The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent U.S. federal agency responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics research. Established in 1958, NASA succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to focus on peaceful space science applications. It has led major American space exploration initiatives, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the Apollo Moon landings, Skylab, and the Space Shuttle program. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) and the Commercial Crew Program, and is developing the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System for the Artemis program aimed at lunar exploration.
1914: Creation of Aviation Section of U.S. Army Signal Corps
In 1914, the U.S. Congress created the Aviation Section of the U.S. Army Signal Corps to regain American leadership in aviation.
1915: Establishment of NACA
In 1915, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was established to foster aeronautical research and development, laying the foundation for NASA.
1956: Foundation for Project Mercury
In 1956, the Air Force's Man in Space Soonest project and the Army's Project Adam laid the groundwork for Project Mercury, NASA's first human spaceflight program.
February 1, 1958: Launch of Explorer 1
On February 1, 1958, the Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched Explorer 1, America's first satellite, marking a significant milestone in the Space Race.
July 29, 1958: NASA Established by National Aeronautics and Space Act
On July 29, 1958, NASA was established with the signing of the National Aeronautics and Space Act, marking the beginning of a new era in U.S. space exploration.
October 1, 1958: NASA Begins Operations
NASA began its operations on October 1, 1958, taking over space exploration programs from the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency.
1958: Creation of NASA's Earth Science Study Mission
In 1958, NASA's mission to study Earth science was established as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Act, incorporating climate study into its objectives.
1958: NASA Established
NASA was established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to direct the U.S. space development effort with a civilian focus, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science.
1959: NASA Sounding Rocket Program Begins
The NASA Sounding Rocket Program, established in 1959, provides a platform for suborbital missions, enabling scientists to collect valuable data for Earth science, heliophysics, and astrophysics research.
1960: Launch of TIROS
In 1960, NASA launched the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), the first weather satellite, marking a significant advancement in meteorological observations.
May 5, 1961: Alan Shepard's Suborbital Flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to enter space with a suborbital flight in the Freedom 7, marking a significant milestone in human spaceflight.
May 25, 1961: Kennedy's Moon Landing Goal Declaration
On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy declared the goal of landing an American on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s in his 'Urgent National Needs' speech to Congress.
February 20, 1962: John Glenn's Orbital Flight
On February 20, 1962, John Glenn conducted NASA's first orbital spaceflight in the Friendship 7, making three full orbits before reentering, despite an autopilot malfunction.
September 12, 1962: Kennedy's 'We choose to go to the Moon' Speech
On September 12, 1962, President Kennedy delivered his famous 'We choose to go to the Moon' speech at Rice University, reinforcing public support for the Apollo program.
May 1963: Final Mercury Mission
In May 1963, Gordon Cooper performed 22 orbits over 34 hours in the Faith 7, concluding the Mercury Program which successfully achieved its human spaceflight objectives.
1964: Kennedy Protects NASA's Budget
In 1964, despite opposition, President Kennedy successfully protected NASA's growing budget, which heavily supported the Apollo program, with significant national workforce involvement.
1967: Formation of Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel
In 1967, following the Apollo 1 accident that killed three astronauts, Congress directed NASA to form the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) to advise on safety issues and hazards in NASA's air and space programs.
1968: Apollo 8 Mission
Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and reach the Moon, orbiting it ten times on December 24 and 25, 1968, and safely returning to Earth. The mission's crew were the first humans to witness an Earthrise and manually photograph the Moon's far side.
1968: Apollo Moon Landing Missions Begin
From 1968 to 1972, NASA led the Apollo Moon landing missions, achieving historic manned lunar landings and contributing significantly to space exploration.
1969: Apollo 11 Moon Landing
In 1969, Apollo 11 successfully landed on the Moon, utilizing a combination of United States customary units and metric units.
1969: Designation of Johnson Space Center for Space Shuttle Development
In 1969, NASA designated the Johnson Space Center as the lead center for the design, development, and manufacturing of the Space Shuttle orbiter, with the Marshall Space Flight Center leading the launch system development.
1971: Establishment of Advisory Councils
By 1971, NASA had established the Space Program Advisory Council and the Research and Technology Advisory Council to support the administrator with advisory committee input.
1972: Apollo Program Concludes
The Apollo program concluded in 1972, marking the end of NASA's crewed lunar missions and leaving a lasting legacy in space exploration.
1972: Official Development of the Space Shuttle
NASA officially began the development of the Space Shuttle in 1972, contracting Rockwell International for the orbiter and engines, Martin Marietta for the external fuel tank, and Morton Thiokol for the solid rocket boosters.
1972: Apollo Program Concludes
In 1972, the Apollo program concluded with its final mission, Apollo 17, marking the end of NASA's crewed lunar landings.
1973: Launch of Skylab
In 1973, NASA launched Skylab, its first space station, using repurposed Apollo and Saturn hardware. The space station required initial repairs via spacewalks to be made habitable and operational.
1974: Skylab Decommissioned
Skylab was decommissioned in 1974 after hosting nine missions, concluding its role as NASA's first space station.
1975: Launch of Viking Program
In 1975, NASA launched the Viking program, which consisted of two missions that successfully landed on Mars in 1976. This program was a significant milestone in Mars exploration history.
