John F. Kennedy, the 35th US president, served from 1961 to 1963, when he was assassinated. At 43, he was the youngest elected president. His term coincided with the Cold War's peak, focusing his foreign policy on the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of Congress before his presidency. His administration faced significant Cold War tensions, including the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Domestically, Kennedy confronted racial segregation and advocated for civil rights, initiating legislative proposals that his successor Lyndon B. Johnson would later sign into law.
1901: Assassination of William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest person to assume the presidency in 1901 following the assassination of William McKinley. While Kennedy became the youngest person elected president at age 43, Roosevelt was younger when he succeeded McKinley.
May 29, 1917: Birth of John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts.
June 19, 1917: Kennedy's Baptism
John F. Kennedy was baptized on June 19, 1917, at St. Aidan's Church in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the first Catholic president of the United States.
1920: Kennedy's Bout with Scarlet Fever
In 1920, at nearly three years old, John F. Kennedy contracted scarlet fever and was hospitalized at Boston City Hospital.
1922: Exposure to Politics
Kennedy's first exposure to politics occurred in 1922 when he toured Boston wards with his grandfather during his gubernatorial campaign.
September 1927: Move to New York City
The Kennedy family moved from Boston to New York City in September 1927.
September 1930: Enrollment at Canterbury School
John F. Kennedy enrolled at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut, in September 1930.
April 1931: Appendectomy
Kennedy underwent an appendectomy in April 1931 and withdrew from Canterbury School to recuperate.
September 1931: Enrollment at Choate
John F. Kennedy enrolled at Choate Rosemary Hall, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, in September 1931.
June 1934: Kennedy Hospitalized at Mayo Clinic
In June 1934, after a series of health issues and a suspected leukemia diagnosis, John F. Kennedy was admitted to the Mayo Clinic, where he received a diagnosis of colitis.
June 1935: Graduation from Choate
Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935, voted "most likely to succeed."
October 1935: Return to the U.S. and Enrollment at Princeton
Due to illness, Kennedy returned to the U.S. and enrolled at Princeton University in October 1935, but left after two months because of gastrointestinal problems.
September 1936: Enrollment at Harvard College
John F. Kennedy enrolled at Harvard College in September 1936.
1936: Kennedy Works as Ranch Hand
Following his withdrawal from Princeton University and a period of hospitalization, Kennedy worked as a ranch hand in Arizona in 1936.
July 1938: Work at the American Embassy in London
Kennedy worked at the American embassy in London in July 1938.
1940: Academic and Literary Achievements
In 1940, John F. Kennedy achieved significant milestones. He excelled academically at Harvard, making the dean's list in his junior year. He also completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich" which was published as the bestseller "Why England Slept."
1940: Attempt to Enter Military Service
In 1940, Kennedy attempted to join the army's Officer Candidate School but was medically disqualified.
1940: Graduation from Harvard and Further Studies
John F. Kennedy graduated cum laude from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts in government in 1940. He then briefly attended Stanford Graduate School of Business before leaving to assist his father with his memoirs.
1940: Graduation from Harvard University
John F. Kennedy graduated from Harvard University in 1940.
September 24, 1941: Joining the Naval Reserve
On September 24, 1941, with assistance from influential contacts, Kennedy joined the United States Naval Reserve.
October 26, 1941: Commissioned as Ensign
Kennedy was commissioned as an ensign in the Naval Reserve on October 26, 1941, and began working at the ONI staff in Washington, D.C.
1941: South America Tour and Preparation for War
In early 1941, Kennedy embarked on a tour of South America. He also abandoned his plans for law school as American entry into World War II became increasingly likely.
January 1942: Naval Assignment and PT Boat Training
In January 1942, Kennedy was assigned to the ONI field office in Charleston, South Carolina. Despite health concerns, his father's influence helped him secure a PT boat command. He then underwent training in Chicago and Rhode Island.
December 7, 1942: First PT Boat Command
On December 7, 1942, Kennedy took command of his first PT boat, PT-101.
February 23, 1943: End of PT-101 Command
Kennedy's command of PT-101 ended on February 23, 1943. He then sought a transfer to the South Pacific.
April 1943: Command of PT-109 and South Pacific Assignment
In April 1943, Kennedy was assigned to Motor Torpedo Squadron TWO, and on April 24 he took command of PT-109 in the Solomon Islands.
