Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of continental Europe, bordering Spain to the north and east and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west. The Azores and Madeira archipelagos are autonomous regions of Portugal. Lisbon is the capital and largest city, followed by Porto.
On February 1, 1908, King Carlos I and his son Luís Filipe, Prince Royal, were assassinated by Republican and Carbonária members.
In October 1910, a revolution occurred in Portugal, resulting in the replacement of the monarchy with the Portuguese First Republic.
On October 5, 1910, a coup d'état overthrew the Monarchy, and the Republic was proclaimed in Portugal.
In 1910, the House of Braganza, which had reigned since 1640, came to an end.
In 1911, Portugal's fertility rate was 5 children born per woman, which is considerably higher than the rate in 2024.
Since 1911, the Savage Islands have been claimed by Spain, causing some periods of political tension between the two countries.
In December 1917, a coup d'état led to the rise of Sidónio Pais to power in Portugal.
In 1921, the Bloody Night revolt resulted in the assassination of the Prime Minister and other high-ranking officials of the Republic of Portugal.
On May 28, 1926, a coup d'état led to the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional) in Portugal.
In 1933, the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo (New State) was established in Portugal under António de Oliveira Salazar.
Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), a modern Portuguese poet, died in 1935.
In 1940, the Concordata between Portugal and the Holy See, which relates to religious freedom, was established; it was later amended in 1971.
In 1949 Portugal was a founding member of the Organisation of Ibero-American States
In 1954, pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli separated those territories from Portuguese rule.
In 1955, Portugal became a member state of the United Nations.
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation was established in Lisbon in 1956.
In 1957–58, the last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in Portugal (Capelinhos).
In 1960, Portugal was a founding member of EFTA.
In 1961, Portugal was a founding member of the OECD.
In 1961, the Civil Procedure Code was established as one of the relevant laws.
In 1961, the Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá was annexed by the Republic of Dahomey. Also in 1961, Portugal refused to relinquish Goa, leading to armed conflict with India and the loss of Portuguese territories in the Indian subcontinent.
Portugal lost its Indian territory in 1961, marking a period of decolonization. Later immigrants to Portugal came from former territories.
In 1966, the Portuguese Civil Code was established as one of the country's main laws.
In 1968, Salazar suffered a brain hemorrhage and was replaced by Marcelo Caetano as the leader of Portugal.
In 1971, the 1940 Concordata between Portugal and the Holy See, which relates to religious freedom, was amended.
In 1971, the Portuguese government purchased the Savage Islands and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago.
In April 1974, the Carnation Revolution, a left-wing military coup in Lisbon, led the way for the independence of Portuguese overseas territories and the restoration of democracy.
In 1974, following a coup in Portugal, the regime recognized Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories.
In 1974, the Carnation Revolution culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion.
In 1974, the Carnation Revolution occurred, leading to the restoration of democracy in Portugal, the end of the Portuguese Colonial War, and the independence of Portugal's African territories.
In 1974, the Portuguese Colonial War, which began in 1961, came to an end.
By 1975, all Portuguese African territories were independent, leading to a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from those territories and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years.
In 1975, tensions in Portugal were so high that the country was on the verge of civil war, culminating in a coup attempt by extreme left-wing forces on November 25.
In 1976, the Constitution of Portugal was established as one of the country's main laws.
In 1976, the Portuguese Socialist Party won the Portuguese legislative election, and Mário Soares became prime minister.
Portugal has been a semi-presidential representative democratic republic since the ratification of the Constitution of 1976.
Since 1976, Portugal's largest administrative units have been mainland Portugal and the autonomous regions of Azores and Madeira.
The separation of church and state, initially established during the First Portuguese Republic, was reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution.
In 1977, Portugal began pursuing International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programmes to address its economic situation.
In 1978, Mário Soares' term as prime minister ended.
In 1982, the Penal Code of Portugal was established as one of the country's main laws.
In 1983 Portugal was a full member of the Latin Union.
In 1983, Portugal continued to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programmes to address its economic situation.
In 1983, Soares became prime minister again.
In 1985, Soares' second term as prime minister ended.
In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC), now known as the European Union, and has since been a net beneficiary of the EU budget.
In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC), which later became the European Union (EU).
In 1989, further revisions were made to the Portuguese Constitution.
1990 is used as the base year for the EU's plan, which includes Portugal, to reduce emissions by a minimum of 55% by 2030.
In 1993, the European Economic Community became the European Union, of which Portugal was a member.
In 1995, Portugal started to implement Schengen Area rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members.
In 1996, Portugal co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth.
José Saramago, a Portuguese author, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998.
