Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a Caribbean country located on the western portion of Hispaniola island, shared with the Dominican Republic. Situated east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas, Haiti is the third largest Caribbean nation and boasts the highest population, estimated at 11.4 million. Its capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.
1900: Haitian Debt Repayment
By 1900, 80% of Haiti's government spending was dedicated to repaying the debt incurred to France for recognition of its independence. This heavy debt burden hampered Haiti's economic growth for many years.
1900: Haiti's First Participation in the Olympic Games
Haiti embarked on its Olympic journey in 1900, marking the nation's entry into the global sporting arena.
1902: End of Tirésias Simon Sam's Presidency
The presidency of Tirésias Simon Sam in Haiti came to an end in 1902, a period marked by foreign interference, particularly from Germany.
1908: Overthrow of Pierre Nord Alexis
In 1908, President Pierre Nord Alexis of Haiti was forced out of power, highlighting the political instability that plagued the country during this period.
1911: Overthrow of François C. Antoine Simon and Assassination of Cincinnatus Leconte
François C. Antoine Simon was overthrown as President of Haiti in 1911. His successor, Cincinnatus Leconte, was killed in an explosion at the National Palace later that year.
1913: Overthrow of Michel Oreste
Michel Oreste, President of Haiti, was ousted in a coup in 1913, furthering the cycle of political instability.
December 1914: US Secures Control of Haitian National Bank
In December 1914, the United States removed $500,000 from the Haitian National Bank for safekeeping in New York, effectively gaining control of the bank and preventing other powers from doing so. This action was motivated by concerns about growing German influence in Haiti.
1914: Overthrow of Oreste Zamor
Oreste Zamor's presidency in Haiti was cut short in 1914 when he was overthrown in a coup.
July 1915: US Marines Land in Haiti
In July 1915, after the assassination of President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam and fearing foreign intervention, President Woodrow Wilson sent US Marines to Haiti. The Marines quickly took control of the capital city, declared martial law, and installed a pro-US government.
1915: US Occupation of Haiti
In 1915, following political instability and the assassination of President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, the United States sent Marines to Haiti to restore order and protect US interests. This began a 19-year occupation of Haiti by the US.
1919: Capture and Execution of Charlemagne Péralte
Charlemagne Péralte, leader of the cacos who opposed the US presence in Haiti, was captured and executed in 1919. His death elevated him to the status of a national martyr.
1921: Senate Hearings on US Actions in Haiti
During US Senate hearings in 1921, the commandant of the Marine Corps reported varying figures for the number of Haitians killed during the 20 months of active unrest. The official figures, ranging from 2,250 to 3,250, have been disputed by Haitian historians who claim the actual number was much higher.
1930: Beginning of Sténio Vincent's Presidency
Sténio Vincent became President of Haiti in 1930, a period marked by the end of the US occupation and increasing authoritarianism.
1934: End of the US Occupation and the Parsley Massacre
The US occupation of Haiti ended in 1934. However, in the same year, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo ordered the massacre of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic, in what became known as the Parsley Massacre.
1934: Parsley Massacre
In 1934, following the end of the US occupation, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo orchestrated the Parsley Massacre. An estimated 20,000–30,000 Haitians living in the Dominican Republic were brutally killed over five days.
1934: End of US Occupation
The United States occupation of Haiti ended in 1934, although the country remained heavily indebted and under US financial supervision.
1937: First Recording of Haitian Music
Haiti's music scene took a significant step in 1937 with the first non-commercial recording of Jazz Guignard. This marked the beginning of a documented history of Haitian music.
1941: Resignation of Sténio Vincent and End of US Financial Control
President Sténio Vincent resigned in 1941 under US pressure, and US financial control over Haiti ended in the same year.
September 1945: Haiti Joins the United Nations
In September 1945, Haiti became a founding member of the United Nations, the successor to the League of Nations, of which Haiti was also a founding member.
1946: Lescot Overthrown, Estimé's Rise
In 1946, President Lescot was overthrown by the military, paving the way for Dumarsais Estimé to become the new president. Estimé focused on improving the economy, education, and empowering black Haitians.
1947: Completion of Debt Repayment
Haiti finally completed its debt repayment to France in 1947, after decades of struggling under the weight of this financial obligation.