December 1943: Deteriorating Health and Return from Pacific
By December 1943, Kennedy's health deteriorated, and he left the Pacific front, arriving in San Francisco in January 1944.
January 1944: Arrival in San Francisco for Medical Treatment
Kennedy arrived in San Francisco in January 1944 to receive treatment for his back injury.
August 12, 1944: Death of Joe Jr.
On August 12, 1944, Kennedy's older brother, Joe Jr., was killed in action. In response, Kennedy compiled a book of remembrances titled, "As We Remember Joe."
December 1944: End of Active Duty
Kennedy was released from active duty in December 1944 after receiving treatment for his back injury.
1944: PT-109 Incident and Recognition
In 1944, the story of the PT-109 incident, where Kennedy's boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, became widely publicized, boosting his public image. He received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and a Purple Heart.
January 1945: Recovery at Castle Hot Springs
Starting January 1945, Kennedy spent three months recovering from his back injury at Castle Hot Springs in Arizona.
March 1, 1945: Retirement from Navy
On March 1, 1945, Kennedy retired from the Navy Reserve due to his physical disability.
April 1945: Journalism Career Begins
In April 1945, Kennedy started working as a special correspondent for Hearst Newspapers, covering events like the Potsdam Conference.
1946: Entry into Politics
In 1946, urged by his father, John F. Kennedy prepared for his political debut by establishing residency at 122 Bowdoin Street. He then entered the Democratic primary for the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts.
1946: Consideration for Political Office
In 1946, with the passing of his older brother, Kennedy was considered as a potential candidate for political office, with discussions about a congressional campaign to increase his national visibility.
1946: Involvement with Boy Scouts
From 1946, Kennedy became actively involved in the Boston Council of the Boy Scouts of America, serving in various leadership roles.
1946: Congressional Election Victory
Despite the Republican takeover of the House in the 1946 elections, John F. Kennedy secured a significant victory in the general election, winning 73% of the vote.
September 1947: Kennedy Diagnosed with Addison's Disease
In September 1947, John F. Kennedy was diagnosed with Addison's disease and given a grim prognosis.
November 1947: Support for Aid to Italy
In November 1947, Kennedy advocated for a financial aid package to Italy, emphasizing the threat of communism and the strategic importance of the country.
1947: Differing Stances on Taft-Hartley Act
In 1947, Kennedy and Lodge held differing views on the Taft-Hartley Act, with Lodge voting in favor and Kennedy against.
1947: Stance on Labor and Communism
In 1947, Kennedy opposed the Labor Management Relations Act, which restricted the power of labor unions, while also taking a stance against communism during this period.
1947: Election to the U.S. House of Representatives
John F. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1947, representing a working-class Boston district.
1947: Taft-Hartley Act
The Taft-Hartley Act, a major labor relations bill, was passed in 1947 and Kennedy introduced a bill that he thought to be on par with its impact.
January 30, 1949: Criticism of Truman's China Policy
On January 30, 1949, during a speech in Salem, Massachusetts, Kennedy publicly criticized President Truman and the State Department for their handling of China's fall to communism.
1949: Senate Campaign Preparations
Kennedy began preparing for his Senate run against Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. in 1952, using the slogan "KENNEDY WILL DO MORE FOR MASSACHUSETTS".
1952: Adlai Stevenson II's First Presidential Nomination
Adlai Stevenson II, who was popular during Kennedy's bid for the presidency, first secured the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952.
1952: Senate Election Victory and Marriage
In 1952, Kennedy narrowly defeated Lodge for the Senate seat and subsequently married Jacqueline Bouvier.
1952: Support for Immigration Act
In 1952, Kennedy supported the Immigration and Nationality Act, which mandated the registration of communists with the government.
May 1953: Focus on Massachusetts Economy
In May 1953, Kennedy introduced a 36-point program to address the economic problems of New England, covering industries like fishing, textiles, and shipbuilding.
1953: Support for Worcester Tornado Relief
Kennedy demonstrated responsiveness to constituents by co-sponsoring legislation to provide federal loans for rebuilding after the 1953 Worcester tornado.
1953: Election to the U.S. Senate
John F. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1953, serving as the junior senator for Massachusetts.
1954: Support for Saint Lawrence Seaway
Despite local opposition, Kennedy voted in favor of the Saint Lawrence Seaway project in 1954.
