History of Dominican Republic in Timeline

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a Caribbean nation located on the island of Hispaniola, sharing a border with Haiti. It's the second-largest country in the Antilles by both area (48,671 sq km) and population (approximately 11.4 million), after Cuba and Haiti respectively. The capital city is Santo Domingo, home to around 3.6 million people. The Dominican Republic shares a maritime border with Puerto Rico.

1902: Short-lived governments

From 1902, short-lived governments became the norm, with caudillos usurping power and the nation facing debt crisis.

1905: Dominican agreement for U.S. administration

In 1905, United States President Theodore Roosevelt obtained an agreement for U.S. administration of Dominican customs.

1906: Agreement for debt reduction

In 1906, an agreement provided for the U.S. to use customs proceeds to reduce the Dominican Republic's foreign debt.

1907: Missionary Work

From 1896 to 1907, missionaries from the Episcopal, Free Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist and Moravian churches began work in the Dominican Republic.

1911: Assassination of President Ramón Cáceres

In 1911, President Ramón Cáceres was assassinated, leading to political instability and civil war.

April 14, 1913: José Bordas Valdez becomes president

On April 14, 1913, General José Bordas Valdez became president of the Dominican Republic, sparking a revolt.

April 13, 1914: New revolution breaks out

On April 13, 1914, when José Bordas Valdez's term expired, a new revolution broke out nationwide.

August 1914: Political deadlock broken

In August 1914, a political deadlock was broken after an ultimatum by Wilson, leading to the selection of a provisional president.

May 7, 1916: Resignation of Jimenes

On May 7, 1916, Juan Isidro Jimenes resigned as president, prompting the U.S. occupation of the Dominican Republic.

May 16, 1916: U.S. Marines land

On May 16, 1916, U.S. Marines landed in the Dominican Republic, seizing the capital and other ports.

1916: U.S. Occupation

During the U.S. occupation of 1916–24, Dominican peasants attacked U.S. Marines and Arab vendors.

1916: Introduction of Volleyball

In 1916, volleyball was introduced in Dominican Republic by U.S. Marines.

1918: Expansion of education system begins

In 1918, the Dominican education system expanded significantly with grass-roots support during US occupation. Between 1918 and 1920, more than three hundred schools were established nationwide.

February 25, 1919: Thomas Snowden relieves Harry Shepard Knapp

On February 25, 1919, Rear Admiral Thomas Snowden relieved Rear Admiral Knapp as military governor of the Dominican Republic.

1920: Art scene influenced by realism and impressionism

In 1920, Dominican Republic art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism.

1920: Continued expansion of education system

In 1920, the Dominican education system continued to expand with grass-roots support during US occupation. Between 1918 and 1920, more than three hundred schools were established nationwide.

October 1922: End of U.S. government's rule

In October 1922, the U.S. government's rule ended in Dominican Republic.

March 1924: Elections held

In March 1924, elections were held in the Dominican Republic, with Horacio Vásquez winning.

July 13, 1924: Inauguration of Horacio Vásquez

On July 13, 1924, Horacio Vásquez was inaugurated as president of the Dominican Republic.

September 1930: Hurricane San Zenón devastates Santo Domingo

In September 1930, Hurricane San Zenón devastated Santo Domingo, killing 8,000 people, and Trujillo consolidated his power afterwards.

November 1930: Defeat of General Cipriano Bencosme's uprising

In November 1930, General Cipriano Bencosme, who led an uprising against Trujillo, was defeated and killed.

1930: Trujillo seizes power

In 1930, General Rafael Trujillo seized power following a military revolt against the government of Vásquez.

1930: Start of Trujillo's dictatorship

In 1930, Rafael Trujillo began his dictatorship after a military revolt against the government of Vásquez.

1932: Birth of Oscar de la Renta

In 1932, fashion designer Oscar de la Renta was born in the Dominican Republic.

1935: Border negotiated with Haiti

In 1935, Rafael Trujillo negotiated an undisputed border with Haiti.

1935: Assassinations in New York City

Starting in 1935, several Dominicans were assassinated in New York City after taking part in anti-Trujillo activities.