1950: First formal census conducted in Haiti
In 1950, Haiti conducted its first official census, recording a total population of 3.1 million. This census provided a baseline for understanding the country's demographics and informing policy decisions related to population growth and resource allocation.
1950: Magloire's Coup and Anti-Communist Stance
In 1950, Paul Magloire led a coup against President Estimé, assuming the presidency himself. Magloire's anti-communist stance garnered support from the United States, leading to increased political stability and a resurgence in tourism.
1950: Haitian Footballer Joe Gaetjens Scores Winning Goal for US National Team in World Cup
In a remarkable display of skill and athleticism, Haitian footballer Joe Gaetjens scored the winning goal for the United States national team against England in the 1950 FIFA World Cup, securing a memorable upset victory.
1956: Political Turmoil and Magloire's Resignation
Haiti experienced severe political turmoil in 1956, leading to the resignation and exile of President Magloire. This period saw a rapid succession of four short-lived presidencies.
September 1957: Duvalier's Election and Authoritarian Rule
François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier was elected President of Haiti in September 1957. Initially popular, his rule became increasingly authoritarian, marked by the establishment of the Tontons Macoutes militia to suppress opposition.
1957: Beginning of the Duvalier Dynasty
In 1957, François "Papa Doc" Duvalier came to power in Haiti, marking the beginning of nearly three decades of dictatorship under the Duvalier family.
1964: Duvalier's Self-Proclamation and Jérémie Uprising
In 1964, Duvalier declared himself 'President for Life'. An uprising against his rule in Jérémie was brutally suppressed, resulting in public executions and the massacre of many mixed-race citizens.
1971: Baby Doc's Succession and Modified Policies
Following his father's death in 1971, Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier assumed the presidency, continuing many of his father's policies but attempting to moderate some of the excesses to improve Haiti's international standing.
1971: Duvalier's Death and Succession
In 1971, President Duvalier died, and his son, Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, inherited the presidency, continuing his father's policies with some modifications.
1971: Duvalier Regime Corruption
Between 1971 and 1986, President "Baby Doc" Duvalier, his wife Michele, and their agents were estimated to have stolen US $504 million from the Haitian treasury.
1974: Haiti National Football Team Qualifies for World Cup
In 1974, the Haiti national football team achieved a historic milestone by becoming only the second Caribbean team to qualify for the World Cup, demonstrating the country's growing presence in international football.
1975: Franketienne Publishes "Dezafi," the First Novel Entirely in Haitian Creole
A pivotal moment for Haitian literature arrived in 1975 when Franketienne published "Dezafi," the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole. This marked a significant break from the dominance of French in literary circles and paved the way for greater recognition of Creole literature.
1982: Sans-Souci Palace and Citadelle Laferrière Designated as World Heritage Site
In 1982, the Sans-Souci Palace and Citadelle Laferrière, historical structures from the early 19th century located in the National History Park, were recognized as a World Heritage Site. These buildings represent significant symbols of Haitian independence.
1983: Pope John Paul II's Visit and Criticism
Pope John Paul II's visit to Haiti in 1983 bolstered the opposition movement against Baby Doc's rule as the Pope publicly condemned the president's actions.
1985: Gonaïves Demonstrations and Growing Unrest
Demonstrations erupted in Gonaïves in 1985 and quickly spread throughout Haiti, further weakening Baby Doc's grip on power and prompting his eventual exile.
February 1986: Baby Doc's Exile and End of Duvalier Era
Amidst a declining economy and growing opposition, Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier fled Haiti for France in February 1986, marking the end of the Duvalier dynasty.
1986: End of the Duvalier Dynasty
The Duvalier dynasty, marked by state-sanctioned violence, corruption, and economic stagnation, came to an end in 1986.
1986: Duvalier Regime Corruption
Between 1971 and 1986, President "Baby Doc" Duvalier, his wife Michele, and their agents were estimated to have stolen US $504 million from the Haitian treasury.
March 1987: Haitian Constitution
Haiti's current political structure was established by the Constitution of Haiti, ratified on March 29, 1987, defining the powers and organization of the government.
November 1987: Aborted Elections and Military Violence
Planned elections in November 1987 were abruptly halted due to soldiers and Tontons Macoutes firing upon civilians in the capital.
