American Samoa, an unincorporated U.S. territory in the South Pacific, lies southeast of Samoa. Its location at 14.3°S 170.7°W places it east of the International Date Line, west of the Cook Islands, north of Tonga, and south of Tokelau. As the southernmost U.S. territory, it's one of two, alongside Jarvis Island, situated south of the Equator.
Starting in 1900, American Samoa implemented a system of land ownership that was categorized into three primary types: native, individual, and freehold. This system had implications for how land could be owned and utilized within the territory.
The U.S. Navy secured a Deed of Cession of Tutuila in 1900 on behalf of the U.S. government, solidifying control over the island.
The United States formally annexed Tutuila in 1900, which became part of the eastern island group that would be known as American Samoa.
The U.S. formally annexed Manuʻa in 1904, completing the acquisition of the eastern island group that would become American Samoa.
The last sovereign of Manuʻa, the Tui Manuʻa Elisala, signed a Deed of Cession of Manuʻa in 1904, following a series of U.S. naval trials.
In May 1911, Governor William Michael Crose wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, conveying the desire of the people of Manuʻa to have their islands included in the territory's name.
On July 7, 1911, the solicitor general of the Navy authorized the governor to proclaim "American Samoa" as the new name for the territory.
On July 17, 1911, the U.S. Naval Station Tutuila, which comprised Tutuila, Aunuʻu, and Manuʻa, was officially renamed American Samoa.
On December 19, 1912, English writer William Somerset Maugham visited Pago Pago, American Samoa, a trip that inspired his renowned short story "Rain."
During the 1918 Great Influenza pandemic, American Samoa, under the leadership of Governor John Martin Poyer, successfully prevented any deaths from the virus through quick quarantine measures.
On November 2, 1921, American Samoa's 13th naval governor, Commander Warren Jay Terhune, died by suicide in the government mansion.
The first bus service on the island of Tutuila in American Samoa began operations on June 8, 1922.
On August 17, 1924, Margaret Mead arrived in American Samoa to begin fieldwork for her doctoral dissertation in anthropology.
In 1924, American Samoa witnessed its first documented rugby game, marking the beginning of the sport's presence in the territory.
Swains Island was annexed by the United States in 1925, following the dissolution of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony by the United Kingdom.
In 1928, Margaret Mead's influential and controversial book, "Coming of Age in Samoa," was published.
The Ratification Act of 1929 granted the President of the United States authority over American Samoa.
In 1930, the U.S. Congress sent a committee to investigate the status of American Samoa, particularly in light of the suppressed American Samoa Mau movement, which sought greater autonomy for the territory.
Frank Solomon, an American Samoan born in Pago Pago, made history in 1932 by becoming the first American national of Samoan descent to play for a New Zealand rugby team. He scored a crucial try in the inaugural Bledisloe Cup match against Australia, which New Zealand won 21-13, solidifying his place as a Pacific pioneer in New Zealand rugby.
In 1938, aviator Ed Musick and his crew died when the Pan American World Airways S-42 Samoan Clipper crashed over Pago Pago after experiencing trouble during a survey flight.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, from its initial enactment, incorporated special provisions that applied to American Samoa. These provisions acknowledged the unique economic circumstances of the territory.
On November 21, 1939, American Samoa carried out its last execution when Imoa was hanged for the murder of Sema. The popular Samoan song "Fa'afofoga Samoa" is based on this event.
On January 13, 1942, a Japanese submarine fired shells at the U.S. Naval Station Tutuila. This was the only Japanese attack on Tutuila during World War II.
On August 24, 1943, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visited American Samoa, inspecting the Fita Fita Guard and Band and the First Samoan Battalion of the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve.
Prior to Lady Bird Johnson's visit in 1966, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visited American Samoa in 1943.
In 1949, the U.S. Congress considered Organic Act 4500, which aimed to incorporate American Samoa, but it was defeated due to opposition from Samoan chiefs.
The U.S. Department of the Interior began administering American Samoa in 1950.
In 1951, President Harry Truman delegated his authority over American Samoa to the Secretary of the Interior.
Peter Tali Coleman became the first locally elected governor of American Samoa in 1956, replacing the U.S. Navy-appointed governor.
In 1961, the first high school in American Samoa was established, later known as Samoana High School.
Paramount Chief Tuli Le'iato of Faga'itua was sworn in as the first Secretary of Samoan Affairs on June 21, 1963.
Governor H. Rex Lee introduced a public television system in American Samoa in 1964 as a cost-effective way to reform education.
In January 1966, the dredge Palolo was brought in from Upolu to extract sand for the Utulei Beach development project in American Samoa. Ala Varone, a specialist in beach developments from the Army, supervised the project. The primary focus of the project was a 13-acre site at the entrance of Pago Pago Harbor.
