Dubai is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, located on the Persian Gulf's southeastern coast. In 2025, it has a population of 4 million, with a large expatriate community (92%). The broader urban area, including Sharjah, has about 5 million residents (2023), and the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area has 6 million people.
In 1901, Dubai declared itself a free port, marking a significant step in its development as a regional trade hub.
In 1901, Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum established Dubai as a free port with no taxation on imports or exports, providing land and protection to merchants.
In 1902, the Bombay and Persia Steam Navigation Company's vessels made 21 visits to Dubai, indicating the growing importance of the port.
From 1904 on, the steamers called fortnightly in Dubai, trading 70,000 tons of cargo in 1906.
By 1906, Dubai had supplanted Lingeh as the chief entrepôt of the Trucial States.
In 1908, the "great storm" struck the pearling boats of Dubai and the coastal emirates, resulting in the loss of a dozen boats and over 100 men, causing a major setback for Dubai.
In 1910, the town of Dubai was bombarded by HMS Hyacinth, resulting in 37 deaths.
In 1911, Butti lamented the misery and poverty raging among the people, leading to struggles, looting, and killing.
In 1937, an oil exploration contract was signed, guaranteeing royalty rights for Dubai and concessionary payments to Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum.
In 1947, a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi escalated into war, which was eventually resolved through arbitration by the British government.
In 1954, Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the then ruler of Dubai, established the Dubai Municipality (DM) for city planning, citizen services, and upkeep of local facilities.
From 1958, Dubai's ruler Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, used revenue from trading activities to build infrastructure.
In 1959, Dubai's first telephone company was established, with IAL (International Aeradio Ltd) owning 51% and Sheikh Rashid and local businesspeople owning 49%.
In 1959, Sheikh Rashid invited architect John Harris to Dubai to discuss a town plan.
In 1959, construction of Dubai's first airport began on the northern edge of the town.
In May 1960, John Harris returned to Dubai with the town plan for the city.
In September 1960, the terminal building of Dubai's first airport opened for business.
On 7 April 1961, the Dubai-based MV Dara was caught in high winds, leading to explosions and fires. 238 of the 819 persons on board were lost in the disaster.
By 1961, the British engineering firm Halcrow was marking the city's street system as shown on the plan and hardening designated routes with asphalt.
In 1961, Dubai extended the Creek, further enhancing its trade capabilities.
In 1961, Iran Air commenced services to Shiraz from Dubai's airport.
In 1961, both the electricity and telephone companies rolled out operational networks in Dubai.
In 1962, Sheikh Rashid approached the Ruler of Qatar for a loan to build the first bridge crossing Dubai Creek, due to high expenditure on infrastructure projects.
In 1962, many new houses and blocks of offices and flats were being built, and more and more European and Arab firms were opening up in Dubai.
In May 1963, the first bridge crossing Dubai Creek was completed and paid for by a toll levied on traffic from the Dubai side of the creek to Deira.
In 1965, the asphalt runway of Dubai Airport was constructed, opening Dubai to both regional and long-haul traffic.
In 1966, more gold was shipped from London to Dubai than from almost anywhere else in the world, totaling 4 million ounces. Dubai also took delivery of over $15 million worth of watches and over 5 million ounces of silver.
In 1966, oil was discovered in territorial waters off Dubai, accelerating Sheikh Rashid's infrastructure development plans.
In 1967, the price of gold was $35 an ounce, but its market price in India was $68 an ounce.
On 16 January 1968, Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "East of Aden", leading to negotiations among the coastal emirates.
On 18 February 1968, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai agreed on the principle of union at a meeting in Argoub Al Sedirah.
After oil discovery in 1966, Sheikh Rashid accelerated infrastructure development plans triggering a construction boom from 1968 to 1975.
By 1968, Dubai had a reliable supply of piped water and a sand tax was briefly imposed but lifted after 11 days.
In 1968, the Ambassador and Carlton Hotels were constructed in Dubai.
Throughout the 1960s, Dubai was the centre of a lively gold trade, with 1968 imports of gold at some £56 million, mainly re-exported to customers off India.