1936: Creation of the Distrito Nacional

In 1936, the Distrito Nacional was created in the Dominican Republic.

October 1937: Massacre on the Haitian-Dominican border

In October 1937, Dominican troops killed an estimated 17,000–35,000 Haitian men, women, and children on the Haitian-Dominican border under Trujillo's orders.

1937: Merengue Music Promotion

From 1937, Merengue music was promoted internationally by Dominican groups.

1940: Immigration to Dominican Republic

From the mid-1800s until about 1940, Puerto Rican, and to a lesser extent, Cuban immigrants fled to the Dominican Republic due to poor economy and social unrest, settling in cities like Higüey. Before and during World War II, 800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican Republic.

1940: Art scene influenced by realism and impressionism

In 1940, Dominican Republic art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism.

1941: End of Customs Agreement

In 1941, Trujillo achieved the end of the 50-year customs agreement well before its expiration in 1956.

1942: World War II

During the Battle of the Caribbean in 1942, two Dominican-flagged merchant vessels, the San Rafael and the Presidente Trujillo, were sunk by German U-boats, Dominican Republic symbolically sided with the Allies. Although the country didn't contribute militarily, sugar and other agricultural products supported the Allied war effort.

1947: Country becomes debt-free

In 1947, the Dominican Republic became debt-free under Trujillo's regime.

1950: Dominican Republic Population

In 1950, the Dominican Republic's population was 2,380,000.

1950: Merengue Music Promotion

Until 1950, Merengue music was promoted internationally by Dominican groups.

September 23, 1956: First Dominican in MLB

On September 23, 1956, Ozzie Virgil Sr. became the first Dominican-born player in Major League Baseball.

1956: Kidnapping of Jesús Galíndez

In 1956, Trujillo's agents kidnapped Columbia University lecturer Jesús Galíndez in New York and had him flown to the Dominican Republic.

August 13, 1959: C-47 transport seized in Trinidad

On August 13, 1959, a C-47 transport from the Dominican Republic was seized by Castro at Trinidad airport, leading to a deadly exchange and arrests.

August 26, 1960: United States severs diplomatic relations

On August 26, 1960, the United States severed diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic following the confirmation of Trujillo's complicity in an assassination attempt.

November 25, 1960: Murder of the Mirabal sisters

On November 25, 1960, Trujillo's henchmen killed three of the Mirabal sisters, known as Las Mariposas, who were conspiring against his regime.

1960: U.S. breaks with Trujillo

In 1960, the U.S. broke with Trujillo after his intelligence chief orchestrated an attempt to assassinate the Venezuelan president Rómulo Betancourt.

January 1961: U.S. suspends exports to Dominican Republic

In January 1961, the United States suspended the export of trucks, parts, crude oil, gasoline, and other petroleum products to the Dominican Republic as part of the sanctions.

May 30, 1961: Assassination of Trujillo

On May 30, 1961, Rafael Trujillo was assassinated by Dominican dissidents during a car chase.

May 31, 1961: Venezuela arrests coup plotters

On May 31, 1961, Venezuelan authorities arrested individuals plotting to overthrow their government, who were armed with weapons traced back to the Dominican Republic.

November 18, 1961: U.S. warns against reasserting dictatorial domination

On November 18, 1961, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk warned that the U.S. would not remain idle if the Trujillos attempted to reassert dictatorial domination.

1961: First Emigration Wave

In 1961, the first of three late-20th century emigration waves from the Dominican Republic began after the assassination of dictator Trujillo, driven by fear of retaliation and political uncertainty.

1961: Assassination of Rafael Trujillo

Rafael Trujillo's dictatorship, which began in 1930, ended with his assassination in 1961.

January 4, 1962: OAS lifts sanctions

On January 4, 1962, the Organization of American States (OAS) lifted its sanctions on the Dominican Republic.

1962: Election of Juan Bosch

In 1962, Juan Bosch was elected president of the Dominican Republic.

February 1963: Democratically elected government takes office

In February 1963, a democratically elected government under Juan Bosch took office in the Dominican Republic.

