History of Cuba in Timeline
Cuba, officially known as the Republic of Cuba, is an island country situated at the confluence of the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean. Positioned east of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, south of Florida and the Bahamas, and west of Hispaniola, Cuba is the largest island nation in the Caribbean by area. The country comprises the main island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, and over 4,000 smaller islands. With Havana as its capital and largest city, Cuba stands as the third most populous Caribbean nation, boasting a population exceeding 10 million.
May 1902: Formal Independence of Cuba
Cuba formally gained independence from the United States on May 20, 1902, as the Republic of Cuba. However, the US retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs under the Platt Amendment.
1902: Cuban Independence
Cuba gained formal independence from the United States in 1902, becoming the Republic of Cuba. However, the US retained significant influence over Cuban affairs through the Platt Amendment.
1906: Armed Revolt and US Intervention
Following disputed elections in 1906, Cuba's first president, Tomás Estrada Palma, faced an armed revolt. The US intervened, occupying Cuba and appointing Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years.
1908: Restoration of Self-Government
Self-government was restored in Cuba in 1908 with the election of José Miguel Gómez as president. However, the US continued to exert influence over Cuban affairs.
1912: Partido Independiente de Color Uprising
The Partido Independiente de Color, advocating for a separate black republic, launched an uprising in Oriente Province in 1912. The revolt was brutally suppressed by General Monteagudo, resulting in significant bloodshed.
1924: Gerardo Machado's Presidency
Gerardo Machado was elected president of Cuba in 1924. His administration saw a significant increase in tourism, leading to the construction of American-owned hotels and restaurants, but also contributing to the growth of gambling and prostitution.
1929: Wall Street Crash and Economic Crisis
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 had a devastating impact on Cuba's economy, causing a collapse in sugar prices and leading to political unrest and repression.
1930: Spanish Immigration to Cuba
Between 1899 and 1930, nearly a million Spaniards immigrated to Cuba, though many eventually returned to Spain.
August 1933: Machado's Exile
Facing a general strike, uprisings among sugar workers, and an army revolt, President Gerardo Machado was forced into exile in August 1933. His departure marked the end of his increasingly unpopular rule.
September 1933: Sergeants' Revolt
The Sergeants' Revolt, led by Fulgencio Batista, toppled the government in September 1933, leading to the establishment of a provisional government and the appointment of Ramon Grau San Martin as provisional president.
1934: Grau's Resignation
Ramon Grau San Martin resigned as Cuba's provisional president in 1934, paving the way for Fulgencio Batista to consolidate his power and dominate Cuban politics for the next two and a half decades.
1935: Political Instability
Cuba experienced significant political instability in 1935, reflecting the fragile political structures that emerged after the 1933 Sergeants' Revolt. This instability contributed to frequent changes in leadership and contributed to a period of social and political upheaval.
1936: Political Instability
Cuba continued to grapple with political instability in 1936, further illustrating the fragility of the political system and the challenges in establishing lasting governance after the 1933 revolution. This instability fueled social and political unrest, leaving the country vulnerable to authoritarianism.
1937: Social and Political Warfare
The period from 1933 to 1937 in Cuba was marked by intense "social and political warfare," highlighting the deep divisions and struggles for power that followed the overthrow of the previous regime.
1940: New Constitution and Batista's Presidency
In 1940, Cuba adopted a new constitution incorporating progressive ideas, including rights to labor and healthcare. Fulgencio Batista was elected president the same year, marking his first term in office.
1944: Batista's Adherence to the Constitution and New Election
Fulgencio Batista, adhering to the 1940 Constitution's term limits, stepped down as president in 1944. Ramon Grau San Martin emerged victorious in the subsequent election, ushering in a new period in Cuban politics.
1948: Carlos Prío Socarrás' Presidency
Carlos Prío Socarrás, a protégé of Ramon Grau San Martin, assumed the presidency of Cuba in 1948, succeeding Grau and continuing the policies of the Auténtico Party. His presidency coincided with an economic boom and rising living standards for many Cubans.
1952: Cuban Coup d'état
Fulgencio Batista, facing likely electoral defeat, led a military coup in 1952, seizing power and suspending the 1940 Constitution. This marked the beginning of his dictatorship.
