecraft, then known as Cave Game and Persson released a test video on YouTube of an early version of the game
In May 2009, the first public alpha build of Minecraft was released by Markus "Notch" Persson, marking the initial launch of the game.
On June 30, 2010, the first major update, dubbed Alpha, was released, and Persson later quit his job to work on Minecraft full-time.
In July 2010, PC Gamer listed Minecraft as the fourth-best game to play at work.
In September 2010, the alpha version of Minecraft received positive reviews, with Penny Arcade highlighting the game's addictiveness.
On December 11, 2010, Persson announced that Minecraft was entering its beta testing phase on December 20, 2010.
Following the initial surge in popularity of Minecraft in 2010, other video games were criticized for having various similarities to Minecraft, and some were described as being "clones".
In 2010, Minecraft-related videos began to gain influence on YouTube, with commentators creating content featuring gameplay footage and voice-overs.
In 2010, further developmental phases dubbed as Survival Test, Indev, and Infdev were released.
In March 2011, at the Independent Games Festival, Minecraft won the Seumas McNally Grand Prize and the Audience Award.
On March 4, 2011, Daniel Rosenfeld (C418) released a soundtrack titled Minecraft – Volume Alpha, featuring music from Minecraft.
In April 2011, less than a month after entering its beta phase, Minecraft surpassed one million purchases without traditional advertising.
On May 5, 2011, Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games to be displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit.
In August 2011, Minecraft: Pocket Edition was first released as an early alpha version for the Xperia Play on the Android Market.
In October 2011, the Mina Kvarter (My Block) initiative started in Sweden, giving young people a tool to visualize changes they wanted to make in their communities.
On October 8, 2011, Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released for several other compatible Android devices.
In November 2011, Minecraft received its full release, marking a significant milestone in the game's development after continuous development since the initial alpha release.
In November 2011, Mojang officially moved Minecraft out of its beta phase and released the full version of the game.
In November 2011, prior to its full release, Minecraft beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases.
In December 2011, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten assumed full creative control of Minecraft, replacing Markus Persson as the lead designer.
Around 2011, before Minecraft's full release, Mojang and The Lego Group collaborated on a Lego brick-based Minecraft game called Brickcraft, which was later cancelled.
At a panel during Minecon 2011, a Swedish developer suggested using Minecraft to redesign public buildings and parks, highlighting its user-friendly rendering capabilities.
In 2011, The Yogscast had a panel at Minecon which had the highest attendance. The Yogscast is a British company that regularly produces Minecraft videos; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views.
In 2011, an educational organization named MinecraftEdu was formed with the goal of introducing Minecraft into schools.
In 2011, despite exiting beta, GameSpot criticized Minecraft for having an "unfinished feel", noting visual glitches and incomplete game elements.
Markus Persson made Minicraft, a similar game, for a Ludum Dare competition in 2011.
In February 2012, Mojang announced the acquisition of the developers behind the popular "Bukkit" API for Minecraft to enhance server modification support.
By March 2012, Minecraft had become the 6th best-selling PC game of all time.
On March 16, 2012, Minecraft was displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit.
On March 22, 2012, it was announced that Minecraft would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion called Arcade NEXT.
By May 2012, over four million Minecraft-related YouTube videos had been uploaded, showcasing the game's growing popularity.
On May 9, 2012, an Xbox 360 version of Minecraft, developed by 4J Studios, was released.
In August 2012, Mojang added an adventure mode, expanding the gameplay options for players.
In September 2012, MinecraftEdu reported that approximately 250,000 students around the world had access to Minecraft through the company.
In September 2012, Mojang launched the Block by Block project with UN Habitat, enabling young people to design real-world environments in Minecraft.
In October 2012, Mojang added "command blocks", which were created specially for custom maps in Java Edition, enhancing the possibilities for custom content creation.
Around December 20, 2012, the Minecraft: Raspberry Pi Edition game was leaked but quickly pulled off.
In December 2012, GameSpot announced that Minecraft sold over 4.48 million copies since its debut on Xbox Live Arcade in May 2012.