1963: Oscar de la Renta's Own Label

By 1963, Oscar de la Renta had designs bearing his own label.

1963: Dominican Revolutionary Party in power

From 1963, the social democratic Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) was in power.

1963: Military coup against Juan Bosch

In 1963, Juan Bosch was deposed in a military coup, after being elected president in 1962.

1963: Bosch ousted in coup

In 1963, Juan Bosch was ousted in a coup, which led to US intervention in 1965.

April 24, 1965: Second military coup ousts president

On April 24, 1965, a second military coup ousted the military-installed president Donald Reid Cabral in the Dominican Republic.

1965: Dominican Civil War

In 1965, the Dominican Civil War took place, preceding the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer.

1965: US Military Occupation

In 1965, the United States began a military occupation of the Dominican Republic to end a civil war, subsequently easing travel restrictions and making it easier for Dominicans to obtain U.S. visas.

1966: Social Christian Reformist Party in power

From 1966, the conservative Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) was in power.

1966: Continuation of Exodus

From 1966, the exodus continued, fueled by high unemployment and political repression.

1966: Start of Balaguer's rule

In 1966, Joaquín Balaguer began his authoritarian rule, which lasted until 1978 and later from 1986 to 1996.

1966: Balaguer wins elections

In 1966, Joaquín Balaguer, Trujillo's last puppet-president, won the elections in the Dominican Republic, beginning a 12-year period of rule.

1971: Oscar de la Renta Becomes US Citizen

In 1971, Oscar de la Renta became a US citizen.

1973: Bosch founds the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD)

In 1973, Bosch founded the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD).

1978: Dominican Revolutionary Party in power

From 1978, the social democratic Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) was in power.

1978: Guzmán Fernández succeeds Balaguer

In 1978, Antonio Guzmán Fernández of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) succeeded Balaguer as president.

1978: End of Balaguer's first term

In 1978, the first term of Joaquín Balaguer's authoritarian rule came to an end.

1978: Continuation of Exodus

Until 1978, the exodus continued, fueled by high unemployment and political repression.

August 1979: Hurricane David hits the Dominican Republic

In August 1979, Hurricane David struck the Dominican Republic, resulting in over 2,000 deaths, 200,000 people homeless, and over $1 billion in damage.

1982: Another PRD win

In 1982, the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) won again, under Salvador Jorge Blanco.

1985: Exchange rate liberalized

By 1985, the exchange rate was liberalized.

August 1986: Exchange rate

In August 1986, the exchange rate stood at 2.70 pesos per dollar.

1986: Social Christian Reformist Party in power

From 1986, the conservative Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) was in power.

1986: Balaguer regains presidency

In 1986, Balaguer regained the presidency of the Dominican Republic.

1986: Return of Balaguer's rule

In 1986, Joaquín Balaguer returned to power, continuing his authoritarian rule until 1996.

1990: Economic turmoil

During the late 1980s and 1990, the Dominican Republic experienced economic turmoil; by 1990, consumer price inflation reached an unprecedented 100%.

1990: Balaguer re-elected

In 1990, Balaguer was re-elected as president of the Dominican Republic.

1992: Start of rapid economic growth

From 1992 to 2018, the Dominican Republic experienced the fastest-growing economy in the Western Hemisphere, with an average real GDP growth rate of 5.3%.

1992: Columbus Lighthouse completed

In 1992, during a later tenure, the massive Columbus Lighthouse was completed as part of an ambitious infrastructure program.

1993: Exchange rate

In 1993, the exchange rate stood at 14.00 pesos per dollar.

1994: Balaguer wins flawed elections

In 1994, Balaguer won the elections in the Dominican Republic, but the elections were flawed, leading to international pressure.

1996: Dominican Liberation Party in power

From 1996, the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) was in power.

1996: Fernández wins presidency

In 1996, Leonel Fernández achieved the first-ever win for the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) in the Dominican Republic.

1996: Presidential contest scheduled

In 1996, due to international pressure stemming from the flawed 1994 elections, Balaguer scheduled another presidential contest in the Dominican Republic.

1996: Generally Free and Fair Elections

Since 1996, international observers have found presidential and congressional elections in Dominican Republic to be generally free and fair.

