History of Venezuela in Timeline

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a South American country located on the northern coast, bordering the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It shares borders with Colombia, Brazil, and Guyana. Its territory includes a continental landmass and numerous islands. The capital and largest city is Caracas. Venezuela is a presidential republic comprised of 23 states, a Capital District, and federal dependencies consisting of its offshore islands. With an area of 916,445 km2 and a population estimated at 29 million in 2022, Venezuela is one of Latin America's most urbanized countries, with the majority of its population residing in northern cities and the capital.

1902: Venezuela Crisis

In 1902, the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-1903 began, leading to a naval blockade by Britain, Germany, and Italy due to Venezuela's debt defaults.

1903: Resolution of Venezuela Crisis

In 1903, international arbitration was agreed to resolve the Venezuela Crisis at the new Permanent Court of Arbitration.

1908: Dispute with the Netherlands and Overthrow of Castro

In 1908, another dispute broke out with the Netherlands. Cipriano Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez.

1923: Hyperinflation Projection Comparison

For 2018 an inflation rate of 1,000,000 percent was projected, putting Venezuela in a similar situation to that in Germany in 1923.

1935: Highest GDP in Latin America

By 1935, Venezuela's per capita gross domestic product was the highest in Latin America due to oil discovery.

1935: Death of Gómez

In 1935, Juan Vicente Gómez died, but the gomecista dictatorship continued.

1941: Reforms by Angarita

From 1941, under Isaías Medina Angarita, a range of reforms were granted, including the legalization of all political parties.

1943: 50/50 Split in Oil Profits

In 1943, a new government introduced a 50/50 split in profits between the government and the oil industry in Venezuela.

1945: Civilian-Military Coup

In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita, beginning a period of democratic rule.

1945: Foundation of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

In 1945, the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (LVBP) was founded.

1945: Relaxation of Gomecista Dictatorship

In 1945, under Isaías Medina Angarita, the gomecista dictatorship was relaxed after World War II.

1947: Venezuelan Presidential Election

In 1947, Rómulo Gallegos won the Venezuelan presidential election, the first free and fair election in Venezuela.

1948: Military Coup

In 1948, Rómulo Gallegos was overthrown by a military junta in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état.

1950: Death of Chalbaud

In 1950, Carlos Delgado Chalbaud died in a bungled kidnapping.

1952: Installation of Jiménez as President

In 1952, after the junta lost the presidential election, the results were ignored and Jiménez was installed as president.

1953: Name Change

In 1953, the official name of Venezuela changed back to República de Venezuela.

January 1958: Ousting of Jiménez

On January 23, 1958, Pérez Jiménez was forced out of power.

1958: Start of Democratic Governments

From 1958, Venezuela began a period of democratic governments, standing out in a region mostly under military dictatorships, characterized by economic prosperity.

1959: Guerrilla Movements

During the presidency of Rómulo Betancourt (1959-64), substantial guerrilla movements occurred.

1959: Presidents Granted Ability to Rule by Decree

Since 1959, six Venezuelan presidents have been granted the ability to rule by decree in specified policy areas.

1960: Creation of OPEC

In 1960, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of OPEC, the consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of oil.

1960: Attack on Betancourt

In 1960, Rómulo Betancourt suffered an attack planned by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.

1962: Failed Revolts

In 1962, leftists tried to destabilize the military corps, with failed revolts.

1964: Guerrilla Movements

During the presidency of Raúl Leoni (1964-69), substantial guerrilla movements occurred.

1966: Geneva Agreement Signed

In 1966, the British and Venezuelan governments signed the Geneva Agreement to resolve the conflict over Guayana Esequiba peacefully.

1968: Election Win for COPEI

In 1968, Rafael Caldera won the election for COPEI, the first time a party other than Democratic Action took the presidency through a democratic election.

1969: Administrative Regions Established

In 1969, the states of Venezuela were grouped into nine administrative regions by presidential decree to facilitate governance and regional planning.