The nine-state union never recovered from the October 1969 meeting, when British intervention against aggressive actions by two of the Emirates prompted walkouts by Bahrain and Qatar.
From 1969 onwards, oil revenue supported a period of growth in Dubai.
In 1970, a new airport terminal building was constructed, which included Dubai's first duty-free shops.
On 18 July 1971, six of the seven "trucial" emirates agreed on a union.
On December 2, 1971, Dubai, along with Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, and Fujairah, united to form the United Arab Emirates.
In February 1972, specifically on the 10th, Ras Al Khaimah became the seventh emirate to join the UAE, following Iran's annexation of the Tunbs islands claimed by RAK.
On 5 October 1972, Port Rashid, a deep-water free port, was inaugurated in Dubai.
In 1973, Dubai and the other emirates adopted the UAE dirham as their uniform currency, dissolving the prior monetary union with Qatar and introducing the UAE dirham throughout the Emirates.
Between 1968 and 1975, the city's population grew by over 300% due to an influx of foreign workers.
Port Rashid was to be expanded in 1975 by 35 berths before the larger Jebel Ali port was constructed.
In 1977, the decision to construct Dubai Hospital was made.
In 1979, Dubai saw the establishment of the Jebel Ali port, a deep-water port designed to accommodate larger ships, marking a significant development. Additionally, a formal compromise was reached, putting an end to border disagreements between the emirates.
In 1985, Sheikh Mohammed established JAFZA (Jebel Ali Free Zone) around the Jebel Ali port, facilitating unrestricted import of labor and export of capital for foreign companies.
In 1990, oil accounted for 24% of Dubai's GDP.
In early 1991, the Gulf War negatively impacted Dubai's finances as depositors and traders withdrew funds and halted trading, though the city later rebounded. Dubai served as a refuelling base for allied forces at the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War.
In 1995, the Internet was introduced into the UAE (and therefore Dubai).
The Burj Al Arab, a luxury hotel, opened in December 1999.
In 2000, the Dubai Financial Market (DFM) was established as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds.
Construction of the Palm Jumeirah, an artificial archipelago, began in 2001 and was completed in 2006.
From 2001 to November 2008, some properties in Dubai depreciated, losing up to 64% of their value.
Emirates Media and Internet noted that as of 2002, 76% of Internet users were male, and about 60% of Internet users were Asian, and 25% were Arab.
In 2002, Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC) was established.
In 2003, Dubai served as a refuelling base for allied forces at the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Invasion of Iraq.
Since 2003, the executive authority of managing and overseeing Dubai Governmental agencies has been delegated to the Dubai Executive Council, led by the Crown Prince of Dubai Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum.
In September 2004, the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) opened and attracted leading international firms as a regional hub.
By 2004, oil had fallen to 7% of Dubai's GDP.
In 2004, the decision to diversify Dubai's economy increased property value.
In 2004, the development of Al Maktoum International Airport was announced.
Since 2004, the city of Dubai has hosted the annual Dubai International Film Festival which serves as a showcase for Arab and Middle Eastern filmmaking talent.
The construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004 and ended in 2009, involving more than 30 contracting companies worldwide and workers from 100 nationalities.
In 2005, 84% of Dubai's metropolitan population was foreign-born, about half of whom were from India.
In 2005, the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) was established by royal decree as an agency of the government of Dubai to control transport in Dubai.
As of the fourth quarter of 2006, the Dubai Financial Market's (DFM) trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares, valued at $95 billion, with a market capitalization of about $87 billion.
Construction of the Palm Jumeirah, an artificial archipelago, was completed in 2006.
From 2006, the weekend in Dubai was Friday and Saturday, a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend.
In 2006, the Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC), better known as Du, was established in Dubai.
In 2006, the decision to diversify Dubai's economy increased property value.
In 2006, the transport authority announced the construction of 500 air-conditioned passenger bus shelters, with plans for 1,000 more across the emirates to encourage the use of public buses.
In 2007, Dubai was ranked 44th among the world's best financial cities by a City Mayors survey.
From 2001 to November 2008, some properties in Dubai depreciated, losing up to 64% of their value.