June 1988: Manigat's Overthrow and Coup d'état
Leslie Manigat, elected president through fraudulent elections marked by low voter turnout, was overthrown in June 1988 in a coup d'état.
September 1988: St. Jean Bosco Massacre and Avril's Regime
Following the St. Jean Bosco massacre in September 1988, where a number of people attending a mass led by government critic Jean-Bertrand Aristide were killed, General Prosper Avril established a military regime.
March 10, 1990: Abraham's Brief Rule and Voluntary Relinquishment
General Hérard Abraham briefly assumed power on March 10, 1990, but voluntarily relinquished control three days later, a rare occurrence among Haitian military leaders in the 20th century.
March 1990: End of Avril's Regime
General Prosper Avril's military regime came to an end in March 1990.
December 1990: Aristide's Election and Reformist Agenda
Jean-Bertrand Aristide won the presidential election in December 1990 but his ambitious reform plans sparked concern among the elites.
1990: Haiti Receives Significant Aid
Between 1990 and 2003, Haiti received over US$4 billion in aid from various sources, including US$1.5 billion from the United States. The US emerged as the largest donor, followed by Canada and the European Union.
1991: Aristide's Overthrow and Military Coup
In 1991, Aristide was ousted by a military coup led by Raoul Cédras, leading to further turmoil and an exodus of Haitians seeking to escape the instability.
1993: Low primary education enrollment in Haiti
In 1993, Haiti's net enrollment rate in primary education stood at a low 47%, indicating a significant challenge in providing access to basic education for a large portion of the population.
September 1994: US Intervention and Aristide's Return
The United States negotiated the peaceful withdrawal of Haiti's military leaders and deployed 20,000 troops in September 1994 under Operation Uphold Democracy, allowing for the return of the democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
November 1994: Hurricane Gordon's Devastation
In November 1994, Hurricane Gordon struck Haiti, causing widespread flooding, mudslides, and significant loss of life, with estimates ranging from 1,122 to 2,200 deaths.
1995: Haitian National Police Monopoly
In 1995, the Haitian Army was disbanded, giving the Haitian National Police (HNP) sole authority over Haitian citizens. This raised concerns about the potential for corruption within the newly empowered police force.
1995: Préval's Victory and Political Deadlock
René Préval secured a landslide victory in the 1995 elections with 88% of the vote, despite low voter turnout. Aristide's formation of the Fanmi Lavalas party led to political deadlock.
1995: Demobilization of Haitian Armed Forces
The Haitian Armed Forces were officially demobilized in 1995, marking a significant shift in the country's defense structure.
November 2000: Aristide's Return to Presidency and Opposition Boycott
Aristide returned to the presidency in November 2000, winning with 92% of the vote in an election boycotted by the opposition coalition, Convergence Démocratique, due to disagreements stemming from the May legislative elections.
2000: Disputed Election and US Aid Cut
Following a disputed election in 2000 and accusations against President Aristide's governance, the US government suspended aid to Haiti between 2001 and 2004.
2001: Protestantism expands in Haiti
By 2001, Protestantism in Haiti, particularly Evangelical and Pentecostal denominations, had experienced significant growth, potentially accounting for one-third of the population. This expansion reflected a broader trend of Protestant growth in Latin America.
2001: Disputed Election and US Aid Cut
Following a disputed election in 2000 and accusations against President Aristide's governance, the US government suspended aid to Haiti between 2001 and 2004.
2002: Pyramid Schemes in Haiti
During 2002, pyramid schemes were described by the BBC as the "only real economic initiative" of the Aristide years, with Haitians losing millions of dollars.
2003: Haiti Receives Significant Aid
Between 1990 and 2003, Haiti received over US$4 billion in aid from various sources, including US$1.5 billion from the United States. The US emerged as the largest donor, followed by Canada and the European Union.
2003: Vodou gains official recognition in Haiti
In 2003, the Haitian government formally recognized Vodou as a religion, acknowledging its historical and cultural significance. Despite formal practice by only 2.1% of the population, Vodou is estimated to influence the beliefs and practices of 50-80% of Haitians, often blending with Catholicism. This syncretism stemmed from Vodou's origins during colonial times when enslaved Africans concealed their traditional deities as Catholic saints. The official recognition of Vodou marked a significant step toward acknowledging its integral role in Haitian culture and identity, despite past persecution and misrepresentation.