1975: Apollo–Soyuz Mission
In 1975, the Apollo–Soyuz mission marked the first international spaceflight and a major diplomatic accomplishment during the Cold War, with a U.S. Apollo spacecraft docking with a Soviet Soyuz capsule.
1976: Viking Landings on Mars
In 1976, NASA's Viking program achieved two successful landings on Mars, marking the first US missions to land on the Red Planet and search for signs of life.
1977: NASA Advisory Council Formed
In 1977, the Space Program Advisory Council and the Research and Technology Advisory Council were combined to form the NASA Advisory Council (NAC).
1977: Voyager Program Launch
The Voyager program launched in 1977, sending spacecraft on a grand tour of the outer planets. Voyager 1 and 2 conducted flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus, and are on trajectories to leave the Solar System.
1979: Skylab Deorbited
In 1979, Skylab was deorbited, two years prior to the first launch of the Space Shuttle, marking the end of its operational life.
1979: Post-Skylab Advocacy
After Skylab's reentry in 1979, NASA began lobbying politicians to support the construction of a larger space station. The agency envisioned it as an orbital laboratory, repair station, and a launch point for future lunar and Mars missions.
1981: First Space Shuttle Flight
In 1981, the first Space Shuttle flight occurred when Columbia launched on the STS-1 mission. This mission served as a flight test for the new spaceplane, intended to replace expendable launch systems.
1984: President Reagan's Space Station Advocacy
In 1984, President Ronald Reagan became a strong advocate for NASA's vision of a larger space station. His support was crucial in advancing the concept of what would eventually become the International Space Station.
1984: First On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Mission
In 1984, the STS-41-C mission conducted the world's first on-orbit satellite servicing mission when the Challenger captured and repaired the malfunctioning Solar Maximum Mission satellite, showcasing the Space Shuttle's capabilities.
1985: Space Station Freedom Proposal
In 1985, NASA proposed the Space Station Freedom as an international program intended to foster collaboration with other countries. Despite concerns about sharing sensitive technologies and managing international partnerships, an agreement was signed with thirteen countries including ESA member states, Canada, and Japan.
1986: Challenger Disaster
In 1986, the Challenger disaster during the STS-51L mission resulted in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts on launch, grounding the entire space shuttle fleet for 36 months and leading to significant safety improvements.
1990: NASA Launch Services Program Initiation
In 1990, NASA began procuring expendable launch vehicle services directly from commercial providers for its scientific and applications missions. This move aimed to enhance quality and mission assurance for uncrewed missions, operating under the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate at Kennedy Space Center.
1990: Launch of Hubble Space Telescope
In 1990, NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-31. Despite an initial defect in its mirror, Hubble has provided detailed images of distant galaxies, significantly advancing our understanding of the universe.
1990: Hubble Space Telescope Launch
The Hubble Space Telescope, a groundbreaking observatory that has revolutionized astronomy, was launched into orbit in 1990, providing unprecedented views of the cosmos.
1991: Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Launch
Launched in 1991 from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-37, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory discovered a potential source of antimatter at the center of the Milky Way and observed the majority of gamma-ray bursts occurring outside our galaxy.
1992: Cancellation of Rockwell X-30 National Aerospace Plane
In 1992, NASA canceled the Rockwell X-30 National Aerospace Plane project, a joint endeavor with the Department of Defense aimed at developing a single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane. The end of the Cold War contributed to the project's termination before it reached flight status.
1992: Space Station Freedom Redesigns
In 1992, the Space Station Freedom underwent several redesigns to reduce costs. Despite calls to terminate the program, it persisted due to its significant economic impact, creating 75,000 jobs across 39 states.
September 1993: NASA and Roscosmos Cooperation on ISS
Since September 1993, NASA and Roscosmos have cooperated on the development and operation of the International Space Station, using launch systems from both countries.
1993: Budget Cuts and Inclusion of Russia
In 1993, President Bill Clinton directed significant budget cuts to NASA and included Russia in the Space Station Freedom project. This move aimed to reduce costs, maintain aerospace industry jobs, and foster international cooperation.
1993: Formation of International Space Station
In 1993, the Clinton Administration announced that the Space Station Freedom would become the International Space Station (ISS) in an agreement with the Russian Federation. This allowed Russia to maintain its space program and fostered a collaborative approach to space exploration.
1994: Shuttle-Mir Program Initiation
In 1994, the Shuttle-Mir program was initiated following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The first Russian cosmonaut flew on the STS-60 mission, and the Space Shuttle Discovery rendezvoused with the Russian Mir space station during the STS-63 mission. This collaboration marked the beginning of a series of missions aimed at fostering US-Russia space cooperation.
1996: Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Pathfinder Launch
After a two-decade hiatus since the Viking missions, NASA launched the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter and Mars Pathfinder in 1996. Mars Pathfinder deployed the first Mars rover, Sojourner.
1998: Shuttle-Mir Program Conclusion
In 1998, the Shuttle-Mir program concluded due to a series of orbital accidents on the Mir space station. This program, which began in 1994, had facilitated significant cooperation between the Russian Federation and the United States in space exploration.