1952: Batista's Return to Power
In 1952, Fulgencio Batista, after living in Florida, returned to Cuba and, facing potential electoral defeat, orchestrated a military coup, seizing power once again and suspending the 1940 Constitution. This action ushered in a period of authoritarian rule and set the stage for the Cuban Revolution.
1956: Castro's Landing
In 1956, Fidel Castro, along with approximately 80 supporters, arrived in Cuba on the yacht Granma, marking the beginning of their rebellion against the Batista government.
1957: Literacy Rate and Education System
In 1957, Cuba had a literacy rate of almost 80%, ranking fourth in the region. The country later developed a state-operated education system, achieving a high literacy rate of 99.8%.
December 1958: Batista Resigns
Under pressure from the US Embassy and facing imminent defeat by Fidel Castro's revolutionary forces, Fulgencio Batista resigned as the leader of Cuba in December 1958.
1958: Rebels Launch Insurrection
In late 1958, Cuban rebels broke out of the Sierra Maestra mountains and initiated a widespread popular uprising against the Batista regime.
1958: Castro's Movement Takes Lead
By 1958, Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement rose to prominence as the dominant revolutionary force challenging the Batista regime in Cuba. Notably, the United States supported Castro's movement by enforcing an arms embargo on Batista's government in the same year.
January 1959: Post-Revolution Emigration from Cuba
Following the Cuban Revolution, over a million Cubans emigrated, primarily to the United States, representing a significant portion of the population.
January 1959: Cuban Revolution
In January 1959, the Cuban Revolution culminated in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro. This event paved the way for the establishment of a communist government in Cuba.
January 1959: Batista Flees, Castro Takes Power
Following the capture of Santa Clara by Castro's forces, Fulgencio Batista fled Cuba with his family on January 1, 1959. Subsequently, Fidel Castro's forces entered Havana on January 8, 1959, solidifying their control over Cuba and leading to the installation of Manuel Urrutia Lleó as the provisional president.
1959: Cuban Missions to the Dominican Republic
In 1959, Cuba launched missions to the Dominican Republic, which ultimately proved unsuccessful.
1959: Cuban Government Economic Control
Since 1959, the Cuban government has maintained stringent control over the economy, affecting the nation's access to resources and economic development.
1959: Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution, a pivotal event in Cuban history, culminated in 1959 with the overthrow of the Batista regime and the establishment of a socialist government led by Fidel Castro.
1959: Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution, a significant event in Cuban history, took place in 1959.
1959: Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution, which triumphed in 1959, led to a period of significant social and political transformation in Cuba, including shifts in policies related to LGBTQ+ rights.
1959: Cuban Pesos Pegged to the US Dollar
Before the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Cuban peso (CUP) was pegged to the US dollar at par. This exchange rate regime reflected the close economic ties between Cuba and the United States before the revolution.
February 1960: Cuba Signs Trade Agreement with USSR
In February 1960, Fidel Castro, as the leader of Cuba, signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union, represented by Vice-Premier Anastas Mikoyan. This agreement signaled a shift in Cuba's economic and political alliances towards the Soviet bloc.
March 1960: US Approves Plan to Overthrow Castro
In March 1960, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized a CIA plan to train and equip Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba aimed at overthrowing the Fidel Castro government.
April 6, 1960: Lester D. Mallory Advocates for Embargo
On April 6, 1960, American diplomat Lester D. Mallory authored an internal memorandum supporting the implementation of an embargo on Cuba, aiming to create economic hardship and foster discontent toward the Cuban government.
1960: US Imposes Embargo on Cuba
In 1960, the United States, under President Dwight Eisenhower, initiated an embargo against Cuba in response to the nationalization of American assets exceeding US$1 billion in value.
April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion
The Bay of Pigs Invasion, an attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban government, took place on April 14, 1961, during John F. Kennedy's presidency. The invasion failed, with Cuban forces defeating the exiles.
1961: Cuba Imposes Travel Restrictions
In 1961, the Cuban government implemented strict travel restrictions, requiring citizens to obtain exit permits for international travel. These restrictions were aimed at curbing mass emigration following the 1959 revolution.