September 2004: Severe Flooding in Haiti
On September 17, 2004, Haiti experienced severe flooding attributed to soil erosion and deforestation, highlighting the country's vulnerability to environmental hazards.
2004: Tropical Storm Jeanne's Devastating Impact
Tropical Storm Jeanne struck Haiti's north coast in 2004, causing significant flooding and mudslides, resulting in over 3,000 deaths, predominantly in Gonaïves.
2004: Mass exodus of Haitian graduates
In 2004, a significant brain drain occurred in Haiti as over 80% of college graduates were living abroad.
2004: Anti-Aristide Revolt and Disputed Exile
An anti-Aristide revolt erupted in northern Haiti in 2004, eventually reaching the capital. Aristide was forced into exile under disputed circumstances, with allegations of a US-backed coup, which were denied by the US government. Escalating violence and crime led to the establishment of the UN Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH).
2004: Restoration of US Aid and UN Peacekeeping
After President Aristide's departure in 2004, the US government reinstated aid to Haiti. The Brazilian army spearheaded a United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti to maintain peace and order.
2004: Coup d'état and UN Intervention
A coup d'état in 2004 led to the United Nations intervening to stabilize Haiti.
2005: Economic Growth in Haiti
In 2005, Haiti's economy emerged from a prolonged recession and achieved a growth rate of 1.5%.
2006: Préval's Re-election
Following a period of interim leadership by Boniface Alexandre, René Préval was re-elected President of Haiti in 2006.
2006: Haiti's young population
In 2006, Haiti's demographic structure revealed a youthful population, with half of the population under the age of 20. This highlighted the country's potential for future growth and development but also the challenges of providing adequate education and employment opportunities.
2006: Corruption in Haiti
In 2006, a report by the Corruption Perceptions Index found a strong link between corruption and poverty in Haiti, with the nation ranking first in levels of perceived domestic corruption.
2006: Haitian diaspora establishes roots in Canada
In 2006, approximately 100,000 people of Haitian descent were living in Canada, primarily in Montreal, establishing a noticeable Haitian community and contributing to the country's multicultural landscape.
2007: Earthquake Hazard Study Predicts Major Quake
A 2007 earthquake hazard study for Haiti warned that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone was potentially at the end of its seismic cycle and predicted a worst-case scenario of a 7.2 magnitude earthquake.
2007: Significant Haitian population in the Dominican Republic
In 2007, the Dominican Republic had an estimated 800,000 people of Haitian ancestry, demonstrating a substantial Haitian presence in the neighboring country and close cultural and economic ties between the two nations.
2007: Haiti Wins Caribbean Nations Cup
The Haiti national football team secured victory in the 2007 Caribbean Nations Cup, further solidifying their status as a prominent force in Caribbean football.
April 2008: Food Crisis and Political Unrest
High food and fuel prices resulted in a food crisis and political unrest in Haiti in April 2008, further exacerbating the challenges posed by a series of devastating natural disasters.
2008: Inhumane Conditions in Haitian Prison
In 2008, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights deemed the conditions in Haiti's Port-au-Prince penitentiary as inhumane. Inmates were confined for 22-23 hours a day without latrines, forcing them to defecate into plastic bags.
September 2009: Haiti Qualifies for Debt Cancellation
In September 2009, Haiti successfully met the criteria outlined by the IMF and World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program, qualifying for the cancellation of its external debt.
2009: Haitian presence increases in the Bahamas
In 2009, the Bahamas had an estimated Haitian population of up to 80,000 individuals, reflecting a growing Haitian presence in the archipelago and the potential for cultural exchange and economic interactions between the two nations.
January 2010: Haiti Earthquake on Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault Zone
The magnitude 7.0 earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010, occurred along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone, a major seismic fault system.
January 2010: Impact of the 2010 Earthquake on Healthcare in Haiti
The devastating earthquake in January 2010 exposed the chronic shortage of healthcare personnel and resources in Haiti. Hospitals were overwhelmed, highlighting the inadequate healthcare infrastructure.
January 2010: International Aid Pledges After Earthquake
In January 2010, in response to the devastating earthquake, US President Barack Obama pledged US$1.15 billion in aid to Haiti. European Union nations also committed over €400 million (US$616 million) in assistance.