1996: Transition to representative democracy

Since 1996, the Dominican Republic has moved towards representative democracy.

1998: Hurricane Georges strikes

In 1998, Hurricane Georges was the last major hurricane to strike the Dominican Republic.

2000: Dominican Revolutionary Party in power

From 2000, the social democratic Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) was in power.

2000: Mejía wins election

In 2000, Hipólito Mejía of the PRD won the election in the Dominican Republic.

2000: Phone Line Subscribers

In 2000, the Dominican Republic had 1.6 million phone line subscribers.

2000: Exchange rate

In 2000, the exchange rate stood at 16.00 pesos per dollar.

2000: Urban Population Growth Rate

Per the United Nations, the urban population growth rate for 2000 in Dominican Republic –2005 was 2.3%.

2001: Santo Domingo Province split off

In 2001, the new Santo Domingo Province was split off from the Distrito Nacional.

2002: Economy enters recession

Until 2002, the Dominican Republic experienced growth and declining inflation, after which the economy entered a recession.

2003: Haitian Poverty and Illiteracy

In 2003, 80% of all Haitians were poor (54% living in abject poverty) and 47.1% were illiterate.

2003: Dominican Republic participates in invasion of Iraq

In 2003, the Dominican Republic participated in the US-led coalition during the invasion of Iraq as part of the Multinational Plus Ultra Brigade, suffering no casualties.

2003: GDP drops due to Baninter fraud

In 2003, the Dominican Republic's GDP dropped by 1% and inflation ballooned by over 27% due to the Baninter fraud.

2004: Dominican Liberation Party in power

From 2004, the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) was in power.

2004: Cocaine Smuggling

In 2004, it was estimated that 8% of all cocaine smuggled into the United States had come through the Dominican Republic.

2005: Human Development Report

According to the 2005 Annual Report of the United Nations Subcommittee on Human Development, the Dominican Republic ranked No. 71 in the world for resource availability, No. 79 for human development, and No. 14 for resource mismanagement.

2005: Criticism of Haitian Expulsions

In 2005, Dominican President Leonel Fernández criticized collective expulsions of Haitians as abusive and inhuman. Foreign Minister Carlos Morales Troncoso defended the nation's sovereignty and security amid a UN report on racism and discrimination against people of Haitian origin.

2005: Urban Population Growth Rate

Per the United Nations, the urban population growth rate for 2000-2005 in Dominican Republic was 2.3%.

2006: Frank Báez Wins Book Fair Prize

In 2006, Frank Báez won the Santo Domingo Book Fair First Prize.

2006: Population Growth Rate

The annual population growth rate for 2006 in Dominican Republic was 1.5%.

2007: Population Density

In 2007, the population density in the Dominican Republic was 192 per square kilometer (498 per square mile), with 63% of the population living in urban areas.

2008: Fernández elected for third term

In 2008, Fernández was elected for a third term as president of the Dominican Republic.

2008: Olympic Silver Medal in Taekwondo

In 2008, Gabriel Mercedes won an Olympic silver medal in taekwondo.

2008: Junot Díaz Wins Pulitzer Prize

In 2008, Junot Díaz won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel 'The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao'.

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (Pulitzer Prize Winner)
The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (Pulitzer Prize Winner)

March 2009: Internet Users

In March 2009, there were 2,439,997 Internet users in the Dominican Republic.

June 2009: Phone Line Subscribers

In June 2009, the Dominican Republic had over 8 million phone line subscribers, including both landline and cell users, representing 81% of the country's population.

November 2009: Gender Perspective Inclusion

In November 2009, the Dominican Republic pledged to include a 'gender perspective' in all government information and communications technology (ICT) initiatives and policies as part of the regional eLAC2010 plan, utilizing the APC Gender Evaluation Methodology (GEM).

April 2010: Teenagers Murder Taxi Drivers

In April 2010, five teenagers murdered two taxi drivers and killed another five by forcing them to drink drain-cleaning acid.

September 24, 2010: Sentencing of Teen Murderers

On September 24, 2010, five teenagers were sentenced to prison terms of three to five years for the murder of seven taxi drivers in April, sparking protests from the victims' families.