In 2012, a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab, Cody Sumter, stated that Minecraft had effectively tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program.
On February 11, 2013, Minecraft: Raspberry Pi Edition was officially released.
On September 4, 2013, the first mash-up pack for the Xbox 360 Edition, themed after the Mass Effect franchise, was released, combining texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game's sounds, music, and user interface.
On November 9, 2013, Daniel Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack, titled Minecraft – Volume Beta, which includes music added in later versions of the game.
On December 17, 2013, a version of Minecraft for the PlayStation 3 was released.
In 2013, Minecraft was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards.
In 2013, Minecraft was nominated for the Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite App, but lost to Temple Run.
In 2013, Mojang announced Minecraft Realms, a server hosting service to enable players to easily and safely run multiplayer games without setting up their own servers.
In 2013, Persson cancelled plans to support the Oculus Rift port of Minecraft after Facebook acquired Oculus.
On February 25, 2014, Minecraft reached 100 million registered users.
In April 2014, the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in Minecraft based on their own geodata.
As of April 4, 2014, the Xbox 360 version of Minecraft had sold 12 million copies.
In June 2014, Microsoft and Mojang announced changes to Minecraft's EULA, prohibiting pay-to-win servers, leading to community backlash.
In September 2014, the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all exhibits in Minecraft in conjunction with members of the public.
On September 15, 2014, Microsoft announced a $2.5 billion deal to buy Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property, following a suggestion by Markus Persson on Twitter.
On September 4, 2014, the PlayStation 4 version of Minecraft was released.
In October 2014, a version of Minecraft for PlayStation Vita was also released.
As of October 10, 2014, Minecraft had sold 17 million copies on PC, becoming the best-selling PC game of all time.
On November 6, 2014, the deal between Microsoft and Mojang was arbitrated, resulting in Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property and making Markus Persson one of Forbes' "World's Billionaires".
On December 10, 2014, Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released for Windows Phone 8.1.
In 2014, Microsoft purchased Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property for US$2.5 billion, signaling a major shift in ownership and direction for the game.
In 2014, Minecraft Console Edition won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year.
In 2014, Minecraft was nominated for the Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game, but lost to Just Dance 2014.
In 2014, Minecraft was the second-most searched term on the entire YouTube platform, demonstrating its widespread appeal.
The Mob Vote was also blamed for a perceived lack of new content added to Minecraft since Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang in 2014.
By January 2015, Minecraft sold 500,000 digital copies in Japan across all PlayStation platforms.
On July 29, 2015, the beta release for the Windows 10 Edition of Minecraft launched on the Windows Store.
On August 21, 2015, a physical release of Minecraft – Volume Alpha was issued by Ghostly International.
On December 17, 2015, Minecraft: Wii U Edition was released.
In 2015, Minecraft placed 6th on USgamer's "The 15 Best Games Since 2000" list.
In 2015, Minecraft won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the Kids' Choice Awards.
In 2015, Rosenfeld announced his intent to create a third music album for Minecraft.
On January 24, 2016, Mojang stopped providing updates to Minecraft: Raspberry Pi Edition.
On May 17, 2016, a cross-promotional resource pack based on the Super Mario franchise by Nintendo was released exclusively for the Wii U Edition worldwide, and later bundled free with the Nintendo Switch Edition at launch.
On May 20, 2016, China Edition (also known as My World) was announced as a localized edition for China.
In June 2016, Minecraft: Wii U Edition received a physical release in North America on June 17 and in Japan on June 23.
In June 2016, support for cross-platform play between Windows 10, iOS, and Android platforms was added through Minecraft Realms, expanding multiplayer capabilities.
On August 15, 2016, Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for Windows 10 Edition.
On November 1, 2016, Minecraft: Education Edition, an educational version of the game for schools, was released.
On November 1, 2016, the full version of Minecraft: Education Edition was released on Windows 10 and MacOS after an initial beta test.
On December 19, 2016, Microsoft fully released the Windows 10 version of Minecraft. Called the "Ender Update", this release implemented new features like world templates and add-on packs.
On December 19, 2016, the full version of Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released on iOS, Android, and Windows Phone.