January 2010: Haiti Earthquake
In January 2010, Haiti was devastated by a massive 7.0 magnitude earthquake, resulting in an estimated 160,000 to 300,000 fatalities and leaving up to 1.6 million people homeless. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.
January 2010: Postponed Elections
General elections in Haiti, originally scheduled for January 2010, were postponed due to the devastating earthquake that struck the country.
November 2010: Haitian Elections
Haiti held elections in November 2010 for the senate, parliament, and the first round of the presidential elections.
2010: Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Funding
The United Nations reported that US$13.34 billion had been allocated for Haiti's post-earthquake reconstruction efforts through 2020. However, two years after the 2010 earthquake, less than half of the pledged funds had been disbursed.
2010: Earthquake Damage to Jacmel
The 2010 earthquake caused extensive damage to Jacmel, a colonial city that was being considered for World Heritage Site status. The disaster significantly impacted the city's historical structures and infrastructure.
2010: Haitian community grows in Metropolitan France
By 2010, the Haitian population in Metropolitan France had reached an estimated 80,000 individuals, reflecting ongoing migration patterns and the establishment of a significant Haitian diaspora community in the country.
2010: Partners In Health Establishes Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais
In the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake, Partners In Health established the Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais, notable for being the world's largest solar-powered hospital.
2010: Haitian Carnival Decentralization
In an effort to promote tourism and cultural engagement across the country, the Haitian government decided in 2010 to rotate the location of the Haitian Carnival annually to different cities outside of Port-au-Prince.
2010: Pew Research Center studies religion in Haiti
In 2010, the Pew Research Center conducted a study on the religious landscape in Haiti, providing insights into the country's diverse beliefs and practices, including Catholicism, Protestantism, and Vodou.
2010: NYPD Support for Haitian Police
In 2010, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) sent officers to Haiti to assist in rebuilding its police force, providing specialized training in investigative techniques, anti-kidnapping strategies, and community outreach.
2010: Haitian National Police Force Size
In 2010, the Haitian National Police force consisted of approximately 7,000 personnel, serving as the primary law enforcement agency in the absence of a standing army.
2010: Earthquake strikes Haiti
In 2010, a devastating earthquake struck Haiti, leading to widespread destruction and prompting international aid efforts. The Caracol industrial park project, already in planning stages, was accelerated to aid in the country's recovery.
2010: Earthquake and Cholera Outbreak
Haiti was struck by a devastating earthquake in 2010, which killed over 250,000 people. A deadly cholera outbreak followed the earthquake, further exacerbating the humanitarian crisis.
2010: Impact of Earthquake on Haitian Economy
Following the devastating 2010 earthquake and a subsequent cholera outbreak, Haiti's economy experienced a significant decline in trade. The country's purchasing power parity GDP fell by 8%, further exacerbating its economic woes.
2010: Haiti Earthquake Geological Analysis
Following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, geologists conducted studies based on seismological, geological, and ground deformation data to understand the event, as there was no surface rupture observed.
March 2011: Presidential Runoff Election
In March 2011, Haiti held a presidential runoff election between Michel Martelly and Mirlande Manigat.
2011: Haiti makes strides in primary education enrollment
By 2011, Haiti had achieved an 88% net enrollment rate in primary education, signifying a substantial improvement in access to basic education, largely due to the collaborative efforts of non-governmental organizations, religious institutions, and communities.
2011: Haiti's Trade Deficit
In 2011, Haiti experienced a trade deficit of US$3 billion, equivalent to 41% of its GDP.
January 2012: Roi Henri Christophe Campus of a new university opens
On January 12, 2012, the Roi Henri Christophe Campus of a new university opened in Limonade near Cap-Haïtien, representing a significant investment in Haiti's higher education infrastructure. This was part of a larger development plan for Haiti's North and North-East departments, which also included expanding the Cap-Haïtien International Airport and building an international seaport in Fort-Liberté.
February 2012: Haiti Seeks African Union Membership Upgrade
In February 2012, Haiti expressed its intention to seek full associate member status in the African Union (AU), upgrading from its existing observer status.
October 2012: Inauguration of Caracol industrial park
On October 21, 2012, Haitian President Michel Martelly, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton, Richard Branson, Ben Stiller, and Sean Penn inaugurated the Caracol industrial park. The 240-hectare park was the largest in the Caribbean, costing US$300 million and equipped with a power plant, water treatment plant, and worker housing. The project, conceived before the 2010 earthquake, was expedited as part of US aid to support Haiti's recovery.