2010: Dominican Immigration to Puerto Rico

As of 2010, there was a growing Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico, with nearly 70,000 Dominicans living there.

2010: Age Distribution

In 2010, 31.2% of the Dominican Republic's population was under 15 years of age, and 6% was over 65 years of age.

2010: Santo Domingo Population

In 2010, the capital city of Santo Domingo had a population of 2,907,100.

2012: Medina elected president

In 2012, Danilo Medina of the PLD was elected president of the Dominican Republic.

2012: Survey of Immigrants

In 2012, a Dominican government survey found 329,281 Haitian-born; 25,814 U.S.-born (excluding Puerto Rican-born); 7,062 Spanish-born; 6,083 Puerto Rican-born; 5,417 Venezuelan-born; 3,841 Cuban-born; 3,795 Italian-born; 3,606 Colombian-born; 2,043 French-born; 1,661 German-born; 1,484 Chinese-born immigrants, among others.

2012: Santo Domingo Metro Ridership

In 2012, before the opening of the second line, the Santo Domingo Metro had 30,856,515 passengers.

2012: Murder Rate in Dominican Republic

In 2012, the Dominican Republic recorded a murder rate of 22.1 per 100,000 population, totaling 2,268 murders for the year.

2012: Dominican Descent Population in the U.S.

In 2012, there were approximately 1.7 million people of Dominican descent in the U.S., including both native- and foreign-born individuals.

April 2013: Opening of Santo Domingo Metro Line 2

In April 2013, the second line of the Santo Domingo Metro opened, designed to alleviate traffic congestion along the Duarte-Kennedy-Centenario Corridor.

August 2013: Santo Domingo Metro Length

As of August 2013, the Santo Domingo Metro's total length, including both lines, was 27.35 kilometers (16.99 miles).

2013: Investment in Health Services

Between 2013 and 2016, the government of the Dominican Republic invested a total of $16 billion pesos in health services offered to foreign patients, including expenses for blood transfusions, clinical analyses, and surgeries.

2013: Remittances inflow

In 2013, remittances in the Dominican Republic was recorded as US$3333 million.

2013: Dominican Republic Wins World Baseball Classic

In 2013, the Dominican Republic team went undefeated en route to winning the World Baseball Classic.

October 20, 2014: Death of Oscar de la Renta

On October 20, 2014, Oscar de la Renta died of complications from cancer.

2014: Religious Affiliation

As of 2014, 57% of the Dominican Republic population (5.7 million) identified as Roman Catholics and 23% (2.3 million) as Protestants.

2014: Remittances increase

In 2014, remittances in the Dominican Republic increased to US$4571.30 million from US$3333 million in 2013.

2014: GDP growth reaches 7.3%

In 2014, the Dominican Republic's GDP growth reached 7.3%, the highest in the Western Hemisphere.

2014: Santo Domingo Metro Ridership Increase

In 2014, with both lines of the Santo Domingo Metro open, ridership increased to 61,270,054 passengers.

2015: GDP growth reaches 7.0% and gold production

In 2015, the Dominican Republic's GDP growth reached 7.0%, the highest in the Western Hemisphere, and gold production was 31 metric tonnes.

2015: Projected Population

The projected population for the Dominican Republic in 2015 was 10,121,000.

2016: Global Slavery Index

According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 104,800 people are enslaved in the modern day Dominican Republic, or 1% of the population.

2016: Reversal of Immigration Trends

As of 2016, Dominican immigration trends to Puerto Rico had reversed because of Puerto Rico's economic crisis.

2016: Investment in Health Services

Between 2013 and 2016, the government of the Dominican Republic invested a total of $16 billion pesos in health services offered to foreign patients, including expenses for blood transfusions, clinical analyses, and surgeries.

2016: Medina re-elected president

In 2016, Danilo Medina of the PLD was re-elected president of the Dominican Republic.

2016: Joint Elections Held

Starting in 2016, presidential and congressional elections in the Dominican Republic were held jointly, following a constitutional reform.