1954: Geneva Conference and Vietnam Division
Following the Geneva Conference in 1954, Vietnam was divided into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. This division set the stage for later American involvement in the region.
1954: Abstention on McCarthy Censure
In 1954, Kennedy abstained from voting on the censure of Joseph McCarthy, a decision that drew criticism.
1955: Start of Kennedy's Medical Records Collection
A collection of John F. Kennedy's medical papers, including x-rays and prescriptions, dates back to 1955.
1955: Jacqueline Kennedy's Miscarriage
In 1955, Jacqueline Kennedy experienced a miscarriage.
1955: End of Boy Scouts Involvement
Kennedy concluded his service with the Boston Council of the Boy Scouts of America in 1955.
1956: Impact of McCarthy Abstention
Kennedy's abstention on the McCarthy censure vote in 1954 affected his support among liberals in the 1956 election.
1956: Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Concept
The idea of a nuclear test ban treaty was initially proposed during Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign.
1956: Publication of "Profiles in Courage"
While recovering from spinal surgeries in 1956, Kennedy published "Profiles in Courage", a book about U.S. senators who demonstrated courage in their political decisions.
1956: Sale of Hickory Hill and Move to Georgetown
In 1956, the Kennedys sold Hickory Hill to Robert Kennedy and purchased a townhouse in Georgetown. They also maintained an apartment in Boston and a summer home in Cape Cod.
1956: Vice Presidential Bid
In 1956, Kennedy made a bid for the vice presidential nomination at the Democratic National Convention, finishing second to Estes Kefauver.
1956: Stillbirth of Arabella Kennedy
In 1956, John and Jacqueline Kennedy experienced the stillbirth of their daughter, Arabella.
1956: Adlai Stevenson II's Second Presidential Nomination
Adlai Stevenson II, who was popular during Kennedy's bid for the presidency, received the Democratic presidential nomination again in 1956.
September 1957: Kennedy and the Civil Rights Act of 1957
In September 1957, Kennedy's stance on the Civil Rights Act of 1957 involved a series of votes that reflected political complexities and drew criticism from civil rights advocates. He voted against President Eisenhower's initial bill but supported later versions, including a final compromised bill. His focus was perceived to be on Massachusetts rather than the broader civil rights struggles in other states.
1957: Birth of Caroline Kennedy
Caroline Kennedy, daughter of John and Jacqueline, was born in 1957.
1957: Kennedy's Involvement in the McClellan Committee
In 1957, John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert investigated labor racketeering in the Senate's Select Committee on Labor Rackets. The hearings, which garnered significant media attention, involved dramatic exchanges with prominent labor leaders like Jimmy Hoffa. Kennedy introduced a bill to reform union financial practices, but it faced challenges in passing through Congress.
1957: Pulitzer Prize Win
Kennedy won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957 for his book "Profiles in Courage".
1957: Last Execution in D.C.
The last execution in Washington D.C. occurred in 1957, marking the end of capital punishment in the district, later formalized by President Kennedy's abolition of the mandatory death penalty in 1962.
1958: Kennedy's Re-election to the Senate
In 1958, Kennedy was re-elected to the Senate with a landslide victory, securing the largest winning margin in Massachusetts political history. Following his re-election, he began preparations for a presidential run in 1960.
September 3, 1959: Cape Cod National Seashore Bill
On September 3, 1959, Kennedy co-sponsored the Cape Cod National Seashore bill with Senator Leverett Saltonstall to protect the area from industrialization.
1959: Kennedy's Work on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
In 1959, Kennedy joined the Senate's Foreign Relations Committee, where he supported Algerian independence, proposed aid for Soviet satellite nations, and introduced an amendment to the National Defense Education Act aiming to remove loyalty oath requirements for aid recipients.
January 2, 1960: Kennedy Announces Presidential Candidacy
On January 2, 1960, Kennedy formally announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination, despite concerns about his age and experience. His charisma and strong communication skills helped him gain support.
November 1960: Birth of John F. Kennedy Jr.
John F. Kennedy Jr. was born in November 1960, shortly after his father's election to the presidency.
1960: Presidential Election Campaign
John F. Kennedy ran for president in 1960, participating in the first televised presidential debates and narrowly defeating Richard Nixon.
1960: Lingering Impact of McCarthy Abstention
The impact of Kennedy's abstention on the McCarthy censure vote continued to be felt during the 1960 election.