1961: US Congress Approves Foreign Assistance Act
The US Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act in 1961, which served as a basis for extending the embargo restrictions on Cuban imports.
1961: Cuba's Involvement in International Conflicts
Cuba's foreign policy under Castro's leadership involved active participation in conflicts across Africa, Central America, and Asia, beginning in 1961.
1961: Population Growth and Decline
Cuba's population grew by about four million since 1961 but began declining in 2006 due to a low fertility rate and emigration.
January 1962: Cuba Suspended from OAS
Cuba's membership in the Organization of American States (OAS) was suspended in January 1962. This suspension reflected the growing tensions between Cuba and other OAS member states, primarily due to Cuba's alignment with the Soviet Union and its socialist policies.
October 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis, a major Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, unfolded in October 1962. The crisis was sparked by the discovery of Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba, leading to a tense standoff and negotiations between the two superpowers.
1962: US Expands Embargo on Cuba
Under President John F. Kennedy, the US expanded the embargo on Cuba in 1962 to encompass Cuban imports.
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis emerged from the placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, sparking a tense standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union.
1962: U.S. Trade Embargo on Cuba
Since 1962, the United States has maintained a trade embargo against Cuba, contributing to the island's persistent shortages of food and medicine.
1963: Cuba Adopts Communist System
By 1963, Cuba had transitioned to a fully communist system modeled after the Soviet Union, marking a significant turning point in its political ideology and governance.
1963: Cuban Troops Sent to Algeria
In 1963, Cuba dispatched 686 soldiers, accompanied by 22 tanks and additional military equipment, to assist Algeria in the Sand War against Morocco. The Cuban forces remained in Algeria for over a year, providing training and support to the Algerian army.
1964: Cuba Hosts Latin American Communist Meeting
Cuba hosted a significant gathering of Latin American communist leaders in Havana in 1964. This event highlighted Cuba's role as a hub for communist movements in the region and its efforts to foster collaboration among them.
1964: US Imposes Trade Embargo
Between 1960 and 1964, the United States imposed a series of sanctions on Cuba, culminating in a complete trade embargo. This embargo was a response to the Cuban Revolution's alignment with the Soviet Union and the expropriation of US-owned assets, particularly land, by the Cuban government.
1965: Cuban Support for Algeria
Cuba provided substantial support to Algeria during the period from 1961 to 1965.
1965: Cuban Involvement in Dominican Republic Civil War
Cuba played a role in instigating a civil war in the Dominican Republic in 1965. This intervention led to the deployment of 20,000 US troops to the Dominican Republic, further escalating tensions between Cuba and the United States.
1967: Che Guevara Killed in Bolivia
Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a prominent figure in the Cuban Revolution, was killed in Bolivia in 1967 while attempting to incite a revolution there. Guevara's death marked a setback for revolutionary movements in Latin America.
1970: Fidel Castro Admits Economic Failures
In 1970, Fidel Castro acknowledged the shortcomings of Cuba's economic policies during a speech.
1972: Cuban Military Mission to South Yemen
Cuba dispatched a substantial military mission to South Yemen in 1972, consisting of specialists in tank warfare, air defense, and artillery. This deployment highlighted Cuba's growing military presence and influence in the Middle East.
October 1973: Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War, a major conflict between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria, erupted in October 1973. Cuba's subsequent involvement in the War of Attrition demonstrated its support for Arab nations against Israel.
November 1973: Cuban Involvement in Yom Kippur War Aftermath
Cuban forces participated in the Syrian-Israeli War of Attrition, which followed the Yom Kippur War, from November 1973 to May 1974. Israeli sources reported the presence of a Cuban tank brigade in the Golan Heights, engaged in combat with Israeli forces.
May 1974: End of Cuban Involvement in War of Attrition
Cuban participation in the Syrian-Israeli War of Attrition concluded in May 1974, marking the end of their involvement in this phase of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
November 1975: Cuban Troops Deployed to Angola
Cuba deployed over 65,000 troops and 400 Soviet-supplied tanks to Angola in November 1975, demonstrating a remarkable display of military mobilization. This intervention significantly impacted the Angolan Civil War.
1975: OAS Lifts Sanctions Against Cuba
The Organization of American States (OAS) lifted its sanctions against Cuba in 1975 with the support of 16 member states, including the United States. However, the U.S. maintained its own set of sanctions.