By 2016, Mojang aimed to upgrade 300 public spaces through the UN-Habitat's Sustainable Urban Development Network, supported by the Block by Block project.
In 2016, Minecon was held in-person for the last time, transitioning to annual livestreams in subsequent years.
In 2016, Minecraft placed 6th on Time's "The 50 Best Video Games of All Time" list.
In January 2017, Microsoft announced the end of maintenance for the Windows Phone versions of Minecraft: Pocket Edition.
In April 2017, the Fallout mash-up pack was released on Windows and Mobile, after having been released on consoles the previous December.
On May 11, 2017, a Nintendo Switch version of Minecraft was released on the Nintendo eShop.
In June 2017, Mojang released the "Discovery Update" to the Bedrock version of the game, including a new map, a new game mode, and the "Marketplace", which is a catalogue of user-generated content.
On July 31, 2017, Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play, further developing the cross-platform capabilities of Minecraft Realms.
On August 8, 2017, the PC edition of the China Edition was released for public testing.
On September 13, 2017, Nintendo announced Minecraft: New Nintendo 3DS Edition, which was based on the Pocket Edition, during a Nintendo Direct presentation.
On September 15, 2017, the iOS version of China Edition was released.
On September 18, 2017, the original PC version of the game was renamed to Minecraft: Java Edition to separate it from the cross-platform Bedrock Edition.
On September 20, 2017, the Better Together Update was released on the Xbox One, Windows 10, VR, and mobile versions of the game, enabling cross-platform play.
On October 12, 2017, the Android version of China Edition was released.
In 2017, Pocket Edition was remade into the Bedrock Edition, enabling cross-platform play with the new Xbox One and Nintendo Switch versions of the game.
In 2017, Rosenfeld confirmed the existence of his third Minecraft music album.
In 2017, Windows Mixed Reality support was added to Minecraft.
By March 2018, Microsoft and Code.org reported that more than 85 million children had used their Minecraft-based programming tutorials.
In April 2018, malware was discovered in several downloadable user-made Minecraft skins for the Java Edition of the game, potentially infecting nearly 50,000 accounts; Mojang promptly patched the issue.
In July 2018, Nintendo Switch support for Minecraft Realms was released, expanding the availability of Realms to Nintendo Switch users.
On August 20, 2018, Mojang announced that Minecraft Education Edition would be released for iPadOS in Autumn 2018.
On September 6, 2018, Minecraft Education Edition was released to the App Store for iPadOS.
On December 18, 2018, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, and Wii U versions of Minecraft received their final update and would later become known as "Legacy Console Editions".
By 2018, Minecraft was still YouTube's biggest game globally, indicating its sustained dominance in online gaming content.
In 2018, the Java Edition of Minecraft was nominated for "Favorite Video Game" at the Kids' Choice Awards.
On January 15, 2019, the New Nintendo 3DS version of Minecraft received its final update, effectively becoming discontinued as well.
On March 27, 2019, it was announced that Minecraft Education Edition would be operated by JD.com in China.
By May 2019, 180 million copies of Minecraft had been sold across all platforms, making it the best-selling video game.
By September 2019, Minecraft, including all versions, had over 112 million monthly active players.
In September 2019, The Guardian classified Minecraft as the best video game of the 21st century to date.
By November 2019, the China Edition of Minecraft had over 300 million players.
By November 2019, the free-to-play Minecraft China version had over 300 million players.
In November 2019, Polygon called Minecraft the "most important game of the decade" in its 2010s "decade in review".
In December 2019, Forbes gave Minecraft a special mention in a list of the best video games of the 2010s, recognizing its significance.
In December 2019, the PS4 version was updated and became part of the Bedrock Edition, enabling cross-platform play.
In 2019, Minecraft experienced a visible uptick in popularity on YouTube, thanks in part to PewDiePie's playthroughs of the game.
In 2019, Minecraft won the "Still Playing" award at the Golden Joystick Awards.
On April 16, 2020, a Bedrock Edition-exclusive beta version of Minecraft called Minecraft RTX implementing physically based rendering, real-time path tracing, and DLSS was released by Nvidia on RTX-enabled GPUs.