1960: The New Frontier
Kennedy's domestic agenda, known as the "New Frontier", faced challenges in Congress due to his narrow election victory and focus on foreign policy.
1960: Endorsement of Equal Pay
During his 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy publicly supported the principle of equal pay for equal work, demonstrating his commitment to fair labor practices and gender equality.
1960: Stock Market Decline
Following Kennedy's election in 1960, the stock market experienced a period of decline.
1960: Kennedy's Campaign Strategy for the 1960 Election
During the 1960 election campaign, Kennedy focused on primary victories to demonstrate his electability and the viability of a Catholic candidate. His wins in Wisconsin and West Virginia boosted his momentum going into the Democratic National Convention.
1960: Kennedy Supports Civil Rights During Campaign
During his 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy verbally supported civil rights and intervened in the case of Martin Luther King Jr.'s arrest, gaining Black support.
1960: Beginning of Decolonization and Kennedy's Third World Policy
Between 1960 and 1963, numerous countries gained independence. During this period of decolonization, Kennedy focused on building relationships with developing nations, increasing economic aid, and implementing programs like Food for Peace and the Peace Corps.
1960: Preparing for the Presidency
After his Senate re-election in 1958, Kennedy began preparing for a presidential run in 1960, traveling across the U.S. to garner support.
January 1961: Khrushchev's Support for Wars of National Liberation
In January 1961, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced support for wars of national liberation, a move that Kennedy perceived as a significant threat to the "free world."
January 20, 1961: Kennedy's Inauguration and Call to Service
On January 20, 1961, Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president. His inaugural address emphasized civic engagement, urging Americans to contribute to their country. He also called for international cooperation to address global challenges.
March 6, 1961: Executive Order 10925
On March 6, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925, promoting affirmative action and equal employment opportunities for government contractors.
March 1961: Shifting Policy on Laos
In March 1961, Kennedy shifted U.S. policy on Laos from supporting a "free" Laos to a "neutral" Laos, seeing Vietnam as the key area to prevent communist expansion. While he avoided major military intervention in Laos, Kennedy approved CIA operations like bombing raids and Hmong recruitment.
April 4, 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion Approved
On April 4, 1961, Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion plan, a covert operation aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba.
April 15, 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion Begins
On April 15, 1961, the Bay of Pigs invasion commenced with CIA-backed airstrikes followed by a ground invasion by Cuban exiles.
April 1961: Space Race Developments
In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, intensifying the space race. Shortly after, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, bolstering Kennedy's confidence in NASA. This was followed by John Glenn's orbit of Earth, marking a significant milestone for the United States in space exploration.
May 1961: Alliance for Progress
In May 1961, Kennedy launched the Alliance for Progress, an initiative aimed at containing communism in Latin America through aid and promoting human rights. Congress initially granted $500 million for projects such as housing, schools, and healthcare.
May 1961: Freedom Riders and Federal Response
In May 1961, Kennedy responded to the Freedom Riders' efforts to desegregate interstate transportation by assigning federal marshals for protection and petitioning the ICC.
June 4, 1961: Vienna Summit and Berlin Crisis
On June 4, 1961, Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna. Kennedy conveyed to Khrushchev that interfering with U.S. access to West Berlin would be considered an act of war. After Kennedy's return, the Soviets announced their plan to sign a treaty with East Berlin challenging U.S. access rights. Kennedy responded by preparing for a possible nuclear conflict.
June 1961: Assassination of Trujillo
In June 1961, Rafael Trujillo, the leader of the Dominican Republic, was assassinated. While the Eisenhower administration and the CIA had formulated plans targeting Trujillo, Kennedy's public stance was against such actions. Following the assassination, the US, led by Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles, reacted cautiously.
June 1961: Vienna Summit
In June 1961, Kennedy and Khrushchev met in Vienna and reached an informal understanding against nuclear testing, although both sides resumed testing later that year.
July 1961: Kennedy's Response to Berlin Crisis
In July 1961, following the Vienna Summit and increased East Berlin exodus, Kennedy announced a significant military buildup, signaling a strong stance against Soviet aggression.
August 1961: Construction of the Berlin Wall
Following the construction of the Berlin Wall by East Germany in August 1961, Kennedy sent troops to reassure West Berlin of U.S. support.