2012: Haitian National Police Expansion
Starting in 2012, Haiti embarked on a four-year initiative to increase its national police force annually by 50%. This contributed to a decrease in crime rates.
2012: USAID predicts job creation potential of Caracol park
In 2012, USAID projected that the Caracol industrial park could generate up to 65,000 jobs when fully developed. However, the park's primary tenant, South Korean clothing manufacturer Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd, only created 5,000 permanent jobs, falling short of its projected 20,000. The company also pledged to build 5,000 houses, but only 750 were constructed near Caracol by 2014.
2012: Vaccination Rates in Haiti
In 2012, only 60% of Haitian children under 10 were vaccinated, significantly lower than the 93-95% vaccination rates in other countries. However, mass vaccination campaigns have sought to increase vaccination coverage, aiming to reach up to 91% of the target population for diseases like measles and rubella.
2012: US-Funded Training for Haitian Police
During 2012 and 2013, the US government funded specialized training for 150 Haitian National Police (HNP) officers. The US also provided infrastructure and communications support, including upgrading radio capacity and constructing new police stations in violence-prone neighborhoods.
2012: Remittances become primary source of foreign exchange
By 2012, remittances from Haitians living abroad had become the primary source of foreign exchange for Haiti, representing 20% of the country's GDP and exceeding export earnings by more than five times.
June 2013: Planned AU Membership Upgrade for Haiti
The African Union reportedly planned to upgrade Haiti's membership status from observer to associate member at its summit in June 2013.
2013: Reparations for Slavery Demand
Haiti, in 2013, formally requested that European nations provide reparations for slavery and establish a commission to address past injustices.
2013: Low Murder Rates in Haiti
In 2013, a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report highlighted Haiti's low murder rates, which were significantly below the regional average. This was partly attributed to the country's efforts to increase its national police force.
2013: Haiti's Network Readiness Index slightly improves
In 2013, Haiti's ranking in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) slightly improved to 141st out of 148 countries, up from its previous positions, indicating a marginal improvement in the development of the country's information and communication technologies.
2013: International airport planned for Île-à-Vache
In 2013, the Haitian Prime Minister announced plans to develop an international airport on Île-à-Vache, signaling a potential expansion of the country's air travel infrastructure.
2013: US-Funded Training for Haitian Police
During 2012 and 2013, the US government funded specialized training for 150 Haitian National Police (HNP) officers. The US also provided infrastructure and communications support, including upgrading radio capacity and constructing new police stations in violence-prone neighborhoods.
2013: Growing Haitian community in Cuba
By 2013, the Haitian community in Cuba had grown to an estimated 300,000 individuals, indicating a developing Haitian diaspora on the island and the potential for cultural exchange between the two Caribbean nations.
2013: Haiti's Trade Partners
According to the 2015 CIA World Factbook, Haiti's primary import partners included the Dominican Republic, US, Netherlands Antilles, and China. The US remained Haiti's main export partner.
2013: Haiti achieves progress in primary education enrollment
According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti had substantially increased the net enrollment rate in primary education from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving gender parity in education access. This progress was attributed to the involvement of charity organizations and community efforts in establishing schools and providing educational materials.
2014: Caracol park falls short of job and housing targets
By 2014, the Caracol industrial park had failed to meet its projected job creation and housing targets. Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd, the main tenant, only achieved a fraction of the promised jobs and housing units. This shortfall highlighted challenges in realizing the park's full potential for economic development.
2014: Haiti promotes tourism despite challenges
In 2014, Haiti was actively promoting its tourism sector, which remained largely undeveloped. Despite having attractive features like beaches and mountains, the country's negative image hindered the growth of tourism. That year, Haiti received 1,250,000 tourists, primarily from cruise ships, generating US$200 million.
2014: Haiti ranks low in Network Readiness Index
In 2014, Haiti was ranked last among North American countries in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), which measures the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Haiti ranked 143rd out of 148 countries overall, dropping from its 2013 position of 141st.
2014: Death of Jean-Claude Duvalier
In 2014, former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier died, leading to the abandonment of efforts to prosecute him for crimes committed during his rule.