2017: Dominican Republic Population Estimate

According to a 2017 estimate from the Dominican government, the Dominican Republic had a population of 10,189,895, of which 847,979 were immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants and 9,341,916 were ethnic Dominicans.

2017: Haiti's per Capita GDP

Haiti's per capita GDP (PPP) was $1,800 in 2017.

2017: Survey of Foreign Population

In the second half of 2017, a survey estimated the total population in the Dominican Republic at 10,189,895, with 9,341,916 being Dominicans with no foreign background. The majority of the foreign-born population was of Haitian origin (751,080 out of 847,979), followed by Venezuelan, United States, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, Colombian, Puerto Rican, and Cuban populations.

September 2018: Exchange rate

As of September 2018, the exchange rate was 50.08 pesos per dollar.

2018: End of rapid economic growth period

From 1992 to 2018, the Dominican Republic experienced the fastest-growing economy in the Western Hemisphere, with an average real GDP growth rate of 5.3%.

2018: Dominican Republic signed the UN treaty

In 2018, Dominican Republic signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Since that year, the Drone Unit of the Intelligence Directorate of the Joint Staff (J-2) has operated drones for border surveillance against illegal crossings from Haiti.

2018: Santo Domingo Named Culinary Capital

In 2018, Santo Domingo was named a Culinary Capital of the Caribbean by the Ibero-American Academy of Gastronomy.

2019: Santo Domingo Named Culinary Capital

In 2019, Santo Domingo was named a Culinary Capital of the Caribbean by the Ibero-American Academy of Gastronomy.

2019: Global Innovation Index Ranking

In 2019, the Dominican Republic was ranked 87th in the Global Innovation Index.

2020: Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado wins Championship

In 2020, Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado won the World and European Cyclo-cross championship.

2020: Abinader elected president

In 2020, Luis Abinader was elected president of the Dominican Republic, marking the end of 16 years in power for the centre-left Dominican Liberation Party (PLD).

2020: Modern Revolutionary Party (PRM) defeats the PLD

In 2020, Luis Abinader, the presidential candidate for the Modern Revolutionary Party (PRM), defeated the PLD in the Dominican Republic's election.

2020: Birth and Death Rates

In 2020, the Dominican Republic had an estimated birth rate of 18.5 per 1000 and a death rate of 6.3 per 1000.

2020: Male to Female Ratio

In 2020, there were an estimated 102.3 males for every 100 females in the Dominican Republic.

2021: Dominican Republic Population

In 2021, the Dominican Republic's population was 11,117,873.

2022: Population Survey Results

In a 2022 population survey, the results were (Indio 34.2%, Moreno 26.1%, Afro-Dominicans, 7.7%, Mulatto 3.8%), 18.7% as White, 7.4% as Black, and 0.3% as "Other".

2023: Tuberculosis Incidence Rate

According to the WHO, in 2023 the Dominican Republic had one of the highest tuberculosis incidence rates in the Caribbean, with 42 cases per 100,000 people.

2023: Haitian Deportations

In 2023, the Dominican Republic deported over 185,000 Haitian men, women, and children.

May 2024: President Luis Abinader wins second term

In May 2024, President Luis Abinader won a second term in the Dominican Republic elections.

2024: Dominican Players in Baseball Hall of Fame

As of 2024, five Dominican-born players have been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

2024: Abinader re-elected

In 2024, Luis Abinader was re-elected to a second term as president in the Dominican Republic.

2024: Haitian Deportations and Famine

In 2024, the Dominican Republic deported more than 230,000 Haitians, while 5.7 million people in Haiti faced famine.

2024: Global Hunger Index Rank

In 2024, the Dominican Republic ranked 41st out of 127 countries in the Global Hunger Index, with a score of 7.8 indicating a low level of hunger.

2024: Population of Dominican Republic

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's population is approximately 11.4 million people, with 3.6 million residing in Santo Domingo.

2025: Global Peace Index Ranking

According to the 2025 Global Peace Index, the Dominican Republic ties with Tajikistan as the 79th most peaceful country in the world.

2025: Haitian Deportations Record

In 2025, the Dominican Republic deported a record 370,000 Haitians.