1998: Congress Mandates NEO Detection
In 1998, the United States Congress mandated NASA to detect 90% of near-Earth asteroids over 1 km in diameter by 2008. This was part of an effort to prevent global devastation from potential asteroid impacts.
1998: Cooperative Actions for NEO Detection Initiated
In 1998, the United States, European Union, and other nations began cooperative actions to scan the sky for near-Earth objects (NEOs) under the Spaceguard program. This initiative aimed to detect potentially hazardous asteroids and comets.
1998: On-Orbit Assembly of ISS Begins
In 1998, the on-orbit assembly of the International Space Station began. Components manufactured globally were launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets and the American Space Shuttle, marking a significant milestone in space collaboration.
July 1999: Chandra X-ray Observatory Launch
The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) was launched in July 1999, expanding our view of the universe by observing X-ray sources from its elliptical orbit.
September 23, 1999: Loss of Mars Climate Orbiter
On September 23, 1999, a mix-up between the use of SI units by NASA and US units by Lockheed Martin resulted in the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter.
1999: NEAR Shoemaker Visits 433 Eros
In 1999, NASA's NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft visited asteroid 433 Eros, entering its orbit in 2000. The mission provided detailed images and data, marking the first successful orbit and landing on an asteroid.
1999: Chandra X-ray Observatory Launch
The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched in 1999 from the Space Shuttle Columbia on STS-93. It has observed black holes, quasars, supernovae, and dark matter, providing critical insights into the universe's structure and evolution.
2000: NEAR Shoemaker Orbits and Lands on 433 Eros
In 2000, NEAR Shoemaker became the first spacecraft to successfully orbit and land on asteroid 433 Eros. This mission significantly improved our understanding of asteroids and demonstrated advanced space exploration capabilities.
2000: Russian Progress Spacecraft Commences Service
In 2000, the Russian Progress spacecraft began providing uncrewed cargo services to the ISS, marking a significant step in maintaining the station's supplies.
2001: Cancellation of Lockheed Martin X-33 and Space Tourism
In 2001, NASA and Lockheed Martin's agreement to develop the Lockheed Martin X-33 spaceplane was canceled due to technical challenges. In the same year, Dennis Tito became the first space tourist, challenging NASA's assumption that only governments would send people into space.
2001: 2001 Mars Odyssey Orbiter Reaches Mars
In 2001, NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter arrived at Mars to analyze the planet's environment and surface composition, providing critical data for future missions.
May 8, 2003: EPA Recognizes NASA for Landfill Gas Energy Use
On May 8, 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency recognized NASA as the first federal agency to use landfill gas to produce energy at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
2003: Dependence on Russian Soyuz
Following the Columbia disaster in 2003, NASA had to rely on Russian Soyuz launches to send astronauts to the ISS. This event underscored the importance of international cooperation in maintaining human presence in space.
2003: Spitzer Space Telescope Launch
In 2003, NASA launched the Spitzer Space Telescope, an infrared observatory in a trailing orbit around the Sun. Spitzer discovered the existence of brown dwarf stars and provided valuable data on the composition of distant celestial objects.
2003: Constellation Program Inception
In 2003, President Bush started the Constellation program to replace the Space Shuttle and expand space exploration beyond low Earth orbit. This program aimed to return astronauts to the Moon using significant amounts of former Space Shuttle equipment but was later canceled by the Obama Administration.
2003: Columbia Disaster
In 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed upon reentry during the STS-107 mission, resulting in the loss of all seven astronauts on board. This tragedy marked the beginning of the phase-out of the Space Shuttle program, leading to major changes in NASA's human spaceflight strategy.
November 2004: Swift Observatory Launch
In November 2004, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory was launched to study gamma-ray bursts, providing valuable data on these powerful cosmic explosions and their afterglows.
2004: MESSENGER Probe to Mercury
In 2004, NASA launched the MESSENGER probe to Mercury, marking the first mission to use a solar sail and providing detailed observations of the innermost planet.
2004: Spirit and Opportunity Rovers Land on Mars
NASA's Spirit and Opportunity rovers landed on Mars in 2004, significantly enhancing our understanding of the planet's geology and potential for past water.
2005: Extension of NEO Detection Mandate
In 2005, the George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act extended NASA's mandate to detect 90% of NEOs with diameters of 140 meters or greater by 2020. This extension aimed to enhance planetary defense capabilities.
2005: Extension of NEO Detection Mandate
In 2005, the George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act extended NASA's mandate to detect 90% of NEOs with diameters of 140 meters or greater by 2020. This extension aimed to enhance planetary defense capabilities.
2005: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Launch
In 2005, NASA launched the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to study Mars' atmosphere and terrain, helping to identify potential landing sites for future missions.
2005: Creation of NASAcast
In 2005, NASA launched NASAcast, an official podcast service providing the latest audio and video features from the NASA website, including educational materials and NASA TV's This Week at NASA.
2006: NASA and Air Force Space Command MOU
In 2006, NASA and the Air Force Space Command signed a memorandum of understanding, which was later replaced by a similar document between NASA and the Space Force in 2020.
2006: New Horizons Mission to Pluto
In 2006, NASA launched the New Horizons mission, which became the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, providing unprecedented data on these distant celestial bodies.