1975: Soviet Military Assistance to Cuba
From 1975 until the late 1980s, Cuba received substantial military assistance from the Soviet Union, which allowed it to modernize and enhance its military capabilities significantly. This support contributed to Cuba's development of one of the largest armed forces in Latin America during that period.
1975: Communist Party of Cuba Holds its Sixth Party Congress
Since 1975, the Communist Party of Cuba has convened six party congress meetings.
1976: Cuba Adopts a New Socialist Constitution
Cuba adopted a new constitution in 1976, officially defining the country as a socialist republic.
1976: Cuban and MPLA Forces Engage UNITA Rebels
Cuban troops, alongside their allies in the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), engaged in combat with UNITA rebels in Angola in 1976, highlighting the ongoing conflict and Cuban involvement in the region.
December 1977: Cuban Troops Sent to Ethiopia
Cuban combat troops were deployed from Angola, the People's Republic of the Congo, and the Caribbean to Ethiopia in December 1977. They were assisted by Soviet mechanized battalions and aimed to repel a Somali invasion during the Ogaden War.
January 1978: Ethiopian and Cuban Counteroffensive
Ethiopian and Cuban forces launched a counterattack against Somali forces in January 1978, inflicting significant casualties on the Somali army and altering the course of the Ogaden War.
1979: US Objects to Soviet Troops in Cuba
In 1979, the United States expressed its opposition to the presence of Soviet combat troops stationed in Cuba.
1980: Mariel Boatlift
In 1980, the Mariel Boatlift marked a significant migration event, with Cubans departing for the United States in large numbers.
1980: Cancellation of Cuban Military Mission to Iraq
A Cuban military advisory mission to Iraq, initiated in the mid-1970s, was aborted in 1980 following Iraq's invasion of Iran. This cancellation reflected the complexities of regional alliances and Cuba's shifting foreign policy considerations.
1981: Dominance of Public Sector Employment in Cuba
In 1981, Cuba's economy was characterized by a dominant public sector, with 91.8% of the workforce employed by the state. The private sector accounted for a mere 8.2% of employment, reflecting the centralized nature of the Cuban economy during that period.
1983: US Invasion of Grenada
Following a coup in Grenada that led to the execution of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, the United States invaded the island in 1983. The invasion aimed to overthrow the newly established military government. Cuban construction workers present in Grenada offered the most resistance, while the Grenadan People's Revolutionary Army and militia largely surrendered without engaging in significant combat.
1985: Cuba's Military Expenditures During the Cold War
During the Cold War, Cuba developed one of the largest armed forces in Latin America, second only to Brazil. This substantial military buildup was made possible by significant Soviet military assistance, which enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities.
1988: Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in 1988 witnessed a decisive confrontation between Cuban and Angolan forces against UNITA rebels and South African troops. The Cuban and MPLA victory in this battle had significant implications for the Angolan Civil War and the end of apartheid in South Africa.
September 1989: Cuban Withdrawal from Ethiopia
Cuban forces completed their withdrawal from Ethiopia on September 9, 1989, marking the end of their significant military involvement in the country's conflict.
1989: Cuba Begins Troop Withdrawal from Angola
Cuba initiated the gradual withdrawal of its troops from Angola between 1989 and 1991, marking a significant shift in its foreign policy.
1990: Decline in Infant Mortality
From 1990 to 1995, Cuba's infant mortality rate declined to 10 per 1,000 live births, reflecting improvements in healthcare.
September 1991: Soviet Troop Withdrawal from Cuba Begins
The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Cuba commenced in September 1991, signaling a turning point in Cuba's relationship with the Soviet Union.
December 1991: Soviet Collapse Impacts Cuba
The collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 had a profound impact on Cuba, leading to a period known as the "Special Period." The country faced a severe economic crisis due to the loss of Soviet subsidies.
1991: Impact of Soviet Subsidy End on Healthcare
In 1991, Cuba's healthcare system faced material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies, impacting medical care across the island.
June 1992: Cuba Signs the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity
In June 1992, Cuba signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, demonstrating its commitment to the conservation of biological diversity.
