Portugal is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It shares a border with Spain to the north and east, and is bounded by the North Atlantic Ocean to the south and west. It also includes the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. Lisbon is the capital and largest city, followed by Porto.
On February 1, 1908, King Carlos I and his son Luís Filipe were assassinated by Republican and Carbonária members.
In October 1910, a revolution took place, replacing the monarchy with the First Republic in Portugal.
On October 5, 1910, a coup d'état overthrew the monarchy, and the Republic was proclaimed.
In 1910, the House of Braganza, which had reigned since 1640, came to an end.
In 1911, the total fertility rate reached a high of 5.0 children born per woman.
Since 1911, Spain has claimed the Savage Islands, causing political tension.
In December 1917, a coup d'état led to the rise of Sidónio Pais to power.
In 1921, the Bloody Night revolt resulted in the assassination of the Prime Minister and other high-ranking officials of the Republic.
On May 28, 1926, a coup d'état led to the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).
In 1933, the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo (New State) was established under António de Oliveira Salazar.
Fernando Pessoa, a modern Portuguese poet, died in 1935.
In 1940, the Concordata between Portugal and the Holy See reaffirmed religious freedom, later amended in 1971.
In 1949, Portugal became a founding member of NATO.
In 1949, Portugal became a member of the Organisation of Ibero-American States.
In 1954, Pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, separated those territories from Portuguese rule.
In 1955, Portugal became a member state of the United Nations.
In 1955, Portugal joined the United Nations.
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation was established in 1956 in Lisbon.
In 1957, the last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in Capelinhos.
In 1960, Portugal became a founding member of the EFTA.
In 1961, Portugal became a founding member of the OECD.
In 1961, the Civil Procedure Code was created as one of the relevant laws of the Portuguese legal system.
In 1961, the annexation of the Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá by the Republic of Dahomey and the loss of Goa occurred.
In 1966, the Portuguese Civil Code was created as one of the main laws of the Portuguese legal system.
In 1968, Salazar suffered a brain hemorrhage and was replaced by Marcelo Caetano.
In 1940, the Concordata between Portugal and the Holy See reaffirmed religious freedom, later amended in 1971.
In 1971, the Portuguese government purchased the Savage Islands and established a natural reserve area.
In April 1974, the Carnation Revolution, a left-wing military coup in Lisbon, led to decolonization and the restoration of democracy.
In 1974, the Carnation Revolution occurred, marking the end of a notable phase of economic expansion in Portugal.
In 1974, the Carnation Revolution restored democracy in Portugal, ending the Portuguese Colonial War and allowing the last of Portugal's African territories to achieve independence.
In 1974, the coup led to the end of representation in the National Assembly for the territories annexed by India.
The Portuguese Colonial War that started in 1961 ended in 1974.
By 1975, all Portuguese African territories were independent, and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years. Also a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from its African territories occurred.
By the summer of 1975, tensions rose to the point where the country was on the verge of civil war.
In 1976, Portugal ratified the Constitution and became a semi-presidential representative democratic republic.
In 1976, the Constitution was established as one of the main laws of the Portuguese legal system.
In 1976, the Portuguese Socialist Party won the Portuguese legislative election, and Mário Soares became prime minister.
In 1976, the separation of the Catholic Church from government was reiterated in the Portuguese Constitution, solidifying Portugal as a secular state.
Since 1976, the largest administrative units in Portugal are either mainland Portugal and the autonomous regions of Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira.
In 1977, Portugal began pursuing International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs which lasted until 1978.
In 1978, Mário Soares' first term as prime minister concluded.
In 1982, the Penal Code of Portugal was established as one of the main laws of the Portuguese legal system.
In 1983, Mário Soares began his second term as prime minister.
In 1983, Portugal became a full member of the Latin Union.
In 1983, Portugal began pursuing International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs which lasted until 1985.
In 1985, Mário Soares' second term as prime minister concluded.
In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community.
In 1986, Portugal joined the union, then known as EEC, becoming a net beneficiary of the European Union budget since then.
In 1986, Portugal left the EFTA.