1969: First Presidency of Caldera

Most guerrillas laid down their arms under Rafael Caldera's first presidency (1969-74).

1970: Port of Spain Protocol

The Port of Spain Protocol of 1970 set a deadline to try to resolve the issue, without success to date.

1973: Venezuela Votes to Nationalize Oil Industry

In 1973, Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry.

1973: Venezuelan Presidential Election of Carlos Andrés Pérez

The 1973 Venezuelan presidential election of Carlos Andrés Pérez coincided with an oil crisis, leading to a boom in Venezuela's income.

January 1976: Nationalization of Oil Industry

Effective 1 January 1976, Venezuela nationalized its oil industry outright, with Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) taking over.

1976: Nationalization of Oil Industries

In 1976, the oil industries were nationalized in Venezuela.

1982: Chávez's Promise

In 1982, Hugo Chávez promised to depose the bipartisanship governments.

1983: Currency Devaluation

In 1983, the government started to devalue the currency to face its financial obligations, leading to a fall in living standards.

1983: Caracas Metro Operating

The Caracas Metro has been operating since 1983.

1988: Re-election of Carlos Andrés Pérez

In 1988, Carlos Andrés Pérez was re-elected as president.

1989: Caracazo Riots

In 1989, the Caracazo riots occurred, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

1990: Deforestation in Venezuela

In 1990, Venezuela began experiencing significant deforestation, contributing to the loss of 8.3% of its forest cover by 2005.

February 1992: Coup Attempt Led by Hugo Chávez

In February 1992, Hugo Chávez led a coup attempt, fueled by anger at economic austerity measures.

1992: Attempted Coups

In 1992, there were two attempted coups in Venezuela amidst political crises.

1993: Impeachment of Carlos Andrés Pérez

In 1993, President Carlos Andrés Pérez was impeached under embezzlement charges, leading to the interim presidency of Ramón José Velásquez.

1993: Impeachment of a President

In 1993, a president was impeached for embezzlement of public funds.

March 1994: Pardon of Hugo Chávez

In March 1994, Hugo Chávez was pardoned by President Rafael Caldera, reinstating his political rights.

1994: Banking Crisis

In the 1990s, Venezuela experienced a major banking crisis in 1994.

1995: Venezuela Corruption Ranking

Since the survey started in 1995, the Corruption Perceptions Index has ranked Venezuela as one of the most corrupt countries.

1996: Peak Inflation

The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996.

1997: Founding of Fifth Republic Movement

In 1997, Chávez founded the Fifth Republic Movement.

1998: Chávez Election

Chávez won the elections of 1998.

1998: Election of Hugo Chávez

In 1998, Hugo Chávez was elected president, leading to the launch of the "Bolivarian Revolution".

1998: Venezuelan Presidential Election

The 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, caused a collapse in confidence in the existing parties and became the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution.

1999: Venezuelans Leaving the Country

A 2014 study found over 1.5 million Venezuelans, or about 4% to 6% of the country's population, have left Venezuela since 1999.

1999: Chávez Maintains Presidency

From 1999, Hugo Chávez maintained the presidency continuously.

1999: Name Change

In 1999, Venezuela changed its name again to República de Venezuela.

1999: Constituent Assembly and New Constitution

In 1999, a Constituent Assembly was formed, leading to the imposition of a new Constitution of Venezuela, marking the beginning of the Bolivarian Revolution.

1999: Constituent Assembly

In 1999, a constituent assembly was formed to write a new Constitution for Venezuela.

1999: Indigenous peoples' rights

In 1999, the Constitution in Venezuela recognized the multi-ethnic, pluri-cultural, and multilingual character of the country and included a chapter devoted to Indigenous peoples' rights, opening spaces for their political inclusion at national and local level.

1999: Jewish Community Size

In 1999, the Jewish population in Venezuela was 22,000.

1999: Start of Chávez's Term

The presidential election that took place in April 2013, was the first since Chávez took office in 1999 in which his name did not appear on the ballot.

September 2000: Millennium Development Goals

In September 2000, Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to the Millennium Development Goals.