September 1961: ICC Ruling on Segregation
In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled in favor of desegregation on interstate transportation following Kennedy's petition.
November 1961: Operation Mongoose Authorized
In November 1961, following the Bay of Pigs, Kennedy authorized Operation Mongoose, a covert program focused on destabilizing the Cuban government.
December 1961: Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
In December 1961, Kennedy established the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, led by Eleanor Roosevelt, to investigate issues related to women's rights and propose recommendations for policy change. This was a step toward promoting gender equality and addressing discrimination.
December 1961: Iraq Petroleum Company Dispute
In December 1961, the Iraqi government, led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, passed Public Law 80, significantly reducing the concessionary holdings of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC).
1961: Kennedy Receives Paul White Award
In 1961, the Radio-Television News Directors Association awarded John F. Kennedy the Paul White Award, recognizing his transparent relationship with the media. He was the first president to request live broadcasts of his press conferences.
1961: Disagreements on Kennedy's Medical Treatment
Throughout 1961, Kennedy's physicians disagreed on the best approach to manage his back pain, with Kennedy favoring medication over exercise for quick relief. His primary physician, George Burkley, eventually intervened to discontinue potentially harmful treatments.
1961: Escalation of American Involvement in Vietnam
Kennedy escalated American involvement in Vietnam in 1961 by increasing financial and military support to South Vietnam, including sending more military advisors and authorizing helicopter units. This marked a significant increase in U.S. presence compared to the previous administration.
1961: John F. Kennedy's Presidency Begins
John F. Kennedy began his term as the 35th President of the United States in 1961.
1961: Crackdown on Organized Crime
In 1961, the Kennedy administration prioritized combating organized crime by shifting the focus of the Justice Department, FBI, and IRS. Kennedy secured congressional approval for five bills, including the Federal Wire Act, aiming to curb interstate racketeering, gambling, and illegal firearms.
1961: Vienna Summit Anticipation and Tensions
In 1961, leading up to the Vienna Summit with Khrushchev, tensions rose due to Kennedy's misinterpretation of a Khrushchev speech, setting a challenging tone for the discussions on Berlin.
1961: Congressional Support for Apollo Program
In 1961, despite public skepticism, Congress provided strong backing and substantial funding to NASA's Apollo program, enabling advancements like building new centers and expanding staff.
1961: Start of Kennedy's Focus on Rearmament
In 1961, at the start of his presidency, Kennedy prioritized rearmament in response to Cold War tensions. This marked a shift from Eisenhower's concerns about the military-industrial complex.
1961: Peace Corps Established
In 1961, President Kennedy established the Peace Corps, a volunteer program aimed at assisting developing countries, as part of his foreign policy strategy to combat communism.
1961: First Non-War, Non-Recession Deficit
In 1961, Kennedy's first budget resulted in the nation's first non-war, non-recession deficit.
1961: New Frontier Legislation
In 1961, Kennedy focused on passing key legislation related to education, healthcare, housing, and minimum wage, achieving mixed results. Some bills, like the minimum wage increase and housing act passed while others, like federal aid for education and Medicare, were defeated.
1961: Kennedy's Back Pain and Vienna Summit
In 1961, John F. Kennedy's chronic back pain and the medications he took for it, including a mix of hormones, steroids, and amphetamines, may have influenced his performance at the Vienna Summit.
1961: Kennedy Receives Laetare Medal
In 1961, John F. Kennedy received the Laetare Medal from the University of Notre Dame, the most prestigious award for American Catholics.
1961: Economic Turnaround Begins
Starting in 1961, the US economy experienced a significant turnaround and began to prosper under Kennedy's presidency.
January 18, 1962: Authorization of Escalated Involvement in Vietnam
On January 18, 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement in Vietnam with the National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) on subversive insurgency. Operation Ranch Hand, involving the use of Agent Orange, also began.
March 1962: Alleged Kennedy-Monroe Weekend
Reports surfaced of a weekend spent together by John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe in March 1962 at Bing Crosby's residence. White House records also show calls from Monroe to Kennedy during that year.
March 1962: Operation Northwoods Rejected
In March 1962, Kennedy rejected Operation Northwoods, which proposed staging false flag attacks to justify intervention against Cuba, demonstrating his commitment to avoiding manufactured pretexts for war.
March 22, 1962: Abolition of Mandatory Death Penalty in D.C.