In 1999, Portugal peacefully handed over Macau to China and became one of the founding countries of the euro and eurozone.
Portugal lost its Far East Asian territories in 1999, marking a period of decolonization. Later immigrants to Portugal came from former territories.
In 2000, Portugal began transitioning from the Portuguese Escudo to the euro (€).
Over 22% of Portugal's land area is included in the Natura 2000 network in 2000.
Portugal's healthcare system was ranked 12th in the 2000 World Health Organisation ranking of best public health systems in the world.
In 2001, Portugal decriminalized drugs, becoming the first country to allow the usage and personal possession of all common drugs.
In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the Portuguese economy.
The 2001 Religious Freedom Act is one of the most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal, along with the 1940 Concordata.
In 2002, Portugal formally recognized the independence of East Timor.
In 2002, the euro (€) was consolidated as Portugal's national currency.
From 2003 to 2008, several smaller metropolitan areas, including Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho, and Viseu, held administrative legal status.
In 2003, Portugal introduced an anti-discrimination employment law based on sexual orientation.
In 2004, José Manuel Barroso, the then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the European Commission.
In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution of Portugal as a characteristic protected from discrimination.
In 2005, Portugal hosted the MTV Europe Music Awards at Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon.
In 2005, a total of 380,937 students, both domestic and international, attended higher education institutions in Portugal. About 47.6% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions.
In 2006, Comboios de Portugal (CP) carried 133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes of goods.
In 2006, Lisbon attracted the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities, with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels.
In 2006, Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes adopted the Bologna process.
In 2006, the world's then largest solar power plant, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating. Also in 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% was derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.
In July 2007, Portugal hosted the first EU–Brazil summit.
In December 2007, Portugal hosted the second EU–African Union summit and the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon.
In 2007, the financial crisis started.
The financial crisis of 2007-2008 prompted emigrants to leave Portugal, which the government later tried to reverse by offering tax breaks.
Between 2008 and 2022, more than 340,000 resident foreigners acquired Portuguese citizenship, constituting around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022.
In 2008, smaller metropolitan areas in Portugal like Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu were converted into intermunicipal communities.
In 2008, the financial crisis continued.
In 2008, the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region. Renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's electricity in 2008, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts.
The financial crisis of 2007-2008 prompted emigrants to leave Portugal, which the government later tried to reverse by offering tax breaks.
On December 1, 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the European Union.
By 2009, HIV infection cases had dropped 50 percent following the decriminalization of drugs in 2001.
In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015.
As of 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports and 70% of energy came from renewable sources.
In 2010, Portugal legalized same-sex marriage, becoming the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to do so at the national level.
In 2010, the diabetes mortality rate was at 4.5% in Portugal.
Since 2010, secondary education (three years) has been compulsory in Portugal.
Since 2010, the incarceration rate in Portugal has been on the rise, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.
In May 2011, Portugal received a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund due to a severe economic recession.
In 2011, Portugal negotiated a loan with the IMF and the European Union to stabilize its finances due to economic disruption and unsustainable growth in government debt during the financial crisis.
The European Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation 15th, with increase in innovation expenditure and output.
In science, mean performance in 2018 was near the level observed in 2009 and 2012.
In 2013, a reform subdivided Portugal's 308 municipalities into 3,092 civil parishes.
Since the 2013 local government reform, Lisbon and Porto are the only two metropolitan areas in Portugal with administrative legal status.
In 2014, Portugal was elected 'The Best European Country' by USA Today.
In 2014, the 400,000-year-old Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis skull, the oldest human fossil found in Portugal, was discovered in the Cave of Aroeira.
In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015.
In 2016, 53% of births in Portugal were to unmarried women.
Since 2016, LGBT adoption has been allowed in Portugal, alongside female same-sex couples' access to medically assisted reproduction.
In 2017, Portugal was elected 'Europe's Leading Destination'.
In 2017, Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest in Kyiv with the song "Amar pelos dois" presented by Salvador Sobral.
In 2017, the Law of Gender Identity simplified the legal process for transgender people to change their gender and name, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents.
The Selvagens Islands have been tentatively added to UNESCO's world heritage list in 2017.
According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics, and science.
Following their win in 2017, Portugal hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018.
In 2018, Portugal was elected 'World's Leading Destination'.
In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants, aiming to attract those who left during the financial crisis of 2007–2008.
In 2018, the right to gender identity and gender expression self-determination became protected. Intersex minors also gained protection under the law from unnecessary medical procedures until their gender identity manifests.
Since 2018, OECD economic reports indicate Portugal's economic recovery.
In 2019, Portugal was elected 'World's Leading Destination'.
In 2019, Portugal was ranked 24th in the Social Justice Index within the EU, indicating social inequality.