2000: Chávez Election

Chávez won the elections of 2000.

2001: Census Data Comparison

The 2011 census data compared to the 2001 census data demonstrates an increase in indigenous populations.

2001: Boost to Venezuelan Economy

The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending.

2001: Limits on Foreign Investment

Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment.

April 2002: Venezuelan Coup d'état attempt

In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt. However, Chavez returned after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez supporters and actions by the military.

December 2002: National Strike

In December 2002, an all-out national strike began, lasting until February 2003.

2002: Coup d'état Attempt

In 2002, during the Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, the U.S. government recognized the short-lived interim presidency of Pedro Carmona, worsening relations between Venezuela and the United States.

February 2003: End of National Strike

In February 2003, the national strike that began in December 2002 came to an end.

2003: Conservation Management

In 2003, 70% of the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas, including 43 national parks.

2003: Currency Controls Implemented

In 2003, the government of Hugo Chávez implemented currency controls after capital flight led to a devaluation of the currency. This led to the development of a parallel market of dollars in the subsequent years.

2003: Drug Seizures

In the period 2003–2008 Venezuelan authorities seized the fifth-largest total quantity of cocaine in the world, behind Colombia, the United States, Spain and Panama.

August 2004: Recall Referendum

In August 2004, Chávez survived a recall referendum.

2004: Presidential Referendum

Chávez won the presidential referendum of 2004.

2005: Forest Cover Loss

Between 1990 and 2005, Venezuela lost 8.3% of its forest cover, which is about 4.3 million ha.

2005: School Enrollment Rates

In 2005, the net primary school enrollment rate in Venezuela was 91%, and the net secondary school enrollment rate was 63%.

December 2006: Election for Another Term

In December 2006, Chávez was elected for another term.

2006: Chávez Election

Chávez won the elections of 2006.

2006: Manufacturing Contribution to GDP

In 2006, manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in Venezuela.

2006: Venezuela Rated as "Hybrid Regime"

In 2006, the Economist Intelligence Unit rated Venezuela a "hybrid regime" and the third least democratic regime in Latin America on the Democracy Index.

2006: ONA Incorporated into Vice-President's Office

In 2006, the government's agency for combating illegal drug trade in Venezuela, ONA, was incorporated into the office of the vice-president.

2007: Founding of United Socialist Party of Venezuela

In 2007, Chávez founded the United Socialist Party of Venezuela.

2007: Refugee and Asylum Seekers

In 2007, according to the World Refugee Survey, 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela.

2007: Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra at London Proms

The Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra hosted a concert at the 2007 London Proms and received several honors.

2008: World Refugee Survey 2008

According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, Venezuela hosted a population of refugee and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200.

2008: Cesar Baena represents Venezuela in Nordic Skiing

Cesar Baena represented Venezuela in Nordic Skiing since 2008.

2008: Incorporation of soldiers into Armed Reserve

In 2008, 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch of the Bolivarian National Armed Forces, known as the Armed Reserve.

2008: Autosomal DNA study

In 2008, an autosomal DNA study by the University of Brasília determined that Venezuela's population composition is 60.60% European, 23% Indigenous, and 16.30% African.

2008: Crime is top voter concern

In 2008, polls indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters in Venezuela.

2008: Adult Literacy Rate

In 2008, the adult literacy rate in Venezuela was 95.2%.

2008: Drug Seizures

In the period 2003–2008 Venezuelan authorities seized the fifth-largest total quantity of cocaine in the world, behind Colombia, the United States, Spain and Panama.

February 2009: Presidential Re-election Amendment

As of February 15, 2009, a president may be re-elected an unlimited number of times.

December 2009: Supreme Court President on Division of Powers

In December 2009, Supreme Court president Luisa Estela Morales stated that Venezuela had moved away from a rigid division of powers toward a system characterized by intense coordination between the branches of government.

2009: FIS Cross Country Ski World Cup

In 2009, Cesar Baena became the first South American skier to compete in a FIS Cross Country Ski World Cup in Düsseldorf.