2006: Shuttle Return to Flight
In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight, conducting several missions to service the Hubble Space Telescope. This marked a significant step in resuming human space operations post the Columbia disaster of 2003.
March 18, 2007: Release of NASA EDGE
On March 18, 2007, NASA launched NASA EDGE, a video podcast exploring various missions and technologies. The program provides an insider's look at NASA's projects through interviews and broadcasts.
August 2007: NASA Adopts SI Units for Lunar Missions
In August 2007, NASA announced that all future lunar missions would use the SI system to enhance cooperation with international space agencies.
2007: Modernization of the National Airspace System
In 2007, NASA began collaborating with the FAA and industry stakeholders to modernize the United States National Airspace System (NAS), aiming for major advancements by 2025. This modernization effort focuses on improving safety, efficiency, capacity, and environmental impact.
2007: Phoenix Mars Lander Mission
The Phoenix Mars Lander, launched in 2007, successfully landed on Mars to study the Martian arctic's soil and climate, providing crucial data on water ice.
2008: Initial NEO Detection Mandate Deadline
By 2008, NASA was mandated to detect 90% of near-Earth asteroids over 1 km in diameter. Although this deadline was not fully met, significant progress was made in tracking these potentially hazardous objects.
2008: First CRS Contracts Signed
In 2008, NASA signed its first Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contracts, awarding $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve cargo Dragon flights and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences for eight Cygnus flights, covering deliveries until 2016.
2008: European ATV Begins Service
The European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) started servicing the ISS in 2008, adding to the station's cargo supply chain.
May 2009: ISS Expedition Crew Size Increased
In May 2009, the ISS expedition crew size was increased to six members. This expansion was made possible before the retirement of the Space Shuttle, which allowed for a larger crew on the International Space Station.
December 2009: NASA EDGE Download Peak
In December 2009, NASA EDGE experienced a surge in popularity, with over one million downloads that month.
2009: Launch of WISE Mission
In 2009, NASA launched the WISE mission, an infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope, to observe the universe in infrared light. This mission aimed to discover and study various celestial objects, including asteroids and comets.
2009: Launch of Kepler Space Telescope
NASA launched the Kepler space telescope in 2009 to identify planets orbiting extrasolar stars. Kepler confirmed its first exoplanet, Kepler-22b, which orbits within the habitable zone of its star.
2009: Completion of US Orbital Segment of ISS
In 2009, the United States completed its segment of the International Space Station. This milestone highlighted the collaborative efforts and technological achievements of the multinational space project.
2009: Japanese HTV Begins Service
In 2009, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) began its uncrewed cargo missions to the ISS, further enhancing the station's supply capabilities.
January 2010: Continued Popularity of NASA EDGE
In January 2010, NASA EDGE maintained its high download rate, reaching over one million downloads for the month.
February 2010: NASA EDGE Download Milestone
By February 2010, NASA EDGE had achieved over 420,000 downloads per month, with a peak of over one million downloads in December 2009 and January 2010.
2010: LEED Gold Rating for Exploration Sciences Building
In 2010, NASA's Exploration Sciences Building was awarded the LEED Gold rating, highlighting its commitment to sustainability.
2010: Completion of Russian Orbital Segment of ISS
In 2010, the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station was completed. This marked the full operational capability of the ISS, solidifying its status as a symbol of international cooperation in space exploration.
November 26, 2011: Mars Science Laboratory Launch
On November 26, 2011, NASA launched the Mars Science Laboratory mission, carrying the Curiosity rover, to explore the Martian surface and search for signs of past or present life.
2011: Retirement of the Space Shuttle
In 2011, the Space Shuttle was retired, ending its role in ferrying astronauts and cargo to the ISS, and marking a new era in space transportation.
2011: Completion Accelerated by Shuttle Retirement
In 2011, the retirement of the Space Shuttle accelerated the completion of the International Space Station. The station, despite cost overruns, became a symbol of international collaboration in space exploration.
2011: Passage of the Wolf Amendment
In 2011, the U.S. Congress passed the Wolf Amendment, preventing NASA from engaging in direct, bilateral cooperation with the Chinese government and its affiliated organizations without explicit authorization.
2011: Launch of the ELaNa Program
Since 2011, the ELaNa program has facilitated NASA's collaboration with university teams to test new technologies and solutions by providing launch opportunities for CubeSats.
2011: Space Shuttle Program Retirement
In 2011, the Space Shuttle Program was officially retired following the completion of the STS-135 resupply mission to the International Space Station. This marked the end of an era in NASA's human spaceflight endeavors.
2011: NASA Relies on Soyuz Post-Shuttle Retirement
Between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first operational CCP mission in 2020, NASA relied exclusively on the Russian Soyuz program to transport its astronauts to the ISS.
2011: Retirement of Space Shuttle
In 2011, NASA retired the Space Shuttle, making Russia the sole provider of crew and cargo delivery to the International Space Station until NASA's COTS and crew flights began.
2011: Environmental Concerns and the Constellation Program
In 2011, NASA addressed environmental concerns related to its canceled Constellation program in line with the National Environmental Policy Act.