In 2030, the EU plans to reduce emissions by 55% compared to the level of emissions in 1990.
In 1993, the European Economic Community became the European Union.
In 1995, Portugal started to implement Schengen Area rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members.
In 1996, Portugal co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).
José Saramago was the recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.
In 1999, Portugal handed over Macau to China and became one of the founding countries of the euro and eurozone and Expo '98 also took place in Portugal.
In 2000, Portugal began transitioning from the Portuguese Escudo to the euro (€).
Portugal was visibly lower than the previous 12th place in the 2000 World Health Organisation ranking of best public health systems in the world.
In 2001, Portugal decriminalized drugs, becoming the first country to allow usage and possession of all common drugs.
In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the economy.
Religious freedom was reaffirmed by the 2001 Religious Freedom Act.
In 2002, Portugal formally recognised the independence of East Timor.
In 2002, the euro (€) was consolidated as the national currency of Portugal.
In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law based on sexual orientation.
Several smaller metropolitan areas (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu) held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into intermunicipal communities
In 2004, José Manuel Barroso, the then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the European Commission.
In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution, protecting it from discrimination.
In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon.
In 2005, all higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 380,937.
In 2006, the Bologna process was adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes.
In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes of goods.
In 2006, the world's then largest solar power plant, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating. Also, by 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% was derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.
In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Portugal finished in fourth place.
In July 2007, Portugal hosted the first EU–Brazil summit.
In December 2007, Portugal hosted the second EU–African Union summit and the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon.
In 2008, economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in government debt led to financial crisis in Portugal.
In 2008, the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region. Also in 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts.
In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the 2008 financial crisis.
More than 340,000 resident foreigners acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2022, constituting around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022.
Several smaller metropolitan areas (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu) held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into intermunicipal communities
On December 1, 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force.
By 2009, HIV infection cases in Portugal dropped by 50% following drug decriminalization in 2001.
In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015
As of 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports and 70% of energy came from renewable sources.
Diabetes mortality rates have been decreasing, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8% in 2021.
In 2010, Portugal legalized same-sex marriage, becoming the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to do so at the national level.
Since 2010, secondary education (three years) became compulsory in Portugal.
Since 2010, the incarceration rate has been on the rise, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.
In May 2011, Portugal received a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund due to a severe recession.
In 2011, Portugal negotiated a loan with the IMF and the European Union to stabilize its finances.
In 2011, the European Innovation Scoreboard placed Portugal-based innovation 15th, with an increase in innovation expenditure and output.
In science, mean performance in 2018 returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012
In 2013, after a reform, Portugal's 308 municipalities were subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes.
Since the 2013 local government reform, Lisbon and Porto are the only two metropolitan areas with administrative legal status.
In 2014, Portugal was elected The Best European Country by USA Today.
In 2014, the 400,000-year-old Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis skull, the oldest human fossil found in Portugal, was discovered in the Cave of Aroeira.
In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015.
Since 2016, LGBT adoption has been allowed, as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction.
In 2017, Portugal was elected Europe's Leading Destination.
In 2017, the Law of Gender Identity simplified the legal process of gender and name change for transgender people, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents.
In 2017, the Selvagens Islands were tentatively added to UNESCO's world heritage list.
Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv with the song "Amar pelos dois" presented by Salvador Sobral.
According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics and science.
In 2018, Portugal was elected World's Leading Destination.
In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the 2008 financial crisis.
In 2018, intersex minors were protected by law from unnecessary medical procedures until their gender identity manifests.
In 2018–19, Portugal finished first in the UEFA Nations League.
The OECD economic reports since 2018 show recovery.
In 2019, Portugal was elected World's Leading Destination.
In 2019, Portuguese society ranked 24th within the 41 countries of the EU and OECD in the Social Justice Index, indicating relatively high rates of socioeconomic equality.
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was Catholic. Some 14.1% of the population declared themselves nonreligious.
Diabetes mortality rates have been decreasing, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8% in 2021.
In 2021, Portugal phased out coal-fired generation.
Since 2021, Barranquenho, a particular dialect known as Barranquenho, spoken in Barrancos, is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal.