On October 18, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson visited American Samoa. Mrs. Johnson dedicated the "Manulele Tausala" Elementary School named after her. The territory's hospital was renamed LBJ Tropical Medical Center in honor of President Johnson.
The constitution of American Samoa was ratified in 1966.
The Revised Constitution of American Samoa, promulgated by Interior Secretary Stewart Udall, took effect on July 1, 1967.
American Samoa's constitution became effective on July 1, 1967, establishing a framework for self-governance.
American Samoa's constitution, which was ratified the previous year, came into effect in 1967.
In 1967, American Samoa adopted a constitution and became self-governing.
By 1968, three new high schools were established in American Samoa to meet the increasing demand for secondary education.
In November 1970, Pope Paul VI made a brief visit to American Samoa.
American Samoa Community College was founded in 1970 to provide post-secondary education in the territory.
Margaret Mead returned to American Samoa in 1971 for the dedication of the Jean P. Haydon Museum.
In 1972, American Samoa's seven National Natural Landmarks (NNL) were designated. This program is administrated by the U.S. National Park Service and the areas contain unique ecological or geological features.
On January 30, 1974, Pan Am Flight 806 crashed at Pago Pago International Airport, killing 86 people. The cause was attributed to poor visibility, pilot error, or wind shear.
Western Samoa became a member of the United Nations in 1976.
The office of a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives, specifically representing the interests of American Samoa, was established in 1978. This marked a significant step in providing American Samoa with a voice in the U.S. Congress, even without full voting representation.
By 1979, there were 2,800 high school students attending six public and private high schools in American Samoa.
On April 17, 1980, a U.S. Navy P-3 Orion crashed after its vertical stabilizer was clipped by an aerial tramway cable. The accident killed all six crew members and one civilian.
American Samoa took a significant step in managing its natural resources and recreational areas by formally establishing the Department of Parks and Recreation and the Parks Commission through legislation in 1980.
In 1980, the Appellate Division of the High Court of American Samoa, in the case of Craddick v. Territorial Registrar, issued a ruling that upheld the constitutionality of American Samoa's laws that placed race-based restrictions on land ownership. The Court recognized that these laws established a classification based on race but determined that they did not infringe upon the guarantees of equal protection and due process as outlined in the U.S. Constitution and the Revised American Samoan Constitution.
By 1981, only one series of 40-minute English language skill lessons remained on the public television system in American Samoa.
Democrat Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia assumed office as American Samoa's delegate to the United States House of Representatives in 1981.
Governor Peter Tali Coleman appointed Fuga Tolani Teleso as the Director of Parks and Recreation in 1981, marking a key appointment in managing and developing the territory's parks and recreational resources.
The Diocese of Samoa-Pago, encompassing at least 18 churches and 29 parishes, was created in 1982 by Pope John Paul II.
The Hobie World Championship was held in Tahiti in 1982, where American Samoa emerged victorious against the Apia team by a narrow margin of half a point to win the Samoa Cup.
American Samoa became a member of the Pacific Community in 1983.
American Samoa saw significant sporting achievements in 1983. A women's volleyball team, coached by Adele Satele-Galeai, won the Regional tournament in Hawaii. The South Pacific Games in Apia saw American Samoa secure 13 medals: four gold, four silver, and five bronze. Additionally, three junior golfers from American Samoa qualified for the World Junior Golf Tournament in San Diego, California.
The use of citizenship in taxation by American Samoa was ruled unconstitutional in 1983.
On May 25, 1984, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at the Onesosopo reclamation site to commemorate the commencement of work on the first park in the Eastern District of American Samoa.
In 1984, Congressman Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia introduced a bill to enter American Samoa into the Federal Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act. The purpose of the bill was to protect the ancient paleotropical rainforests and the Flying fox megabat.
In July 1987, the National Park Service began establishing a federal park, the National Park of American Samoa.
American Samoa was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1987, becoming its 167th member.
New Zealand secured their first Rugby World Cup title in 1987, marking a historic moment for the nation and the sport.
On November 1, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill establishing American Samoa National Park.
Democrat Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia's tenure as American Samoa's delegate to the United States House of Representatives concluded in 1988.
The American Samoa national rugby league team made their debut on the international stage in 1988, participating in the Pacific Cup. Their first match was against Tonga, resulting in a 38-14 loss, marking the most significant defeat for an American Samoan rugby league side.
Democrat Eni Faleomavaega commenced his service as American Samoa's delegate to the United States House of Representatives in 1989, succeeding Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia.
An initial appropriation of $400,000 was made in 1989 for the National Park of American Samoa.
The Tafuna courts hosted the inaugural South Pacific Junior Tennis Tournament in January 1990.