2011: Meeting Initial NEO Detection Mandate
In 2011, NASA met the initial mandate to detect 90% of near-Earth asteroids over 1 km in diameter. This achievement marked a significant milestone in planetary defense efforts.
August 6, 2012: Curiosity Rover Landing
The Curiosity rover, part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, successfully touched down on Mars on August 6, 2012, marking a significant milestone in Martian exploration.
2012: Curiosity Rover Discovers Key Ingredients for Life
Curiosity rover landed on Mars in 2012, discovering that radiation levels on Mars were similar to those on the ISS and identifying key chemical ingredients for life.
2012: First Operational Resupply Mission by SpaceX
In 2012, SpaceX flew its first operational resupply mission to the ISS, known as SpaceX CRS-1, marking the beginning of its active participation in the CRS program.
2012: Dragon Spacecraft Begins Uncrewed Missions
The uncrewed Dragon spacecraft commenced its cargo missions to the ISS in 2012, marking SpaceX's significant contribution to the station's resupply efforts.
2013: WISE Repurposed as NEOWISE
In 2013, NASA repurposed the WISE mission as NEOWISE to focus on finding potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets. This extension aimed to enhance planetary defense efforts.
2013: MAVEN Mission Observes Martian Atmosphere
In 2013, NASA's MAVEN mission began observing the Martian upper atmosphere and space environment, providing insights into the planet's climate history.
2013: Cygnus Spacecraft Begins Service
The American Cygnus spacecraft began its uncrewed cargo deliveries to the ISS in 2013, further diversifying the station's resupply fleet.
September 2014: MAVEN Enters Mars Orbit
In September 2014, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft, designed to study the Martian atmosphere, successfully entered orbit around Mars, initiating its mission to understand the planet's climate history.
September 2014: NASA-ISRO Partnership for NISAR Mission
In September 2014, NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) signed a partnership to launch the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, targeted for 2024.
2014: CRS-2 Solicitation
The second phase of the CRS contracts, known as CRS-2, was solicited in 2014, paving the way for future cargo transport agreements.
2014: Rocket Exhaust Environmental Impact
In 2014, NASA highlighted the environmental impact of rocket propulsion systems, noting that carbon dioxide emissions from rockets are minor compared to other sources. The agency also discussed the use of less toxic compounds in rocket fuel.
2014: NASA Authorization Act of 2014
The NASA Authorization Act of 2014 reaffirmed the importance of the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP), ensuring its continued role in advising on safety issues.
2014: First Operational Resupply Mission by Orbital Sciences
In 2014, Orbital Sciences conducted its first operational resupply mission to the ISS with Cygnus CRS Orb-1, joining SpaceX in the CRS program.
2014: Start of Cubes in Space Competition
In 2014, NASA started the annual Cubes in Space competition in collaboration with I Doodle Learning, aiming to educate school students aged 11–18 on designing and building scientific experiments for space launches.
2014: Launch of Global Precipitation Measurement Mission
In 2014, NASA and JAXA launched the Global Precipitation Measurement mission. The mission includes both NASA- and JAXA-supplied sensors and provides accurate global rainfall measurements.
2015: Extension of CRS-1 Contracts
By 2015, NASA had extended the CRS-1 contracts, increasing the flight commitments to twenty for SpaceX and twelve for Orbital ATK, ensuring continued cargo deliveries to the ISS.
2016: Completion of Initial CRS Contracts
By 2016, the initial CRS contracts awarded to SpaceX and Orbital Sciences had concluded, after successfully covering multiple cargo deliveries to the ISS.
2016: Establishment of Planetary Defense Coordination Office
In 2016, NASA established the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) to catalog and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects (NEOs) and develop potential responses to these threats. The office provides timely information to the government and public on close approaches and potential impacts.
June 21, 2017: Launch of KalamSAT
On June 21, 2017, NASA launched the world's smallest satellite, KalamSAT, as part of the annual Cubes in Space competition aimed at teaching students to design and build scientific experiments.
2017: NASA Directed to Achieve Mars Mission by 2030s
The NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to aim for a human mission to Mars-orbit or the Martian surface by the 2030s, setting a long-term goal for space exploration.
2017: Inception of Artemis Program
Since 2017, NASA's crewed spaceflight program has been the Artemis program, aiming to land 'the first woman and the next man' on the lunar south pole by 2025.
2018: InSight Studies Martian Interior
The InSight mission, launched in 2018, focused on studying Mars' interior structure through seismic investigations, enhancing our understanding of the planet's geologic activity.
2018: Launch of Project CAUTION
In 2018, NASA, along with several companies, launched Project CAUTION to improve jet engine safety and efficiency. The project aims to enhance the temperature range of Thermal History Coating up to 1,500 °C and beyond.
2019: Commencement of CRS-2 Flights
CRS-2 cargo transport flights began in 2019, marking the start of a new phase in the ISS resupply missions with updated contracts and new participants.
2019: Artemis Program Announcement
In 2019, NASA announced the Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the Moon and establish a permanent human presence. This announcement was complemented by the Artemis Accords, setting rules for space commercialization and behavior on the Moon.
January 2020: Assessment of NEO Detection Progress
In January 2020, NASA officials estimated it would take 30 years to find all near-Earth objects (NEOs) meeting the 140-meter size criteria, more than twice the timeframe built into the 2005 mandate. Efforts continue to improve detection capabilities.