In 2008, Dubai's public bus transport system, operated by the RTA, serviced 140 routes and transported over 109 million people.
Since 2008, contemporary art galleries brought the city of Dubai onto the international art map.
As of February 2009, Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at $80 billion amidst a slowing economic climate and the Great Recession impacting property values, construction, and employment.
On 30 April 2009, a monorail line connecting the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland opened. It is the first monorail in the Middle East.
In September 2009, the Dubai Metro, consisting of the Red and Green lines, was opened, running through the city's financial and residential areas.
According to Dubai Municipality statistics, in 2009 there were an estimated 1,021,880 cars in Dubai.
In 2009, Dubai hosted the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens.
The construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004 and ended in 2009, involving more than 30 contracting companies worldwide and workers from 100 nationalities.
In January 2010, the proportion of Dubai residents who used public transport was 6%.
The Burj Khalifa, known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration, officially opened on 4 January 2010.
The completion of the Burj Khalifa, following the construction boom that began in the 1980s, accelerated in the 1990s and reached a rapid pace during the 2000s, leaving Dubai with the world's tallest skyline as of 4 January 2010.
A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the Burj Khalifa (Khalifa Tower), now by far the world's tallest building at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).
By the end of 2010, there were 2,100 buses in service across Dubai.
On 2 November 2011, Dubai made a last-minute entry for Expo 2020 bid.
In H1 2011, Dubai's total gold trading volumes reached 580 tonnes at an average price of US$1,455 per troy ounce.
By the end of 2012, there were a total of 1,348 medical clinics in Dubai, 97% of which were operated privately.
In 2012, Dubai was ranked as the world's 27th richest city in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) by City Mayors.
In 2012, the Global City Competitiveness Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Dubai at No. 40 with a total score of 55.9.
In 2012, the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) crowned Dubai as IFEA World Festival and Event City in the cities category with a population of more than one million.
In February 2013, the delegation from the Bureau International des Expositions visited Dubai to examine its readiness for the largest exposition and was impressed by the infrastructure and level of national support.
On 14 February 2013, the Dubai Miracle Garden, a 72,000-metre flower garden, opened in Dubailand.
In May 2013, the Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan was revealed.
As of September 2013, Dubai Creek has been proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Dubai won the right to host Expo 2020 on 27 November 2013.
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2013 research report, Dubai is projected to rank 23rd overall in the Global City Competitiveness Index in 2025.
As of 2013, approximately 15% of Dubai's population consisted of UAE nationals, with the remaining 85% being expatriates, many of whom were either born in the UAE or had been in the country for generations.
In 2013, At The Top in Burj Khalifa, attracted over 1.87 million visitors.
In 2013, Synergy University Dubai Campus opened its campus in Jumeirah Lakes Towers, becoming the first University in Dubai to be located outside of Educational Zones (Knowledge Village or Academic City).
In 2013, the total trade with China increased by 29% compared to previous years.
The inaugural Dubai Food Festival was held between 21 February and 15 March 2014, aimed at enhancing and celebrating Dubai's position as the gastronomic capital of the region.
By 2014, China had emerged as Dubai's largest international trading partner, with total trade of $47.7 billion.
In 2014, Dubai International Airport handled 2.37 million tons of cargo, making it the sixth-busiest cargo airport in the world.
In 2014, Dubai experienced a GDP growth rate of 6.1%.
In 2014, Dubai had an estimated birth rate of 15.54 births and a death rate of 1.99 deaths per 1,000 people.
In 2014, Dubai's non-oil foreign trade stood at $362 billion, with imports accounting for $230 billion, and exports and re-exports totaling $31 billion and $101 billion, respectively.
In 2014, construction began on the Dubai Frame, a 150-meter marvel.
In 2014, more than 56% of Dubai residents were Muslims, 25% were Christians, 16% were Hindus, and around 2% were adherents of other religions.
In 2014, the first section of the Dubai Tram, a 10.6 km tram line serving 11 stations, opened along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates.
In 2015, Dubai phased in mandatory health insurance for all inhabitants, leading to increased demand for medical services.