In 2019, the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report placed Portugal 34th.
According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between 2022 and 2023, data on self-identified ethnicities was collected.
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was Roman Catholic Christian. There are also small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baháʼí, Buddhist, Jewish, and Spiritist communities. Some 14.1% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious.
By 2021, the diabetes mortality rates decreased, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8%.
In 2021, Portugal phased out coal-fired generation and has been developing renewable energies and investing in public transport and electric vehicles.
In 2021, Portugal's Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.874, ranking it 42nd highest in the world.
In 2021, the total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8%.
Since 2021, the Barranquenho dialect, spoken in Barrancos, is officially recognised and protected in Portugal.
According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between 2022 and 2023, 6,4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 identify as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as Romani (<1%).
In 2022 alone, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.
In 2022, Portugal's emigration rate increased to 6.9‰, but it was still well below the immigration rate of around 11.3‰. A significant portion of Portuguese emigrants leave the country for short periods, with 56.8% of those leaving in 2022 doing so for less than a year.
In 2022, labour productivity had fallen to the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average.
In 2022, rents in Portugal, particularly in Lisbon, jumped 37%, and the inflation rate was 8%.
In 2022, the gross agricultural product accounted for 2% of the Portuguese economy.
In 2022, the statistical office figures suggested that 16.1% of the country's population, or 1,683,829 people, were first generation immigrants.
As of January 2023, Portugal's prison population was about 12,257 inmates, representing about 0.12% of the country's entire population.
Statistics Portugal estimates that by 31 December 2023, the population of Portugal was 10,639,726, with 52.2% female and 47.8% male.
A Eurostat opinion-poll in 2023 found that 55.4% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in the European Union.
A National Statistics Institute (INE) study conducted between 2022 and 2023 found that 1.4 million people, or 13% of the population, have an immigrant background, with 947,500 being first-generation immigrants.
According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between 2022 and 2023, 6,4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 identify as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as Romani (<1%).
As of 2023, nearly half of Portugal's real GDP growth was due to the tourism sector, accounting for 16.5% of GDP.
As of 2023, oil made up 44% of Portugal's total energy supply.
By 2023, Portugal was among the top 20 most-visited countries in the world, receiving more than 26,5 million foreign tourists.
By the end of 2023, Portugal's GDP (PPP) was $47,209 per capita, according to the World Bank.
By the end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100 percent, to 97.9%.
In 2023, Euthanasia was legalized in Portugal for national residents over 18 who are terminally ill and in extreme suffering, but Euthanasia legislation is yet to be defined and implemented.
In 2023, Population estimates are available for Portugal's nine NUTS regions within the European Union NUTS system.
In 2023, Portugal emitted around 339 million tonnes of greenhouse gases, equivalent to about 1% of global total emissions or approximately 5 tonnes per person.
In 2023, Portugal experienced continued economic growth, although modest, while inflation continued decreasing to 5%.
In 2023, Portugal had 10,639,726 inhabitants, with 1,044,606 legal resident foreigners, making up approximately 10% of the population.
In 2023, Portugal's GDP per capita was 83% of the EU27 average, and exports represented 47.4% of its GDP.
In 2023, Portugal's population was aging, with a median age of 46 years, making it the 11th oldest in the world. The country also had the world's 4th highest number of citizens over 65 years old, at 21.8% of the total population.
In 2023, the Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world.
In 2023, the Portuguese armed forces, comprising the Navy, Army, and Air Force, numbered 24,000 military personnel. The military expenditure in 2023 exceeded 4 billion US dollars, which was 1.48% of Portugal's GDP.
As of 2024, Portugal's infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 2.25 deaths per 1,000 live births.
By the end of 2024, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell to 95.3%.
In 2024 the annual inflation continued a downward trend ending at 2.3% and accompanied by a small economic growth.
In 2024, Portugal was ranked 31st in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2024, the average gross salary in Portugal was €1,602 per month.
In 2024, the median life expectancy in Portugal was 82.8 years, and United Nations projections point to 90 or above by 2100.
As of 2025, the minimum wage in Portugal, regulated by law, is €870 per month (paid 14 times per annum).
In 2025, Portugal was ranked as the 23rd best healthcare system in the world.
In 2025, the economy is expected to continue growing at 1.9 annually, while inflation is forecast at 2.1% for the fiscal year.
The Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the 2027 Rugby World Cup.
Portugal, as an EU member state, is part of the joint EU plan to reduce emissions by a minimum of 55% by 2030 compared to the level of emissions in 1990.
Portugal has committed to achieving carbon neutrality and net zero emissions by 2050.
According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal's population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 from 10.6 million.
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