2010: Increase in crude oil reserves

In 2010, there was a 40.4% increase in Venezuela's proven crude oil reserves, surpassing Saudi Arabia as the country with the largest reserves of this type.

2010: Venezuela's Corruption Ranking in 2010

The 2010 ranking of the Corruption Perceptions Index placed Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries in government transparency.

November 2011: Repatriation of gold bullion

On 25 November 2011, the first of US$11 billion of repatriated gold bullion arrived in Caracas, in a move that Chávez called a "sovereign" step to protect the country's foreign reserves.

2011: Religious Demographics

According to a 2011 poll, 88% of the population in Venezuela is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), and the remaining 17% Protestant. 8% of Venezuelans are irreligious, and almost 3% follow another religion.

2011: National Assembly Membership

For the 2011–2016 period the number of seats is 165. All deputies serve five-year terms.

2011: Venezuelan Census

In the 2011 census in Venezuela, Venezuelans were asked to identify themselves according to their customs and ancestry, but the term pardo was excluded from the answers. The majority claimed to be moreno or white (51.6% and 43.6%, respectively).

October 2012: Election for a Third Term

In October 2012, Chávez was elected for a third term.

2012: Chávez Election

Chávez won the elections of 2012.

2012: Gold Medal in Fencing

During the 2012 Summer Olympics, Rubén Limardo won a gold medal in fencing.

2012: Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament

Venezuela hosted the 2012 Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament.

February 2013: Currency Devaluation

In February 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to rising shortages, including milk and other necessities, leading to increased malnutrition, especially among children.

March 2013: Death of Hugo Chávez

In March 2013, Hugo Chávez died due to medical complications.

April 2013: Maduro Wins Presidential Election

On April 14, 2013, Nicolás Maduro won the presidential election with 51% of the vote, succeeding Hugo Chávez. The Democratic Unity Roundtable contested the results, alleging fraud, but an audit found no discrepancies, and the Supreme Court declared Maduro the legitimate president.

2013: Medical Graduate Emigration

According to Claudio Bifano, president of the Venezuelan Academy of Physical, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, more than half of all medical graduates had left Venezuela in 2013.

2013: Death of Chávez

Hugo Chávez died in 2013.

2013: Maduro Appointed Vice President

In 2013, Nicolás Maduro was picked by Chavez as his successor, appointing him vice president.

2013: High Homicide Rate

In 2013, Venezuela's homicide rate was approximately 79 per 100,000, one of the world's highest, having quadrupled in the past 15 years with over 200,000 people murdered.

2013: Government Adds Dollar Reserves to National Bank

In 2013, the government was forced to add the dollar reserves of state-owned companies to those of the national bank to reassure the international bond market.

2013: Currency Devaluation and Shortages

In early 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to growing shortages, including necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour.

2013: Disputed Presidential Election and Crisis

The 2013 Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed, triggering widespread protest and another nationwide crisis that continues to this day.

2013: U.S. Infant Mortality Rate

The U.S. infant mortality rate was 6 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013 for comparison.

2013: FIBA Basketball Americas Championship

Venezuela hosted the 2013 FIBA Basketball Americas Championship, which took place in the Poliedro de Caracas.

February 2014: Protests over Criminal Violence, Corruption, and Scarcity

In February 2014, widespread protests erupted in Venezuela, driven by high levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and the scarcity of basic goods. These demonstrations and riots resulted in over 40 fatalities as unrest grew between Chavistas and opposition protesters. Opposition leaders like Leopoldo López and Antonio Ledezma were arrested, drawing condemnation from human rights groups.

December 2014: Abandonment of Barrio Adentro Establishments

As of December 2014, an estimated 80% of Barrio Adentro establishments in Venezuela were abandoned.

2014: Venezuelans Leaving the Country

A 2014 study found over 1.5 million Venezuelans, or about 4% to 6% of the country's population, have left Venezuela since 1999.