The American Samoa Rugby Union, the governing body for rugby in the territory, was established in 1990. This marked a significant step in the development and organization of the sport in American Samoa.
On September 19, 1991, Governor Peter Tali Coleman and Department of the Interior secretary Manuel Lujan signed leases formalizing the establishment of the fiftieth U.S. National Park.
In 1992, the American Samoa Government banned the hunting of fruit bats to help their populations recover.
The American Samoa national rugby league team continued their involvement in international rugby league competitions by participating in the 1992 Pacific Cup.
The local government banned all pigeon hunting in 1992.
In May 1993, American Samoa's bid to host the South Pacific Mini Games for 23 participating countries was approved.
In January 1994, Governor A. P. Lutali appointed a task force to oversee preparations for the South Pacific Mini Games, including the construction of a stadium, and the groundbreaking ceremony for the stadium took place.
From 1995 to 2000, the population of Samoa flying fox remained stable at about 900 animals on Tutuila, and 100 in the Manuʻa Islands.
In July 1997, Western Samoa officially changed its name to Samoa. This change had been reflected in the United Nations since Samoa joined the organization in 1976.
The 1997 South Pacific Mini Games, the largest international event ever held in American Samoa, took place.
American Samoa furthered their rugby league journey by competing in the 1998 Pacific Cup, demonstrating their dedication to the sport on the international stage.
According to a 1999 estimate, American Samoa had no merchant marine.
In 2000, the government of American Samoa adopted the U.S. tax code in effect in 2000 with certain modifications to tax the worldwide income of its residents.
As of the year 2000, scientists estimated that there are fewer than 5,500 Pacific flying foxes in American Samoa, and an estimated 900 or fewer Samoa flying foxes.
In 2000, Troy Polamalu, a prominent NFL player of Samoan heritage, decided to stop cutting his hair as a tribute to his cultural roots.
This year represents the beginning of the period from 2002 to 2007 during which the population growth and real GDP per capita of American Samoa were examined.
This marks the beginning of the period from 2002 to 2007 during which the real GDP of American Samoa was analyzed for its growth patterns.
In 2003, the American Samoa national rugby league team broadened their international experience by competing in the World Sevens qualifiers, aiming for a spot in the prestigious tournament.
Jerome Kaino, another American Samoan born in Faga'alu, debuted for the New Zealand national rugby team in 2004 at the age of 21. He made an impressive start by scoring a try in his first match against the Barbarians, contributing to New Zealand's 47-19 victory and earning the man of the match award.
The American Samoa national rugby league team achieved their largest victory in 2004, defeating New Caledonia with a score of 62-6. This year also marked their participation in the Pacific Cup, showcasing their competitive spirit.
The American Samoa national rugby league team persisted in their pursuit of international success by participating in the World Sevens qualifiers in 2005, showcasing their commitment to the sport.
The unemployment rate in American Samoa was 29.8% in 2005.
The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 was passed in 2007, increasing the minimum wage in American Samoa by 50¢ per hour in 2007 and another 50¢ each year until it equals the federal minimum wage.
The Samoan economy and the implications of the upcoming minimum wage increases became a subject of discussion in the U.S. Congress in early 2007. Eni Faleomavaega, the Samoan delegate to the United States House of Representatives, raised concerns about the potential negative effects of these increases on the Samoan economy.
This year marks the end of the period from 2002 to 2007, which was used to analyze the population growth and real GDP per capita of American Samoa.
This year signifies the end of the period from 2002 to 2007 during which the real GDP of American Samoa was analyzed for its growth patterns.
In 2008, American Samoa had an estimated 150 miles of highways.
On September 28, 2009, an 8.1 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of American Samoa, triggering a tsunami that killed over 170 people in the Samoa Islands and Tonga. Waves up to 20 feet high caused significant damage.
In 2009, the Chicken of the Sea tuna canning plant in American Samoa was shut down in response to the minimum wage increase, resulting in the layoff of 2,041 employees.
Samoa Packing, a subsidiary of the tuna packing company Chicken of the Sea, closed its operations in 2009. The company attributed the closure to a combination of factors, including the increases in the minimum wage and growing competition from foreign entities.
American Samoa's strong football culture was highlighted in a segment aired on the renowned news program 60 Minutes on January 17, 2010.
On July 22, 2010, Detective Lieutenant Lusila Brown was fatally shot, marking the first time in over 15 years that a police officer in American Samoa was killed in the line of duty.
In August 2010, StarKist, a major tuna canning plant in American Samoa, began laying off workers due to minimum wage increases and rising operation costs. They planned to lay off a total of 800 workers.
On November 8, 2010, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made a stopover in American Samoa and was greeted with a traditional kava ceremony.