On March 22, 1962, President Kennedy signed a bill abolishing the mandatory death penalty for first-degree murder in Washington D.C., the only U.S. jurisdiction with such a law at the time. The last execution in D.C. had been in 1957, and eventually, the death penalty was abolished altogether.
April 1962: Steel Industry Price Dispute
In April 1962, Kennedy clashed with the steel industry over a proposed price increase, launching an investigation and ultimately convincing companies to rescind the increase.
April 1962: US Response to Iraqi Oil Dispute
In April 1962, the Kennedy administration responded to Iraq's actions regarding the IPC by issuing new guidelines aimed at increasing American influence and authorizing the CIA to prepare for a potential coup against Qasim.
September 12, 1962: Kennedy's Speech on Space Exploration
On September 12, 1962, Kennedy delivered a speech promoting the importance of space exploration. This came during a time of significant investments in NASA, including the establishment of new centers and increased staffing to support the space program. Congress supported the initiative, and Kennedy sought to rally public support for the space race.
September 1962: James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
In September 1962, James Meredith's enrollment at the University of Mississippi led to the Ole Miss riot, requiring Kennedy to send in federal troops.
October 2, 1962: Kennedy Signs United Nations Bond Issue Bill
On October 2, 1962, President Kennedy signed a bill to provide financial assistance to UN peacekeeping missions, particularly in the Congo, reflecting his administration's focus on international stability and containing Soviet influence during the Cold War.
October 14, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Begins
On October 14, 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile sites in Cuba, marking the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
October 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
In October 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the U.S. and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war over Soviet missile bases in Cuba.
November 20, 1962: Executive Order 11063
On November 20, 1962, Kennedy signed Executive Order 11063, prohibiting racial discrimination in federally supported housing.
November 21, 1962: Kennedy's Justification for Moon Landing
On November 21, 1962, President Kennedy explained that the Moon landing was crucial for international prestige and justified its cost during a cabinet meeting with Webb and other officials.
1962: Kennedy's Budget Tops $100 Billion
In 1962, Kennedy presided over the first government budget to exceed $100 billion.
1962: Manpower Development and Training Act
The Manpower Development and Training Act was passed in 1962, aiming to retrain workers displaced by technology.
1962: Trade Expansion Act
The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 authorized the president to negotiate tariff reductions and paved the way for the Kennedy Round.
1962: Judicial Appointments
In 1962, President Kennedy made several significant judicial appointments, including justices Byron White and Arthur Goldberg to the Supreme Court. He also appointed numerous judges to the Courts of Appeals and district courts, shaping the judiciary.
January 1963: Kennedy Proposes Tax Cut
In January 1963, President Kennedy proposed a significant tax cut aimed at stimulating economic growth by reducing the top marginal tax rate from 91% to 65% and the corporate tax rate from 52% to 47%.
February 8, 1963: Coup in Iraq
On February 8, 1963, the Ba'ath Party overthrew and executed Qasim. The Kennedy administration, although not directly involved, approved an arms deal for the new Iraqi government.
March 1963: Peace Corps Growth
By March 1963, the Peace Corps, initiated by President Kennedy, expanded to 5,000 members, demonstrating its growing impact in providing aid to developing nations.
June 10, 1963: "A Strategy of Peace"
On June 10, 1963, Kennedy delivered his "Strategy of Peace" commencement address at American University, proposing a plan to curb nuclear arms and announcing the Soviets' interest in a test ban treaty.
June 11, 1963: University of Alabama Integration and Civil Rights Address
On June 11, 1963, Kennedy intervened to ensure the integration of the University of Alabama and delivered his Report to the American People on Civil Rights, launching his legislative initiative.
June 1963: Kennedy's Civil Rights Proposals
In June 1963, President Kennedy put forward proposals aiming to improve civil rights, which later became a cornerstone of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These proposals were significant in advancing civil rights and ensuring equal opportunities.
June 1963: Kennedy's Visit to Berlin
In June 1963, Kennedy visited West Berlin, culminating in a famous speech where he declared "Ich bin ein Berliner." He reaffirmed American support for Germany, criticized communism, and highlighted the Berlin Wall as a symbol of communism's failures.
June 1963: Speech in West Berlin
John F. Kennedy delivered a famous speech in West Berlin in June 1963.