1992: Effects of U.S. Embargo on Cuban Healthcare
In 1992, the tightening of the U.S. embargo exacerbated material shortages in Cuba's healthcare system, challenging the country's medical services.
1992: Enclave Tourism in Cuba
In the early 1990s, Cuba's tourism industry operated under an "enclave tourism" model, restricting tourists to specific resorts to minimize their interaction with Cuban society.
1992: Constitutional Amendment for Religious Freedom
In 1992, Cuba amended its constitution to remove the state's atheistic characterization, increasing religious freedom.
1992: Cuba's Constitution is updated
In 1992, Cuba replaced its 1976 constitution with a new one, guided by the ideas of José Martí and the political and social ideas of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.
1992: Cuban Democracy Act Passed
In 1992, the Cuban Democracy Act was passed, stipulating that sanctions against Cuba would persist until the nation made progress towards democratization and enhanced respect for human rights.
1993: Cuba Accepts US Aid
In 1993, the Cuban government, facing severe economic hardship, made the decision to accept donations of food, medicine, and cash from the United States.
March 1994: Cuba Joins the Convention on Biological Diversity
Cuba officially became a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity in March 1994, solidifying its commitment to the treaty's objectives.
August 1994: Cuban Government Disperses Protesters
On August 5, 1994, Cuban authorities dispersed a spontaneous protest in Havana, reflecting growing social unrest during the "Special Period."
September 1994: U.S.-Cuba Migration Agreement
In September 1994, the United States and Cuban governments reached an agreement whereby the U.S. committed to issuing at least 20,000 visas annually to Cuban nationals. In return, Cuba promised to prevent further unlawful maritime departures from its shores.
1994: Reduction in Cuban Military Personnel
Following the loss of Soviet subsidies in the early 1990s, Cuba was compelled to downsize its military personnel significantly. Between 1994 and 2021, the number of active military personnel decreased from 235,000 to approximately 49,000.
1995: Cuban GDP Decline
By 1995, Cuba's gross domestic product (GDP) had plummeted by 35% from the start of the economic crisis triggered by the Soviet Union's collapse.
1996: Helms–Burton Act Enacted
Under President Bill Clinton's leadership, the United States enacted the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, commonly known as the Helms–Burton Act, in 1996.
1997: End of Tourism Apartheid
The de facto illegal status of interactions between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans, in place since 1992, came to an end in 1997.
1998: Visit by Pope John Paul II
In 1998, Pope John Paul II visited Cuba, marking a significant moment in the country's religious history.
2000: Continued Decline in Infant Mortality
Between 2000 and 2005, Cuba's infant mortality rate further declined to 6.1 per 1,000 live births.
2002: Racial Composition of Cuba
The 2002 Cuban census revealed that 65.05% of the population identified as white, although other reports using different methodologies suggest a more diverse racial makeup.
2003: Tourism Revenue in Cuba
Cuba's tourism industry generated US$2.1 billion in revenue from 1.9 million visitors, mainly from Canada and the European Union.
2003: Black Spring Crackdown on Dissidents
In 2003, the Cuban government launched a wave of arrests and imprisonments targeting civil activists, a period that became known as the "Black Spring." This crackdown reflected a tightening of restrictions on political dissent.
2003: European Union's Concerns Over Human Rights in Cuba
In 2003, the European Union (EU) expressed serious concerns over the Cuban government's human rights record, accusing it of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms". This criticism highlighted the ongoing tensions between the EU and Cuba regarding human rights issues.
2005: Oil Exploration in Cuba
In 2005, the US Geological Survey conducted oil exploration in Cuba, revealing that the North Cuba Basin had the potential to produce a substantial amount of oil, estimated between 4.6 and 9.3 billion barrels.
2005: Cuba's Exports and Imports
In 2005, Cuba's exports amounted to US$2.4 billion, ranking it 114th globally, while its imports totaled US$6.9 billion, placing it 87th among world countries in terms of import volume.
July 2006: Fidel Castro's Illness
Fidel Castro's health deteriorated in July 2006 due to a serious gastrointestinal illness, leading to his eventual resignation as president.
2006: Low Birth Rate in Cuba
Cuba's birth rate in 2006 was one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere, at 9.88 births per thousand population.