In 2010, sources estimated that 98.3% of the population in American Samoa was Christian, with other religions and unaffiliated individuals accounting for a small percentage.
The unemployment rate in American Samoa improved to 23.8% in 2010.
In 2010, voters in American Samoa rejected a series of amendments to the territorial constitution. One of the key proposals that was rejected would have restricted the eligibility for U.S. citizens to serve as legislators only if they had Samoan ancestry.
Jerome Kaino played a pivotal role in New Zealand's Rugby World Cup victory in 2011. He participated in every match of the tournament, scoring four tries and showcasing his exceptional skills, leading to New Zealand's 8-7 win over France in the final.
In 2012, a group of American Samoans initiated a lawsuit against the federal government, seeking acknowledgment of birthright citizenship for individuals born in American Samoa. This case, known as Tuaua v. United States, brought to light the unique legal status of American Samoa and its residents.
In 2012, a study found that American Samoa had the most expensive internet of any U.S. territory, with speeds only slightly better than dial-up in the 1990s, making it unaffordable for many residents.
In 2012, both the Governor of American Samoa and the territory's delegate to the U.S. Congress, Eni Faleomavaega, urged the populace to think about moving towards greater autonomy or even complete independence. This call received a varied response from the people.
In 2012, the American Samoa Rugby Union achieved international recognition by becoming affiliated with the International Rugby Board (IRB), connecting American Samoa to the global rugby community.
In 2013, data indicated that the ratio between imports and exports in American Samoa was relatively balanced. The agricultural production in the territory primarily served to meet domestic needs, with only a small portion of fruits and vegetables being exported.
Filmmaker Paul Crompton visited American Samoa in January 2014 to interview locals for a documentary about the 1974 Pan Am Flight 806 crash.
The 2014 British documentary film "Next Goal Wins" brought international attention to the American Samoa national football team. The film chronicled their journey during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, including their momentous first international victory.
In June 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of citizenship did not extend to individuals born in unincorporated territories, including American Samoa. This decision further solidified the distinction between U.S. citizenship and U.S. national status.
In August 2015, the American Samoa Rugby Union Board selected Leota Toma Patu, from the village of Leone, to coach the Talavalu 15 men's team, representing American Samoa in the Ocean Cup 2015 held in Papua New Guinea.
Republican Aumua Amata Radewagen took on the role of American Samoa's delegate to the United States House of Representatives in 2015, marking a shift in the territory's representation.
By 2015, American Samoa had made a significant contribution to American football with thirty players in the National Football League (NFL) and over 200 participating in Division I NCAA Football.
American Samoa's GDP per capita (PPP) was $11,200 in 2016.
At the 2016 Republican National Convention, the American Samoan delegation proudly proclaimed their homeland as the "greatest exporter of NFL players."
Vice President Mike Pence made a stopover in Pago Pago in April 2017, becoming the third sitting U.S. vice president to visit American Samoa.
U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson visited Pago Pago on June 3, 2017.
The GDP of American Samoa experienced a decline of 5.8% in 2017.
American Samoa saw a 2.2% increase in its GDP in 2018.
In December 2019, U.S. District Judge Clark Waddoups issued a ruling that declared 8 U.S.C. § 1408(1) as unconstitutional on its face. This ruling asserted that individuals born in American Samoa are indeed citizens of the United States by virtue of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision challenged the long-standing legal interpretation of citizenship rights in U.S. territories.
American Samoa's GDP was $709 million in 2020.
The 2020 census counted 49,710 people in American Samoa, with 97.5% residing on the largest island, Tutuila.
The 2020 census reported that 87.9% of the population spoke Samoan at home, while 47.2% spoke English at home or "very well".
On July 20, 2021, the Legislature of American Samoa unanimously passed a resolution in support of the 10th Circuit Court's decision to reverse the District Court's judgment on birthright citizenship for those born in American Samoa. This resolution reflected the complex legal and political landscape surrounding the issue of citizenship in U.S. territories.
In 2021, the local U.S. Army recruiting station in Pago Pago, American Samoa, ranked first in recruitment, highlighting the territory's high military enlistment rate.
In 2022, Samoan and English were designated as the official languages of American Samoa.
As of 2022, the population of American Samoa was approximately 45,443, with the vast majority being indigenous Samoans. Most residents were bilingual, speaking both English and Samoan fluently.
As of 2022, the population of American Samoa was estimated to be around 45,443 people.
As of April 2023, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website claimed a membership of 16,512, nearly 30% of American Samoa's population.
A feature film adaptation of the documentary "Next Goal Wins" was released in 2023, directed by Taika Waititi. The film continued to share the story of the American Samoa national team's inspiring journey.