2014: New hotels open in Haiti
In 2014, several new hotels opened in Haiti, marking an expansion in the hospitality sector. These included a Best Western Premier, a five-star Royal Oasis by Occidental, a four-star Marriott, and other developments in cities like Port-au-Prince, Les Cayes, Cap-Haïtien, and Jacmel.
2015: Haiti's literacy rate reaches 60.7%
In 2015, the World Factbook reported that Haiti's literacy rate had reached 60.7%, reflecting ongoing efforts to improve education and literacy across the country, though further progress was still needed.
2015: Haiti's Trade Partners
According to the 2015 CIA World Factbook, Haiti's primary import partners included the Dominican Republic, US, Netherlands Antilles, and China. The US remained Haiti's main export partner.
2015: US Allocates Funds for Haiti's Reconstruction
As of 2015, the US government had allocated US$4 billion for Haiti's reconstruction. While US$3 billion had already been spent, the remaining funds were designated for longer-term projects.
2015: Caracol park's failure and port project abandonment
By 2015, a decade after its inauguration, the Caracol industrial park was widely seen as having failed to deliver the transformative economic benefits promised by the Clintons. The US, despite investing heavily in the associated port project, ultimately abandoned it due to various challenges. An audit by the US Government Accountability Office revealed a lack of technical expertise within the port project team and USAid's inexperience in port construction since the 1970s. A 2015 feasibility study by USAid determined that a new port was unviable for technical, environmental, and economic reasons. The study also found a US$72 million funding gap and a lack of interest from private companies in supporting the port's construction.
2015: Large Haitian diaspora in the United States
By 2015, an estimated 881,500 people of Haitian descent were living in the United States, highlighting a significant diaspora community with strong ties to their homeland.
2015: Health Challenges in Haiti
In 2015, Haiti faced significant health challenges, with diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, meningitis, and respiratory infections being common causes of death. A staggering 90% of children suffered from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites. The estimated HIV infection rate was 1.71% of the population. Tuberculosis incidence in Haiti was over ten times higher than in the rest of Latin America, and approximately 30,000 Haitians contracted malaria annually.
May 2016: Haiti's AU Membership Application Unratified
By May 2016, Haiti's application for an upgrade to associate member status in the African Union had yet to be ratified.
November 2016: Haitian Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Haiti in November 2016, following numerous postponements due to Hurricane Matthew's impact and other factors.
2016: UN Apology for Cholera Outbreak
In 2016, after years of denial, the United Nations issued an apology for its role in the cholera outbreak in Haiti but refused to accept legal responsibility or provide financial compensation.
November 2017: Overcrowding in Haitian Prison
As of November 2017, Port-au-Prince penitentiary, responsible for holding half of Haiti's prisoners, was severely overcrowded. The prison's capacity of 1,200 detainees was overwhelmed by a population of 4,359 inmates, representing a 363% occupancy level. This resulted in malnutrition and increased risk of infectious diseases.
2017: Haiti's Energy Production
As of 2017, Haiti faced severe limitations in energy production, ranking lowest among all countries in the Americas. Less than 25% of the country had access to electricity, and most electrified regions relied on expensive and polluting generators. Daily power outages were common, with some areas limited to 12 hours of electricity per day.
2017: Haiti's Economic Struggles
In 2017, Haiti's GDP was $19.97 billion, with a per capita GDP of $1,800. Despite its tourism industry, Haiti faced significant economic challenges, including poverty, corruption, political instability, poor infrastructure, limited healthcare, and inadequate education. Unemployment remained high, prompting many Haitians to seek emigration.
2017: Cholera Outbreak Aftermath
In 2017, reports indicated that the cholera outbreak in Haiti, triggered by contaminated waste from a UN peacekeeping station, had resulted in approximately 10,000 deaths and nearly a million illnesses.
2017: Jovenel Moïse Inauguration
Jovenel Moïse, the winner of the 2016 Haitian presidential election, was sworn in as president in 2017.
July 2018: Fuel Price Protests
Protests erupted in Haiti in July 2018, sparked by a surge in fuel prices. These demonstrations later expanded to include demands for President Moïse's resignation.
2018: 24-hour electricity project announced
In 2018, Haiti announced a project to provide 24-hour electricity, aiming to address the country's significant energy deficit. At the time, only 27.5% of the population had access to electricity, and the national energy agency could meet only 62% of the overall demand.