2006: Dominance of Roman Catholicism
In 2006, Roman Catholicism remained the dominant religion in Cuba despite less than half of the population identifying as Catholics.
2006: Test-Drilling for Oil in Cuba
Following the promising oil exploration results in 2005, Cuba initiated test-drilling in the North Cuba Basin in 2006 to assess the feasibility of oil extraction.
2006: Public and Private Sector Employment in Cuba
By 2006, Cuba's employment structure shifted towards a more mixed economy, with public sector employment accounting for 78% and private sector employment at 22%. This contrasted with the situation in 1981, where public sector employment dominated at 91.8% compared to 8.2% in the private sector.
January 2008: Cuba Submits its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
Cuba presented its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan to the Convention on Biological Diversity in January 2008, outlining its plan for biodiversity conservation.
February 2008: Fidel Castro Resigns
Citing health reasons, Fidel Castro formally resigned as President of the State Council in February 2008, marking the end of his decades-long rule.
2008: Fidel Castro's Retirement
After 49 years in power, Fidel Castro stepped down as Cuba's leader in 2008. His brother, Raúl Castro, was subsequently elected as his successor, marking a transition of power within the communist regime.
2008: Abandonment of Wage Caps in Cuba
In an effort to enhance productivity, Cuba announced the removal of wage caps in 2008. This decision aimed to provide incentives for increased worker productivity and economic growth. However, the country's dependence on credit accounts from various countries continued to pose economic challenges.
2008: European Union and Cuba Resume Full Relations
The European Union (EU) and Cuba reached an agreement in 2008 to reinstate full relations and collaborative endeavors.
2008: Agrarian Reforms in Cuba
To address Cuba's heavy reliance on food imports, which accounted for 80% of its food supply at the time, Raúl Castro initiated agrarian reforms in 2008. These reforms aimed to increase food production by expanding land use and improving agricultural efficiency. Venezuela played a crucial role in supporting Cuba during this period by supplying an estimated 110,000 barrels of oil per day in exchange for financial compensation and the services of Cuban professionals, primarily medical personnel, in Venezuela.
March 2009: Raúl Castro Replaces Officials
In March 2009, Raúl Castro, who had assumed the presidency, replaced some officials appointed by his brother, Fidel, signaling a potential shift in government policies.
June 2009: OAS Lifts Cuba Ban, But With Conditions
The Organization of American States (OAS) voted to lift its 47-year ban on Cuban membership in June 2009. However, the resolution stipulated that full membership hinged on Cuba's alignment with OAS principles and practices.
2009: Obama Seeks New Beginning with Cuba
During his presidency in 2009, Barack Obama expressed the United States' desire for a fresh start in relations with Cuba while visiting Trinidad and Tobago on April 17.
2009: EU Calls for Reforms and Release of Political Prisoners in Cuba
In 2009, the European Union (EU) reiterated its call for social, economic, and political reforms in Cuba. The EU stressed the importance of respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms, urging the Cuban government to release all political prisoners unconditionally.
2009: Cuban Health Paradox
By 2009, Cuba achieved a low infant mortality rate of 5.13 per 1,000 live births, showcasing its healthcare system's strength despite economic challenges.
July 2010: Cuban Human Rights Commission Reports on Political Prisoners
In July 2010, the unofficial Cuban Human Rights Commission reported a decline in the number of political prisoners in Cuba, from 201 at the year's beginning to 167. However, the commission also noted a concerning trend of replacing long prison sentences with harassment and intimidation tactics against individuals perceived as critical of the government.
2010: Cuban Population Census
Cuba's official census in 2010 recorded a population of 11,241,161, with 5,628,996 men and 5,612,165 women.
2010: Religious Affiliation in Cuba
In 2010, a study by the Pew Forum found that 59.2% of Cubans identified as Christian, while 23% were unaffiliated, and 17.4% practiced folk religions.
2010: Housing Policy Changes in Cuba
In 2010, Cuba implemented a significant policy change, allowing citizens to construct their own homes. While the government permitted these new constructions and home improvements, it did not officially endorse or formally recognize them. Despite this, Cuba maintained a very low homelessness rate, with 85% of Cubans owning their homes and benefiting from the absence of property taxes or mortgage interest.