June 26, 1963: Kennedy's Visit to Ireland
Starting June 26, 1963, Kennedy visited his ancestral home of Ireland for four days. He received honors, visited family sites, and connected with the Irish people.
July 1963: Hoover Informs Robert Kennedy of Alleged Affair
In July 1963, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover reportedly alerted Robert Kennedy to the president's alleged affair with Ellen Rometsch, suspected of ties to East German intelligence.
July 1963: Negotiations for a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
In July 1963, Kennedy sent W. Averell Harriman to Moscow to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviets.
August 1963: Change of Ambassador in South Vietnam
In August 1963, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. replaced Frederick Nolting as the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam, amidst growing concerns about Diem's leadership and the Buddhist crisis.
August 1963: Birth and Death of Patrick Kennedy
In August 1963, Patrick Kennedy, son of John and Jacqueline, was born but tragically died two days later due to complications.
August 28, 1963: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
On August 28, 1963, over 250,000 people, mostly African Americans, gathered in Washington for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Kennedy initially opposed the march due to concerns about its potential impact on civil rights legislation and information from the FBI regarding alleged communist ties of some of King's advisors. Subsequently, Robert Kennedy authorized the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders.
September 1963: Re-evaluation of Vietnam Policy
Following an aborted coup in September 1963, the Kennedy administration re-evaluated its policies in South Vietnam. Kennedy rejected both a full-scale deployment and a total withdrawal of troops.
September 23, 1963: Senate Approval of Test Ban Treaty
The U.S. Senate approved the Limited Test Ban Treaty on September 23, 1963.
October 7, 1963: Kennedy Signs Test Ban Treaty
Kennedy signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty on October 7, 1963.
October 11, 1963: NSAM 263 and Troop Withdrawal
On October 11, 1963, Kennedy signed NSAM 263, ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel from Vietnam by year's end, based on the McNamara-Taylor report. However, the NSAM also continued support for South Vietnam against communism.
October 1963: Report on the Status of Women
In October 1963, the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, initiated by President Kennedy in 1961, released its report, documenting the legal and cultural discrimination faced by women in America. The report highlighted the need for policy changes to achieve gender equality.
November 1, 1963: Coup d'état in South Vietnam
On November 1, 1963, a coup d'état led by South Vietnamese generals, with covert assistance from the Kennedy administration, resulted in the arrest and assassination of President Diem and his brother Nhu on November 2nd.
November 1963: American Military Presence in South Vietnam
By November 1963, the American military presence in South Vietnam had increased significantly to 16,000 personnel, compared to 900 advisors under Eisenhower, with over 100 American casualties. No final policy decision on Vietnam had been reached.
1963: Vietnam as a Secondary Issue
Throughout his presidency, but especially until 1963, Vietnam remained a secondary issue for Kennedy's administration, although he continued to provide support to South Vietnam.
1963: "Camelot" First Used to Describe Kennedy Administration
The term "Camelot" was first used in print to describe the Kennedy Administration in a 1963 LIFE article, solidifying this image in the public consciousness.
1963: End of Decolonization and Kennedy's Third World Policy
By 1963, numerous countries had gained independence during this period of decolonization. During this time, Kennedy worked to build relations with the developing world, including increased economic aid and the establishment of programs like Food for Peace and the Peace Corps.
1963: Economic Growth Continues
By 1963, the US economy continued to experience sustained growth under Kennedy's administration.
1963: Community Mental Health Act
The Community Mental Health Act was passed in 1963 to provide funding for mental health services and research.
1963: End of Kennedy's Medical Records Collection
The collection of John F. Kennedy's medical records ends in 1963.
July 2, 1964: Civil Rights Act Signed into Law
On July 2, 1964, President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, enacting Kennedy's proposals from June 1963 into federal law. This followed a period of violence and legislative amendments that threatened the bill's passage. Kennedy's strong advocacy played a crucial role in its ultimate success.
1964: Delayed Civil Rights Legislation
Kennedy delayed introducing civil rights legislation upon taking office to secure support for his economic and foreign policy agendas and his reelection in 1964.
1964: Revenue Act of 1964
In 1964, after Kennedy's death, President Johnson successfully passed the Revenue Act of 1964, which lowered the top individual tax rate to 70% and the top corporate rate to 48%, based on Kennedy's initial proposal.