The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021.
A National Statistics Institute (INE) study conducted between 2022 and 2023 found out that 1.4 million people (13% of the population) have immigrant background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the Lisbon metropolitan area and the Algarve.
According to a Statistics Portugal study conducted between 2022 and 2023, around 6.4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as Romani (<1%)
As of 2022, 60.2% of births were to unmarried women, and 24.5% of births were to foreign born women.
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the emigration rate increased to 6.9% in 2022 but remained well below the immigration rate of around 11.3%; Among those that had left the country, 56.8% returned within a year.
In 2022, Portugal's Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.874, ranking it as the 42nd highest in the world.
In 2022, labour productivity in Portugal was the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average.
In 2022, rents in Lisbon jumped 37% and the inflation rate was 8% in Portugal.
In 2022, the gross agricultural product accounted for 2% of the economy.
More than 340,000 resident foreigners acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2022, constituting around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022. Also, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.
As of January 2023, Portugal's prison population is about 12,257 inmates, which is approximately 0.12% of the entire population.
A Eurostat opinion-poll in 2023 found that 55.4% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in the European Union.
A National Statistics Institute (INE) study conducted between 2022 and 2023 found out that 1.4 million people (13% of the population) have immigrant background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the Lisbon metropolitan area and the Algarve.
According to a Statistics Portugal study conducted between 2022 and 2023, around 6.4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as Romani (<1%)
As of 2023, nearly half of real GDP growth was due to the tourism sector, with tourism accounting for 16.5% of GDP.
As of 2023, oil made up 44% of Portugal's total energy supply.
By the end of 2023, Portugal's debt as a percentage of GDP fell below 100 percent, to 97.9%.
In 2023 Portugal emitted around 339 million tonnes of greenhouse gases, which is about 5 tonnes per person and equivalent to around 1% of global total emissions.
In 2023, economic growth continued while inflation continued decreasing to 5%.
In 2023, the Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world.
In 2023, the Portuguese Armed Forces, comprising the Navy, Army, and Air Force, numbered 24,000 military personnel, with a military expenditure exceeding 4 billion US$, representing 1.48% of GDP.
As of 31 December 2024, Portugal had a population 10,749,635, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male, according to Statistics Portugal.
According to the World Bank, in 2024, Portugal's GDP (PPP) was $50,617 per capita, and it had the 6th lowest GDP per capita (PPP) of the eurozone.
As of 2024, legal resident foreigners number 1,546,521, or approximately 14% of the population
By 2024, Lisbon's hotels were occupied by 6.7 million tourists, of which 5.5 million were foreign.
By the end of 2024, Portugal's debt as a percentage of GDP fell to 94.9%.
In 2024 the annual inflation continued a downward trend ending at 2.3% and accompanied by a small economic growth.
In 2024, Portugal was ranked 31st in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2024, the average gross salary was €1,602 per month.
In 2024–25, Portugal finished first in the UEFA Nations League.
Population estimates as of 2024 define Portugal, within the European Union NUTS system, divided into nine regions and 28 subregions.
Portugal's infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.
The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2024 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world, and considerably below the high of 5.0 in 1911. Also in 2024, Portugal was the 11th oldest in the world, with a median age of 46.4 years and the fourth highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the total population.
As of 2025, despite various parliamentary reviews, the legalization of euthanasia has been consistently blocked by the Constitutional Court.
As of 2025, the minimum wage is €870 per month (paid 14 times per annum).
In 2025, Portugal ranked as 23rd best healthcare system in the world.
In 2025, the economy is expected to continue growing at 1.9 annually, while inflation is forecast at 2.1% for the fiscal year.
In 2025, the median life expectancy reached 82.95 years, with United Nations projecting a rise of up to 90 years or more by 2100.
In 2027, the Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the Rugby World Cup.
As an EU member state, Portugal is part of their joint plan to reduce emissions by a minimum of 55% by 2030, compared to the level of emissions in 1990.
Portugal has committed to carbon neutrality and net zero by 2050.
According to projections by the national statistics office, the population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 and the population will continue to age.
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