2014: Oil Price Plummets and Recession Begins

Beginning in 2014, Venezuela experienced a significant economic downturn as the price of oil plummeted from over $100 to $40 per barrel. As a result, Venezuela entered a recession in 2014.

2014: Protests and Demonstrations Began

In 2014, a series of protests and demonstrations began in Venezuela, attributed to inflation, violence and shortages. Maduro acknowledged PSUV defeat but attributed the opposition's victory to an intensification of an economic war.

2014: Infant Mortality Rate

In 2014, the infant mortality rate in Venezuela was 19 deaths per 1,000 births, and child malnutrition was 17%.

2014: Rule of Law Index Ranking in 2014

The World Justice Project ranked Venezuela 99th out of 99 countries surveyed in its 2014 Rule of Law Index.

December 2015: Fraudulent Designation of Judges

On 6 December 2015, Maduro designated judges fraudulently, giving him judiciary power.

December 2015: Parliamentary Elections Held

On December 6, 2015, parliamentary elections were held in Venezuela to elect the deputies and Indigenous representatives of the National Assembly. The PSUV and government quickly responded by substituting the entire Supreme Court, claimed as a fraud.

2015: Increased Homicide Rate

By 2015, Venezuela's homicide rate had risen to 90 per 100,000 residents.

2015: Decline of Jewish Community

By 2015, the Jewish population in Venezuela had declined to less than 7,000, due to economic pressures and antisemitism.

2015: Highest Inflation in the World

In 2015, Venezuela faced the world's highest inflation rate, surpassing 100%, exacerbating the economic crisis.

2015: Venezuela Declared National Security Threat

In 2015, Venezuela was declared a national security threat by U.S. President Barack Obama, further straining relations between the two countries.

2015: Opposition Gained Majority in Venezuelan Parliamentary Election

In the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the opposition gained a majority. This marked a shift in the political landscape of Venezuela, following years of dominance by the ruling party.

January 2016: Maduro Declares "Economic Emergency"

In January 2016, President Maduro declared an "economic emergency," revealing the severity of the economic crisis in Venezuela and expanding his presidential powers.

January 2016: Maduro Approves Economic Emergency Decree

On 16 January 2016, Maduro approved an unconstitutional economic emergency decree, relegating to his own figure the legislative and executive powers, while also holding judiciary power through the fraudulent designation of judges the day after the election on 6 December 2015.

April 2016: Rolling Blackouts

In April 2016, the Maduro government announced rolling blackouts and reduced the government workweek to only Monday and Tuesday due to a hydroelectricity shortage.

May 2016: Suspension of Constitutional Guarantees

On 14 May 2016, constitutional guarantees were in fact suspended when Maduro decreed the extension of the economic emergency decree for another 60 days and declared a State of Emergency, which is a clear violation of the Constitution of Venezuela.

May 2016: OAS Considers Sanctions

On 14 May 2016, the Organization of American States was considering the application of the Inter-American Democratic Charter sanctions for non-compliance to its own constitution.

July 2016: Colombian Border Crossings Temporarily Opened

In July 2016, Colombian border crossings were temporarily opened to allow Venezuelans to purchase essential food and basic health items, addressing critical shortages within Venezuela.

September 2016: Study Indicates Widespread Consumption of Food Waste

In September 2016, a study revealed that 15% of Venezuelans were resorting to eating "food waste discarded by commercial establishments" due to severe food scarcity.

October 2016: Numerous Prison Riots

By October 2016, Venezuela had experienced 200 prison riots, reflecting the escalating social unrest and instability in the country.

2016: Venezuela's Corruption Ranking in 2016

By 2016, Venezuela's ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index had increased to 166 out of 178.

2016: National Assembly Membership

For the 2011–2016 period the number of seats is 165. All deputies serve five-year terms.

2016: Per Capita GDP

In 2016, Venezuela's per capita GDP was estimated to be US$15,100, ranking 109th in the world.

2016: Economic Decline

In 2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18.6%, entering an economic depression.

March 2017: Gasoline Shortages

In March 2017, Venezuela began having shortages of gasoline in some regions.