2018: Haiti's population estimated at 10,788,000
In 2018, Haiti's population was estimated to be around 10,788,000, with a high concentration in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. The population density averaged approximately 350 people per square kilometer.
2018: Reactivation of Haitian Armed Forces
In 2018, Haitian President Jovenel Moïse reactivated the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH), which had been decommissioned in the early 1990s.
2018: Catholicism and Protestantism dominate religious landscape
In 2018, the CIA World Factbook reported that 55% of Haitians identified as Catholic, while 29% adhered to various Protestant denominations, including Baptist, Pentecostal, Seventh-day Adventist, and Methodist. This data highlighted the dominant role of Christianity in Haiti's religious landscape.
2018: Trans-Hispaniola railway proposed
In 2018, the Regional Development Council of the Dominican Republic put forward a proposal for a "trans-Hispaniola" railway to connect Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This proposal aimed to revive rail transport in Haiti, where previous infrastructure had been poorly maintained and its rehabilitation was beyond the capacity of the Haitian economy.
2018: Life expectancy in Haiti reaches 63.66 years
In 2018, the life expectancy at birth in Haiti reached 63.66 years, reflecting improvements in healthcare and living conditions but still indicating a need for further progress in public health and social development.
2019: Infant Mortality Rate in Haiti
In 2019, the infant mortality rate in Haiti was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, drastically higher than the 5.6 per 1,000 rate in the United States. This high rate reflects the challenges Haiti faces in providing adequate healthcare and sanitation.
2019: Haiti Forest Landscape Integrity Index
In 2019, Haiti's Forest Landscape Integrity Index scored 4.01 out of 10, placing it 137th out of 172 countries globally, indicating the state of the country's forest ecosystems.
2020: Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Funding
The United Nations reported that US$13.34 billion had been allocated for Haiti's post-earthquake reconstruction efforts through 2020. However, two years after the 2010 earthquake, less than half of the pledged funds had been disbursed.
July 2021: Assassination of President Moïse
On July 7, 2021, Haitian President Jovenel Moïse was assassinated in an attack on his private residence, while First Lady Martine Moïse sustained injuries and was hospitalized.
August 2021: Haiti Earthquake
Haiti was struck by another major earthquake in August 2021, causing significant casualties and damage to the country's infrastructure and economy.
September 2021: Escalation of Gang Violence
In September 2021, gang violence in Haiti escalated into a prolonged and widespread conflict, exacerbating the country's ongoing security crisis.
March 2022: Haiti Political Crisis
As of March 2022, Haiti remained without a president, lacked a parliamentary quorum, and faced a dysfunctional high court due to a shortage of judges, deepening the political crisis.
2023: Haitian Army Formation
As of 2023, the Haitian army is in the process of establishing an infantry battalion with an estimated 700 personnel, reflecting ongoing efforts to rebuild the country's military capabilities.
2023: Kidnapping Surge in Haiti
In 2023, Haiti experienced a 72% surge in kidnappings compared to the previous year, targeting doctors, lawyers, and other affluent individuals. The increase in kidnappings for ransom, often resulting in the death of victims, further fueled the exodus of skilled professionals from the country.
March 2024: Ariel Henry Prevented from Returning to Haiti
In March 2024, acting Prime Minister Ariel Henry was prevented from returning to Haiti by gang activity after a trip to Kenya. Henry subsequently agreed to step down once a transitional government was formed.
March 2024: Haitian Prison Break
On March 3, 2024, armed gangs attacked the main prison in Port-au-Prince, leading to the escape of approximately 3,700 inmates. The incident resulted in the deaths of 12 people.
April 25, 2024: Transitional Presidential Council Takes Over
On April 25, 2024, the Transitional Presidential Council of Haiti assumed control of the country's governance, tasked with leading the nation until 2026.
May 2024: Haitian Socioeconomic and Political Crisis
As of May 2024, Haiti had no remaining elected government officials and was widely described as a failed state. The country was experiencing a socioeconomic and political crisis marked by riots and protests, widespread hunger, and increased gang activity.
2026: End of Transitional Council Rule
The Transitional Presidential Council of Haiti is scheduled to remain in power until 2026 as part of the country's transition plan.