January 2020: NEO Detection Progress Assessment
In January 2020, NASA officials estimated it would take 30 years to find all near-Earth objects (NEOs) meeting the 140-meter size criteria, more than twice the timeframe built into the 2005 mandate. Efforts continue to improve detection capabilities.
July 29, 2020: NASA Requests Proposals for Lunar Soil Water Extraction Technologies
On July 29, 2020, NASA requested American universities to propose new technologies for extracting water from lunar soil and developing power systems. This initiative aims to support sustainable exploration of the Moon.
August 2020: 200 NASA EDGE Vodcasts Produced
By August 2020, NASA EDGE had produced 200 vodcasts, offering public outreach and insights into NASA's missions and technologies.
September 2020: NASA and Space Force MOU
In September 2020, NASA and the United States Space Force signed a memorandum of understanding to formalize their joint role in space operations and planetary defense.
November 16, 2020: SpaceX Crew-1 Mission Launch
On November 16, 2020, SpaceX launched its first operational mission under the Commercial Crew Program, known as SpaceX Crew-1, using the Crew Dragon spacecraft.
December 18, 2020: Space Force Member Becomes NASA Astronaut
On December 18, 2020, Colonel Michael S. Hopkins was commissioned into the Space Force from the International Space Station, becoming the first Space Force member to serve as a NASA astronaut.
2020: Discovery Program Finalists
In 2020, the DAVINCI+ and VERITAS missions were among the finalists in NASA's Discovery Program, competing against proposals for missions to Jupiter's moon Io and Neptune's moon Triton.
2020: First Operational CCP Mission
In 2020, the first operational mission under NASA's Commercial Crew Program took place, marking a shift from reliance on the Soyuz to newly developed commercial spacecraft.
2020: Commencement of Crewed Dragon Flights
In 2020, the Crew Dragon spacecraft began its crewed flights to the ISS, providing a new mode of transportation for American astronauts.
2020: SpaceX Begins Commercial Crew Services
In 2020, SpaceX began providing commercial crew transportation services to the ISS using the Crew Dragon spacecraft, under NASA's Commercial Crew Program.
2020: NASA Wins 2020 Webby People's Voice Award
In 2020, NASA won the Webby People's Voice Award for Green in the Web category, recognizing its contributions to climate change research and public engagement.
April 16, 2021: SpaceX Lunar Starship Selected
On April 16, 2021, NASA announced that the SpaceX Lunar Starship had been selected as its Human Landing System for future lunar missions, marking a significant step in the Artemis program.
May 3, 2021: Bill Nelson Appointed as NASA Administrator
On May 3, 2021, Bill Nelson was appointed by President Joe Biden as the administrator of NASA. This role involves providing senior space science advice and direction from NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC.
May 2021: Dragonfly Mission Update
As of May 2021, NASA's Dragonfly mission, which will send a rotorcraft to explore Saturn's moon Titan, is on track for a June 2027 launch.
June 2, 2021: Venus Missions Selected
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson announced the selection of the DAVINCI+ and VERITAS missions on June 2, 2021, to explore Venus in the late 2020s, focusing on the planet's atmosphere and geological history.
June 2021: Authorization of NEO Surveyor Spacecraft
In June 2021, NASA authorized the development of the NEO Surveyor spacecraft to accelerate the detection of near-Earth objects (NEOs). This project aims to reduce the projected duration to achieve the mandate from 30 years to 10 years.
July 2021: Contract Awards for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Development
In July 2021, NASA awarded contracts for the development of nuclear thermal propulsion reactors. Three contractors were tasked with developing designs over 12 months for evaluation by NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy. This initiative is led by NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate.
September 27, 2021: Launch of Landsat 9
On September 27, 2021, NASA launched Landsat 9, the latest satellite in the Landsat series, continuing the program's legacy of Earth observation.
November 2021: Artemis Program Delay
In November 2021, NASA announced a delay in the Artemis program, pushing back the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon to no earlier than 2025 due to various factors.
December 2021: James Webb Space Telescope Launch
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was launched in December 2021, poised to revolutionize astronomy with its advanced infrared capabilities, allowing us to observe the universe's earliest galaxies and study exoplanet atmospheres.
December 2021: IXPE Launch
The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) was launched in December 2021 to study X-ray production in celestial objects, advancing our understanding of high-energy phenomena in the universe.
2021: Juno Flyby of Ganymede
In 2021, the Juno spacecraft conducted a close flyby of Jupiter's moon Ganymede, capturing stunning images and gathering crucial data about its composition and magnetic field.
2021: Perseverance Rover and Ingenuity Helicopter
In 2021, NASA's Perseverance rover landed on Mars, carrying the first extraplanetary aircraft, Ingenuity, a helicopter that successfully conducted flights on another planet.
2021: Launch of James Webb Space Telescope
In 2021, NASA launched the James Webb Space Telescope, an infrared observatory intended to observe the formation of the first galaxies and serve as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
February 2022: Cygnus NG-17 Delivered to ISS
In February 2022, Northrop Grumman successfully delivered the Cygnus NG-17 spacecraft to the ISS, continuing their role in the station's resupply missions.