In 2015, event pictures were taken from Rugby 7 Dubai.
In 2015, the AED 4 billion first phase of the Dubai Design District project was completed.
On 31 August 2016, Dubai Opera opened its doors in Downtown Dubai with a performance by Plácido Domingo.
In 2016, Dubai hosted 14.9 million overnight visitors.
In 2016, Dubai opened the world's first functioning 3D-printed office building, which took 17 days to build.
In 2016, the Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC) was nominated for "Global Free Zone of the Year" by The Financial Times Magazine.
The Dubai Food Festival was held between 23 February 2017 and 11 March 2017.
The Dubai Food Festival was held between 23 February 2017 and 11 March 2017.
In 2017, construction was completed on the Dubai Frame.
Since 2017, the Dubai Run, which is part of the Dubai Fitness Challenge and the world's largest free fun run, has been a main highlight of the challenge.
As of 2018, Dubai is the fourth-most-visited city in the world based on the number of international visitors and the fastest growing, increasing at a 10.7% rate.
As of 2018, Emirates airline operated internationally, serving over 150 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents.
As of 2018, the artificial canal city of Dubai Marina had a population of 55,052 residents.
In 2018, Dubai topped the list for the fourth consecutive year for tourist spending, with a total spend of $30.82 billion.
In 2018, oil production contributed less than 1% to Dubai's GDP, highlighting the city's diversified economy.
In September 2019, Dubai's ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ordered the establishment of the Higher Committee for Real Estate Planning to study and evaluate future real estate construction projects.
As of September 2019, Dubai's population reached 3,331,420, marking an annual increase of 177,020 people and a growth rate of 5.64%.
In 2019, Dubai loosened its liquor laws, allowing tourists to purchase alcohol from state-controlled stores.
In 2019, the Italian artist Princess Bee produced "Hi Dubai", the first cross-media project that reveals the "soul of the city" through the life and work experiences of 25 Emirati and expat women.
Mastercard's Global Destination Cities Index 2019 found that tourists spend more in Dubai than in any other city.
On April 5, 2020, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced the building of one of their temples in Dubai, following an invitation from the UAE government.
The Dubai Expo 2020 was scheduled to take place from 20 October 2020 until 10 April 2021 for 173 days where there would be 192 country pavilions featuring narratives from every part of the globe, have different thematic districts that would promote learning the wildlife in the forest exhibit too many other experiences.
In December 2020, Jumeirah Gate opened along the beach. It consists of two towers connected by a sky bridge with luxury apartments and the world's highest infinity pool.
As of 2020, 17 schools were rated Outstanding, and 40 were rated Very Good by KHDA.
By 2020, a large investment programme with over AED 70 billion of improvements was planned for completion in Dubai, projecting the city's population to exceed 3.5 million.
Data leaks from 2020 and 2022 revealed how Dubai's real estate market became a haven for criminals, money launderers, drug lords, fugitives, political figures accused of corruption, and sanctioned individuals seeking to hide their money there.
Dubai launched Dubai Fashion 2020 to support its economy and develop different sectors.
Dubai was expected to reach 20 million tourists by 2020.
Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the organisers of Expo 2020 postponed the Expo by one year to begin in 2021 (the new dates are 1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022).
In 2020, data revealed that several real estate owners in Dubai were either subject to international sanctions or involved in criminal activities. The "Dubai Uncovered" report named 100 Russian oligarchs, public officials, and Europeans involved in money laundering, benefiting from Dubai's lack of robust real estate regulations.
In 2020, the Indian Premier League cricket competition was held in the UAE due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2022, several LGBTQ tourists who travelled to Dubai were deported. In 2020, Thai transgender model Rachaya Noppakaroon visited Dubai to perform at the Expo, but was sent back because her passport gave her sex as male.
On 2 November 2011, Dubai made a last-minute entry for Expo 2020 bid. In May 2013, the Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan was revealed. Dubai won the right to host Expo 2020 on 27 November 2013.
Since 2020, property prices in Dubai have increased by 124%.
