An election is a structured decision-making process where a population selects one or more individuals to occupy a public office. It's a cornerstone of representative democracy, enabling citizens to choose their leaders and influence government policy. Elections can vary significantly in format, scope, and rules, depending on the specific context and the political system in place. They are fundamental for ensuring accountability and legitimacy in governance.
By 1920, universal adult male suffrage had been established in all Western European and North American democracies, except for Switzerland, and many countries began considering women's suffrage.
In the 1927 general election, Charles D. B. King of Liberia was reported to have won by 234,000 votes, a "majority" that was over fifteen times larger than the number of eligible voters.
The 1928 elections in Portugal serve as an example of a sham election.
Beginning in 1929, Mexico had presidential elections considered to be sham elections.
The 1929 elections in Fascist Italy serve as an example of a sham election.
The 1934 elections in Fascist Italy serve as an example of a sham election.
The 1935 elections in Portugal serve as an example of a sham election.
In 1940, Stalinist "People's Parliaments" elections were held to legitimise the Soviet occupation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
The 1942 general election in Imperial Japan serve as an example of a sham election.
Starting in 1946, the United States interfered in 81 elections until 2000.
The 1949 elections in Portugal serve as an example of a sham election.
The 1951 elections in Portugal serve as an example of a sham election.
The 1958 elections in Portugal serve as an example of a sham election.
In 1962, Aboriginal people in Australia were granted the right to vote, marking a significant step towards inclusivity.
Until 1982, Mexico had presidential elections considered to be sham elections.
In 1988, Mexico held its first seriously competitive presidential election in modern history, although the government is believed to have rigged the result.
In 1990, the government-sponsored National Unity Party in Myanmar suffered a landslide defeat by the opposition National League for Democracy in the general election, and consequently, the results were annulled.
The East Germany other than the election in 1990 serve as an example of a sham election.
The 1991 Kazakh presidential election is an example of a sham election.
In 1994, Mexico held what is considered the first fair election, though the opposition did not win.
The 1995 presidential referendums in Saddam Hussein's Iraq is an example of a sham election.
In 2000, the opposition won the presidential election in Mexico for the first time.
Until 2000, the United States interfered in 81 elections starting from 1946.
The 2002 presidential referendums in Saddam Hussein's Iraq is an example of a sham election.
In 2010, the federal government of Australia removed the rights of prisoners serving sentences of three years or more to vote.
In 2012, the United States presidential election saw a total of US$7 billion being spent, making it the most expensive election campaign.
In 2014, a Crimean status referendum was held in Russia under Vladimir Putin, which is considered a sham election.
In 2014, the Indian general election saw US$5 billion being spent.
The 2018 Venezuelan presidential election is an example of a sham election.
The 2019 Kazakh presidential election is an example of a sham election.
The 2024 Venezuelan presidential election is an example of a sham election.
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