March 2017: Supreme Court Takes Over Law Making Powers

In March 2017, the Venezuelan Supreme Court took over law making powers from the National Assembly but reversed its decision the following day.

April 2017: Venezuela Announces Withdrawal from OAS

On 26 April 2017, Venezuela announced its intention to withdraw from the OAS. Venezuelan Foreign Minister Delcy Rodríguez said that President Nicolás Maduro plans to publicly renounce Venezuela's membership on 27 April 2017. It will take two years for the country to formally leave.

August 2017: Constituent National Assembly Elected

In August 2017, the 2017 Constituent National Assembly was elected, stripping the National Assembly of its powers and raising concerns about an emerging dictatorship.

December 2017: Opposition Parties Barred from Presidential Vote

In December 2017, President Maduro declared opposition parties would be barred from the following year's presidential vote after they boycotted mayoral polls, further consolidating his power.

2017: Venezuela Declared in Default

By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies.

2017: Human Rights Watch criticism

In 2017, Human Rights Watch criticized Venezuela's human rights record, noting the concentration of power in the executive branch and the persecution of critics and opposition. The Democracy Index downgraded Venezuela to an authoritarian regime in 2017.

2017: US Imposes Sanctions

In 2017, the Donald Trump administration imposed economic sanctions against PDVSA and Venezuelan officials, intensifying the economic challenges already faced by the country.

2017: Arms diversion to civilian groups

In 2017, the Financial Times noted that some of the arms procured by the Venezuelan government over the previous two decades had been diverted to paramilitary civilian groups and criminal syndicates.

2017: Negative Outlook

Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017.

2018: School Dropout Rates

By 2018, over half of all Venezuelan children had dropped out of school, with 58% of students quitting nationwide.

2018: Hyperinflation Projected

For 2018 an inflation rate of 1,000,000 percent was projected in Venezuela.

2018: Maduro Wins Disputed Election

In 2018, Nicolás Maduro won the presidential election with 68% of the vote, a result challenged by numerous countries who deemed it fraudulent and recognized Juan Guaidó as president.

2018: Enforced Disappearances Occurred

In June 2020, a report documented enforced disappearances that occurred in 2018–19. The report stated that security forces subjected victims to torture.

August 2019: US Imposes Economic Embargo

In August 2019, the Trump administration imposed an economic embargo against Venezuela, further intensifying the economic pressure on the country.

March 2020: US Indicts Maduro and Venezuelan Officials

In March 2020, the United States indicted Nicolás Maduro and other Venezuelan officials on charges including drug trafficking, narcoterrorism, and corruption, escalating tensions between the two countries.

June 2020: Report Documents Enforced Disappearances

In June 2020, a report documented enforced disappearances occurring in 2018–19, detailing 724 cases of political detainees subjected to torture by security forces to silence opponents and critical voices.

2021: Population of Venezuela

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population of Venezuela was 28,199,867 in 2021.

2021: Hydroelectricity

In 2021, hydroelectricity accounted for 64% of the country's electricity generation.

2022: Population of Venezuela

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population of Venezuela was 28,199,867 in 2021.

February 2024: UN special rapporteur visit

In February 2024, a UN special rapporteur visited the country.

June 2024: Venezuelan Refugee Crisis

By June 2024, more than 7.7 million people had fled Venezuela due to the ongoing crisis, precipitating the Venezuelan refugee crisis.

2024: Economic situation in Venezuela in 2024

As of 2024, according to VOA (report from AFP), Venezuela has seen its GDP fall by 80 percent in less than a decade, driving some seven million of its citizens to flee.

2024: Maduro Claims Victory in Disputed Presidential Election

In 2024, Nicolás Maduro ran for a third consecutive term against Edmundo González Urrutia, who represented the opposition. After the National Electoral Council (CNE) announced a narrow Maduro victory on July 29, world leaders expressed skepticism. Both candidates claimed victory, while the results were not recognized by international organizations and disputed by the opposition.