The Expo 2020 created various social enlistment projects and monetary boons to the city targeting the year 2020, such as initiating the world's largest solar power project.
The Theatre of Digital Art Dubai (ToDA) opened in 2020 and presents immersive digital art, including contemporary work.
The Dubai Expo 2020 was scheduled to take place from 20 October 2020 until 10 April 2021 for 173 days where there would be 192 country pavilions featuring narratives from every part of the globe, have different thematic districts that would promote learning the wildlife in the forest exhibit too many other experiences.
On June 1, 2021, an extension to the Red Line of the Dubai Metro connecting to the EXPO 2020 site was opened.
Due to the impact of COVID-19, the organisers of Expo 2020 postponed the Expo by one year to begin on 1 October 2021.
In 2021, Dubai's gross domestic product was projected at over US$177 billion.
In 2021, the UAE was ranked among the 20 most dangerous places for LGBTQ tourists to visit.
On 1 January 2022, Dubai transitioned to a four-and-a-half-day working week, with the weekend comprising Friday afternoon, Saturday, and Sunday.
Following the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, property prices in Dubai rose sharply as wealthy Russians began investing in the UAE's real estate market.
Due to the impact of COVID-19, the organisers of Expo 2020 postponed the Expo by one year to 31 March 2022.
In March 2022, Thai transgender model Rachaya Noppakaroon visited Dubai to perform at the Expo 2020, but was sent back because her passport gave her sex as male.
In 2022, the EU Tax Observatory and Norway's Centre for Tax Research estimated that foreign ownership of real estate in Dubai was approximately $160 billion. Until 2022, there was no obligation for real estate agents, brokers, and lawyers in Dubai to report large cash or cryptocurrency transactions to authorities.
In 2023, the wider urban area of Dubai, including Sharjah, has a population of 5 million people.
In 2024, real estate transactions in Dubai increased by 36.5% in transaction volume since 2023.
In January 2024, Dubai announced plans to construct the Aeternitas Tower, poised to become the world's tallest residential clock tower, reaching a height of 450 meters. This project is a collaboration between Dubai-based real estate developer London Gate and Swiss luxury watch manufacturer Franck Muller, offering luxury apartments, Sky Villas, and Sky Mansions with interiors inspired by Franck Muller's designs.
In March 2024, Dubai began operating the world's biggest waste-to-energy facility, which will power approximately 135,000 homes.
In April 2024, Dubai experienced record-setting flooding, demonstrating a lack of appropriate drainage to deal with the immense challenges precipitated by climate change.
In June 2024, the Emirate real estate developer Emaar Properties announced plans to expand the 12-million-square-foot The Dubai Mall for 1.5 billion dirhams ($408 million), adding 240 luxury stores, along with new food outlets.
In July 2024, Dubai signed an agreement to develop a logistics hub for food, fruits, and vegetables, planned to be the world's largest of its kind.
According to the KHDA in 2024, the top 10 largest universities by student numbers in Dubai include Middlesex University Dubai, Heriot-Watt University Dubai, University of Wollongong in Dubai, and others.
In 2024, Dubai was the seventh most-visited city globally, and Dubai International Airport (DXB) was the world's busiest airport for international passenger traffic, handling over 92 million passengers.
In 2024, only 4 Dubai Universities were present in the QS World University Rankings 2024/2025.
In 2024, real estate transactions in Dubai reached an all-time high, totaling 180,987 and worth AED 522.5bn.
In 2024, the city of Dubai ranked 12 out of 142 cities in the Smart City Index.
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2013 research report, Dubai is projected to rank 23rd overall in the Global City Competitiveness Index in 2025.
As of 2025, Dubai's population stands at 4 million, with 92% being expatriates.
By 2025, three more major hospitals are scheduled to be built in Dubai.
In 2025, Dubai introduced the "Dubai Sports Strategy 2033", a long-term framework designed to support the emirate’s sports sector and strengthen its position as a global sports destination.
In 2025, QS World University Rankings 2024/2025 included Dubai Universities.
In 2033, the Dubai Sports Strategy 2033 is intended to achieve its long-term goals for Dubai's sports sector.
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