August 2011: Cuba's Intent to Legalize Private Property Sales
In August 2011, The New York Times reported on Cuba's reaffirmed commitment to legalize the buying and selling of private property by the end of the year. Experts believed that allowing private property sales had the potential to transform Cuba significantly, surpassing the impact of other economic reforms announced by President Raúl Castro's government.
2011: International Tourist Arrivals in Cuba
Cuba welcomed 2,688,000 international tourists, ranking third in the Caribbean after the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
2011: Visit by Pope Benedict XVI
In 2011, Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba, continuing the tradition of papal visits to the island.
2011: Nickel Production and Exports in Cuba
In 2011, nickel was a significant mineral resource for Cuba, accounting for 21% of its total exports. The country produced 71,000 tons of nickel, nearly 4% of global production.
2011: Communist Party of Cuba Reports Membership Numbers
In 2011, the Communist Party of Cuba announced a membership of 800,000 individuals.
2012: Cuban Medical Personnel Abroad
By the close of 2012, tens of thousands of Cuban medical professionals were working internationally.
2012: Cuba Recognized for Sustainable Development
A 2012 study recognized Cuba as the only nation globally to have met the World Wildlife Fund's (WWF) criteria for sustainable development.
2012: Cuba's Major Export Partners
By 2012, Cuba's primary export partners included Canada (17.7%), China (16.9%), Venezuela (12.5%), the Netherlands (9%), and Spain (5.9%). The country's main exports consisted of sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus fruits, and coffee, while imports included food, fuel, clothing, and machinery.
2012: Religious Diversity in Cuba
In 2012, Cuba hosted small communities of Jews, Muslims, and members of the Baháʼí Faith, reflecting the island's religious diversity.
January 2013: Cuba Eases Travel Restrictions
Cuba eased its travel restrictions in January 2013, ending the requirement for citizens to obtain an exit visa for traveling abroad. This change, however, did not eliminate all restrictions, as Cubans still needed a passport and national ID to leave the country.
January 2013: Changes to Travel Restrictions for Cubans
Before January 2013, Cuban citizens faced stringent travel restrictions and required official permission to travel abroad, which was often denied.
February 2013: Raúl Castro Announces Resignation and Term Limit Proposal
President Raúl Castro declared in February 2013 his intention to step down in 2018 after his five-year term, proposing the implementation of permanent term limits, including age restrictions, for future Cuban presidents.
July 2013: Average Monthly Wage in Cuba
As of July 2013, the average monthly wage in Cuba was 466 Cuban pesos, equivalent to about US$19 at the time. This highlighted the relatively low wage levels in the country.
October 2013: Proposal to Merge Cuba's Dual Currency System
In October 2013, Raúl Castro expressed his intention to merge Cuba's dual currency system, consisting of the Cuban peso (CUP) and the Cuban convertible peso (CUC). However, as of August 2016, the dual currency system remained in place.
2013: Nickel Reserves in Cuba
As of 2013, Cuba's nickel reserves were estimated at 5.5 million tons, representing over 7% of the world's total nickel reserves.
2013: Top Emigration Destinations
As of 2013, the most popular emigration destinations for Cubans included the United States, Spain, Italy, Puerto Rico, and Mexico.
September 2014: Cuban Health Professionals' Global Impact
As of September 2014, Cuba had approximately 50,000 health professionals working in 66 countries, contributing to global health efforts and showcasing the nation's strength in medical training.
December 2014: US-Cuba Relations Thaw
In December 2014, the United States and Cuba engaged in talks that resulted in the release of American contractor Alan Gross and the relaxation of some aspects of the US embargo against Cuba.
December 2014: United States and Cuba Re-establish Diplomatic Relations
In a significant diplomatic breakthrough in December 2014, United States President Barack Obama announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba. This move aimed to improve relations between the two countries and included advocating for an end to the long-standing embargo and the closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.
2014: Genetic Ancestry Study in Cuba
A 2014 study using ancestry informative markers determined that the autosomal genetic ancestry in Cuba is 72% European, 20% African, and 8% Indigenous.