March 2022: GOES-T Satellite Operational
The GOES-T satellite, renamed GOES-18 after launch, became operational in March 2022, joining the fleet of geostationary weather satellites monitoring Earth's weather patterns and providing critical data for forecasting.
March 2022: Additional CRS-2 Missions Awarded
In March 2022, NASA awarded an additional six CRS-2 missions each to SpaceX and Northrop Grumman (formerly Orbital), ensuring continued cargo transport services to the ISS.
March 2022: Contracts Awarded for Robotic Lunar Probes
In March 2022, NASA awarded contracts for robotic lunar probes to companies such as Intuitive Machines, Firefly Space Systems, and Astrobotic under the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.
May 13, 2022: Testing of rHEALTH ONE Biomedical Analyzer in Space
On May 13, 2022, NASA and SpaceX Crew-4 astronauts successfully tested the rHEALTH ONE universal biomedical analyzer in a spaceflight environment. This device aims to identify and analyze biomarkers, cells, microorganisms, and proteins to monitor astronaut health.
June 2022: NASA's UAP Independent Study Team
In June 2022, Thomas Zurbuchen, head of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, announced the formation of an independent study team to investigate Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). This initiative aims to bring a scientific perspective to efforts already underway by the Pentagon and intelligence agencies.
June 2022: ELaNa 39 Mission Launch
In June 2022, two NASA-sponsored CubeSats were launched on a Virgin Orbit LauncherOne vehicle as part of the ELaNa 39 mission, showcasing the collaboration between NASA and university teams.
June 2022: First NASA Rocket Launch from Commercial Spaceport Outside US
In June 2022, NASA achieved a milestone by conducting its first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside of the United States, launching a Black Brant IX rocket from the Arnhem Space Centre in Australia.
July 2022: NASA and Roscosmos Space Station Flights Agreement
In July 2022, NASA and Roscosmos signed a deal to share space station flights, allowing crew members from each country to ride on the other’s launch systems.
July 2022: SpaceX CRS-25 Launch
In July 2022, SpaceX launched its 25th CRS flight, SpaceX CRS-25, and successfully delivered its cargo to the ISS.
September 1, 2022: NASA Field Center Leadership
As of September 1, 2022, NASA operates 10 major field centers across the United States, each managed by a Center Director. These centers handle various administrative and technical functions.
September 2022: 21 Countries Sign Artemis Accords
As of September 2022, 21 countries have signed the Artemis Accords, establishing a framework for peaceful exploration and exploitation of the Moon, Mars, asteroids, and comets.
September 26, 2022: DART hits its target
On September 26, 2022, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully impacted the Dimorphos asteroid. This mission aimed to test planetary defense concepts by altering the asteroid's path, and it exceeded expectations by shortening Dimorphos' orbital period around Didymos by about 32 minutes.
October 2022: MAVEN Continues Mars Study
As of October 2022, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft continues to gather valuable data about the Martian atmosphere, contributing to our understanding of the planet's past and present climate.
October 2022: Landsat Satellite Operations
As of October 2022, nine Landsat satellites have been built, with eight successfully operating in orbit. These satellites have acquired millions of images used for global change research and various applications.
November 16, 2022: Artemis 1 Launch
On November 16, 2022, NASA successfully launched Artemis 1, marking a significant step in the Artemis program and the return to human lunar exploration.
December 11, 2022: Artemis 1 Return
After a successful mission, Artemis 1 returned to Earth safely on December 11, 2022, paving the way for future Artemis missions.
2022: Juno Flyby of Europa
Juno performed a flyby of Jupiter's moon Europa in 2022, collecting data that could provide insights into the potential habitability of this icy world.
2022: NASA X-57 Maxwell Approaches First Flights
In 2022, NASA's X-57 Maxwell, an experimental all-electric aircraft, completed ground testing and was scheduled for its first flights by the end of the year. The project aims to demonstrate and certify highly efficient all-electric aircraft technology.
2022: NASA Explorer Program Updates
As of 2022, NASA's Explorer program, which provides opportunities for innovative space exploration missions, has cost limits for Small Explorer missions set below $150 million and typically around $350 million for Medium-class explorer missions.
January 2023: NASA Partners with DARPA on DRACO Program
In January 2023, NASA announced a partnership with DARPA on the Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) program to demonstrate a nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) engine in space, enabling missions to Mars.
July 2023: Announcement of NASA+ Streaming Service
In July 2023, NASA announced the upcoming launch of NASA+, a streaming service designed to provide free access to live launch coverage, documentaries, and original content.
July 2023: Contract Award for DRACO Program
In July 2023, NASA and DARPA awarded $499 million to Lockheed Martin to design and build an experimental NTR rocket for the DRACO program, scheduled for launch in 2027.
November 8, 2023: Launch of NASA+ Streaming Service
On November 8, 2023, NASA launched NASA+, a new streaming service offering live coverage of launches, documentaries, and original programs, free of ads and subscription fees.
2023: Extension of NEOWISE Mission
The NEOWISE mission, initially launched in 2009 and repurposed in 2013, has been extended into 2023. This mission continues to contribute to the detection and study of near-Earth asteroids and comets.