1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Medgar Evers' Murder
In 1964, Kennedy's proposals became part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Tragically, the same year saw the murder of Medgar Evers, an NAACP leader, in Mississippi. Kennedy's focus on civil rights faced political opposition, as evidenced by the defeat of his anti-poverty initiative in Appalachia. Despite setbacks, Kennedy remained committed to his civil rights agenda, earning praise from sources like The New York Times.
1964: Debate on Kennedy's Potential Vietnam Policy
Historians debate whether Kennedy would have escalated or withdrawn from Vietnam if he had lived and been re-elected in 1964. Conflicting statements from McNamara and Sorensen contribute to this ongoing discussion.
1964: Enactment of Kennedy's Proposals
Following Kennedy's death in 1963, Congress enacted several of his proposals in 1964, including the Civil Rights Act and the Revenue Act.
1964: Peak of Kennedy's Rearmament Efforts
By 1964, Kennedy's rearmament efforts had significantly increased the U.S. nuclear arsenal and the number of B-52 bombers. This build-up reflected the ongoing Cold War tensions.
1965: Potential Continued U.S. Presence
The McNamara-Taylor report also suggested that even if objectives were met by 1965, a limited U.S. training presence might still be necessary if the insurgency continued.
1966: Kennedy's Hypothyroidism Revealed
In 1966, it was disclosed that Kennedy also suffered from hypothyroidism.
January 3, 1967: Jack Ruby's Death
Jack Ruby, who killed Lee Harvey Oswald, died of cancer on January 3, 1967, before his retrial for Oswald's murder could occur.
June 30, 1967: Conclusion of Kennedy Round
The Kennedy Round of GATT negotiations concluded on June 30, 1967.
1968: Robert F. Kennedy's Presidential Run
In 1968, Robert F. Kennedy, John's brother and former attorney general, launched his own campaign for the presidency.
July 20, 1969: Apollo 11 Moon Landing
On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 achieved the first crewed Moon landing, fulfilling Kennedy's vision from years earlier.
1969: Sustained Economic Growth
The sustained economic growth initiated during Kennedy's presidency continued until around 1969.
1973: End of Alliance for Progress
In 1973, the OAS disbanded the permanent committee responsible for implementing the Alliance for Progress, marking the end of Kennedy's initiative. The program, while having some positive impacts, ultimately fell short of its ambitious goals.
1979: House Select Committee on Assassinations Conclusion
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded, with some dissent, that Kennedy was likely killed as a result of a conspiracy, though the perpetrators remain unidentified. Later investigations by the FBI and National Academy of Sciences disputed this conclusion, with the Justice Department ultimately finding no evidence of a conspiracy.
1980: Ted Kennedy's Presidential Run
In 1980, Ted Kennedy, another of John's brothers, also sought the presidency.
1999: Death of John F. Kennedy Jr.
John F. Kennedy Jr. died in 1999 in a plane crash.
2002: Robert Dallek Publishes Kennedy Health History
In 2002, historian Robert Dallek published a comprehensive account of Kennedy's health, drawing on extensive medical records.
2008: Sorensen's Memoir
In his 2008 memoir, Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's speechwriter, suggested Kennedy was undecided on his Vietnam policy direction.
2008: Confirmation of Ghostwriting
Ted Sorensen, in his 2008 autobiography, confirmed that he ghostwrote "Profiles in Courage" for Kennedy.
2010: Gallup Poll Ranks Kennedy as Most Popular Modern President
In 2010, a Gallup poll revealed that John F. Kennedy held an 85% retrospective approval rating, making him the most popular modern president among Americans.
November 2013: Public Opinion on Kennedy's Assassination
A Gallup Poll from November 2013 showed that a majority (61%) of the public believed Kennedy's assassination was a conspiracy, while a minority (30%) attributed it solely to Lee Harvey Oswald.
2014: Kennedy Ranked 14th Overall, Most Overrated by Political Scientists
A 2014 survey by The Washington Post, involving members of the American Political Science Association, ranked Kennedy 14th overall among US presidents but also considered him the most overrated.
2017: C-SPAN Survey Places Kennedy Among Top Ten Presidents
In 2017, a C-SPAN survey ranked John F. Kennedy among the top ten presidents of the United States.
2023: Gallup Poll Shows Kennedy with Highest Retrospective Approval Rating
A 2023 Gallup poll indicated that John F. Kennedy had a 90% retrospective approval rating, the highest of all US presidents in recent history.