In May 2020, Minecraft had reached over 200 million copies sold across platforms and had over 126 million monthly active players.
In June 2020, Minecraft was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame.
On June 26, 2020, a public beta for Minecraft: Education Edition was made available to Google Play Store compatible Chromebooks.
On August 14, 2020, Ghostly released Minecraft – Volume Beta on CD and vinyl.
On August 7, 2020, the full version of Minecraft Education Edition was released to the Google Play Store for Chromebooks.
On September 7, 2020, Mojang Studios announced that the PlayStation 4 version of Minecraft would get PlayStation VR support in the same month.
On December 8, 2020, the public release version of Minecraft RTX was made available, bringing physically based rendering and real-time path tracing to the game on RTX-enabled GPUs.
In 2020, "The Nether Update" was released, introducing Lena Raine's music to the game, marking the first addition of new music since Rosenfeld's original compositions.
In 2020, Minecraft won the "Favorite Video Game" award at the Kids' Choice Awards.
In 2020, Mojang announced that Microsoft accounts would be required for the Java Edition, sparking community backlash.
Starting with Minecraft Live in 2020, the Mob Vote became an annual event.
In January 2021, Rosenfeld stated in an interview that a finished third volume of Minecraft music exists, but its release is complicated due to Minecraft being a "big property".
By April 2021, Minecraft sold more than 238 million copies worldwide.
By April 2021, the number of active monthly Minecraft users had climbed to 140 million.
On December 14, 2021, YouTube announced that the total amount of Minecraft-related views on the website have exceeded one trillion.
In 2021, Minecraft garnered a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award nomination for Favorite Video Game.
As of March 10, 2022, Microsoft required all players to migrate to Microsoft accounts in order to access the Java Edition of Minecraft.
As of June 7, 2022, the Java and Bedrock Editions of Minecraft were merged into a single bundle for purchase on Windows.
In June 2022, Microsoft and Mojang Studios announced the upcoming release of a player reporting feature in Java Edition.
On July 27, 2022, the update containing the player report feature (1.19.1) was released.
As of 2022, the Vita version has sold over 1.65 million physical copies in Japan, making it the best-selling Vita game in the country.
In 2022, Minecraft won "Stream Game of the Year" at the inaugural Streamer Awards and Favorite Video Game at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.
A deadline of September 19, 2023, was announced to complete account migration; after which all legacy Mojang accounts became inaccessible and unable to be migrated.
As of 2023, Minecraft has sold over 300 million copies worldwide.
In 2023, Minecraft won Favorite Video Game at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.
In 2023, the annual Mob Vote sparked controversy. A Change.org petition emerged on October 6th, demanding Mojang implement all three mobs (crab, penguin, and armadillo) instead of holding a vote. The petition gained significant traction, accompanied by boycott calls and propaganda. Despite this, the vote proceeded, and the armadillo won.
As of June 13, 2024, the most recent major drop for the game was the 1.21 "Tricky Trials" update, which introduced a new Trial Chambers structure, a mob called the Breeze, and a Mace weapon, among other blocks and items.
In September 2024, Minecraft announced that they would no longer support PlayStation VR and the final update will come by March 2025.
In September 2024, Mojang announced the Mob Vote would be retired as part of their future development plans for Minecraft.
On October 22, 2024, the PlayStation 5 version of Minecraft was released as part of Bedrock Edition.
In November 2024, artificial intelligence companies Decart and Etched released Oasis, an artificially generated version of Minecraft, as a proof of concept.
As of 2024, Minecraft has sold over 300 million copies and has nearly 170 million monthly active players, making it the best-selling video game of all time.
By March 2025, PlayStation VR will get its final update and will no longer be supported by Minecraft.
In April 2025, "A Minecraft Movie", a live-action film based on the game, is scheduled for theatrical release, expanding the Minecraft franchise into cinema.
In 2025, Markus Persson announced through a poll on his X account that he was considering developing a spiritual successor to Minecraft, which he later clarified as "basically Minecraft 2".