2023: Establishment of Moon to Mars Program Office
In 2023, NASA established the Moon to Mars Program office. This office is responsible for overseeing projects, mission architectures, and timelines related to lunar and Mars exploration and science.
2023: Juno Mission Extended
The Juno mission to Jupiter was extended to include multiple flybys of the moon Io in 2023 and 2024, providing valuable data on this volcanically active moon.
April 2024: Artemis Mission Updates
As of April 2024, NASA has outlined plans for upcoming Artemis missions, with Artemis 2 slated for launch in September 2025 and Artemis 3 in September 2026.
October 2024: Europa Clipper Launch
NASA's Europa Clipper mission, scheduled to launch in October 2024, will investigate the icy moon Europa through multiple flybys while orbiting Jupiter, seeking signs of potential habitability.
2024: ISS as Largest Artificial Satellite
As of 2024, the ISS remains the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit, surpassing all previous space stations in mass and volume.
2024: Expected Duration of CRS-2 Contracts
CRS-2 contracts are expected to continue through 2024, providing a sustained framework for cargo transport to the ISS.
2024: ISS Expeditions Using Commercial Crew Capsules
In 2024, ISS expeditions using the Commercial Program's crew capsules typically consist of a crew of four, although these capsules can accommodate up to seven crew members.
2024: Tasked to Create Coordinated Lunar Time Standard
In 2024, NASA was tasked by the US Government to create a time standard for the Moon, named Coordinated Lunar Time. This standard is expected to be finalized in 2026.
2024: New Frontiers Mission Proposals
NASA has set a deadline for proposals for the fifth round of New Frontiers missions, aiming to further explore the Solar System, with submissions due no later than the fall of 2024.
2024: Boeing Starliner to Join Commercial Crew Services
NASA plans to add Boeing's Starliner spacecraft to its Commercial Crew Program after 2024, with operational missions expected to commence following its final test flight.
2024: Dream Chaser Demo-1 Launch Scheduled
The Dream Chaser spacecraft is scheduled for its Demo-1 launch in the first half of 2024, marking a new addition to the ISS resupply fleet.
2024: Juno Mission Extended
The Juno mission to Jupiter was extended to include multiple flybys of the moon Io in 2023 and 2024, providing valuable data on this volcanically active moon.
2024: Target Launch of NISAR Mission
The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, a collaborative project between NASA and ISRO, is targeted for launch in 2024. The mission will include contributions from both agencies in terms of radar systems and launch services.
September 2025: Planned Artemis 2 Launch
NASA aims to launch Artemis 2 in September 2025, signifying a crucial step towards establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon.
2025: Target for National Airspace System Modernization
By 2025, NASA aims to deliver major modernization components for the National Airspace System, enhancing safety, efficiency, capacity, and reducing environmental impact. This effort involves collaboration with the FAA and industry stakeholders.
2025: Artemis 2 Mission Planned
The Artemis 2 mission, planned for 2025, will include the Orion crew module and SLS rocket, aiming to place a crew of four into a brief lunar flyby as a precursor to further lunar missions.
2025: Artemis Program Lunar Landing Goal
NASA's Artemis program aims to achieve a lunar landing by 2025, targeting the lunar south pole region with the goal of establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon.
September 2026: Planned Artemis 3 Launch
September 2026 is the target date for the launch of Artemis 3, a pivotal mission in the Artemis program, aiming to land astronauts on the lunar surface.
2026: Expected Finalization of Coordinated Lunar Time
By 2026, NASA is expected to finalize the Coordinated Lunar Time standard for the Moon, as tasked by the US Government in 2024. This effort aims to standardize timekeeping for lunar missions.
2026: NEO Surveyor Scheduled Launch
The NEO Surveyor, a space-based infrared telescope designed to detect potentially hazardous asteroids, is scheduled to launch in 2026.
June 2027: Dragonfly Launch
The Dragonfly mission, set to launch in June 2027, will explore Saturn's moon Titan with a rotorcraft, studying its atmosphere, surface, and potential for life.
2027: Planned Launch of DRACO NTR Rocket
In 2027, NASA plans to launch an experimental nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) designed and built by Lockheed Martin under the DRACO program. This launch aims to demonstrate the technology's potential for Mars missions.
2028: Future Artemis Missions
NASA has planned additional Artemis missions, including Artemis 4, Artemis 5, and Artemis 6, scheduled for launch between 2028 and 2031, to further advance lunar exploration and scientific research.
2028: Estimated Launch of Venus Missions
The DAVINCI+ and VERITAS missions to Venus are expected to launch between 2028 and 2030, aiming to deepen our understanding of this enigmatic planet.
2030: Estimated Launch of Venus Missions
The DAVINCI+ and VERITAS missions to Venus are expected to launch between 2028 and 2030, aiming to deepen our understanding of this enigmatic planet.
2030: Expected Retirement of the ISS
The ISS program is expected to continue until 2030, after which the space station will be retired and destroyed in a controlled de-orbit.
2031: Future Artemis Missions
NASA has planned additional Artemis missions, including Artemis 4, Artemis 5, and Artemis 6, scheduled for launch between 2028 and 2031, to further advance lunar exploration and scientific research.