2014: Remittances to Cuba
In 2014, remittances to Cuba reached US$3,129 million, making it the seventh-highest recipient of remittances in Latin America. These remittances played a significant role in supporting the Cuban economy.
June 2015: US and Cuba Agree to Reopen Embassies
The United States and Cuba reached an agreement in June 2015 to reopen embassies in their respective capitals.
July 2015: US and Cuba Reestablish Diplomatic Relations
On July 20, 2015, Cuba and the United States officially reestablished diplomatic ties and reopened their embassies.
September 2015: Papal Visit to Cuba by Pope Francis
In September 2015, Pope Francis visited Cuba, following precedents set by previous papal visits. The Cuban government pardoned prisoners before the visit as a humanitarian gesture.
2015: Foreign-Born Population in Cuba
According to World Bank data, Cuba had a foreign-born population of 13,336 inhabitants in 2015.
2015: Survey on Cuban Religiosity
A 2015 survey revealed that 44% of Cubans identified as non-religious, while 34% considered themselves Christian.
August 2016: Cuba's Dual Currency System Persists
Despite earlier intentions to merge the Cuban peso (CUP) and the Cuban convertible peso (CUC), the dual currency system remained operational in Cuba as of August 2016.
November 2016: Cuba Mourns the Death of Fidel Castro
Following Fidel Castro's passing on November 25, 2016, the Cuban government declared a nine-day period of national mourning.
2016: Income Distribution in Cuba
In 2016, a report highlighted the income inequality in Cuba, with a significant percentage of the population earning less than $200 per month, while a small minority earned over $500.
2016: CIA World Factbook's Estimate of Cuba's GDP per Capita
The CIA World Factbook estimated Cuba's GDP per capita to be $12,300 in 2016. This figure differed from the World Bank's estimate, reflecting variations in data sources and methodologies.
September 2017: Hurricane Irma Batters Cuba
Hurricane Irma, a powerful storm, struck Cuba in September 2017, causing widespread damage, particularly in the northern keys. The storm's impact resulted in fatalities, power outages, and significant damage to infrastructure.
September 2017: Hurricane Irma Damages Tourist Facilities
Hurricane Irma struck Cuba, causing significant damage to tourist facilities, especially in the keys north of the main island. The most significant tourist areas remained relatively unscathed.
September 2017: US Considers Closing Cuban Embassy
The United States explored the possibility of shutting down its embassy in Cuba in September 2017 due to unexplained medical issues affecting its personnel.
2017: Cuba Signs UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
In a significant step towards global nuclear disarmament, Cuba signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2017, demonstrating its commitment to a world free from nuclear threats.
April 2018: Raúl Castro Steps Down, Miguel Díaz-Canel Elected President
Raúl Castro stepped down as president in April 2018, and Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected as his successor by the National Assembly. However, Raúl Castro retained significant influence as the First Secretary of the Communist Party.
April 2018: Miguel Díaz-Canel Elected President of Cuba
Following Raúl Castro's resignation, Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected as the President of Cuba on April 18, 2018.
2018: Raúl Castro Steps Down
As announced in 2013, Raúl Castro resigned from his position in 2018 after serving his five-year term.
2018: Cuba's Military Spending
In 2018, Cuba allocated approximately US$91.8 million to its armed forces, representing 2.9% of its GDP. This marked a significant decrease compared to 1985 when Cuba dedicated over 10% of its GDP to military expenditures.
2018: Introduction of the Internet in Cuba
In 2018, internet access became more widespread in Cuba, empowering citizens to push for political and economic reforms.
2018: Raúl Castro's Retirement as President
Raúl Castro retired as president in 2018, and Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected as his successor by the National Assembly. This event signified a further shift in Cuba's leadership within the communist system.
2018: Potential for Mountaineering Tourism
A 2018 study highlighted Cuba's potential for mountaineering tourism, suggesting it could be a key contributor to the tourism industry, alongside activities like biking, diving, and caving.
May 2019: Rationing in Cuba
In May 2019, Cuba imposed rationing on essential goods like food and hygiene products due to various factors, including increased U.S. sanctions and a decline in aid from Venezuela.
June 2019: Economic Reforms in Cuba
In June 2019, the Cuban government announced a significant wage increase for teachers and healthcare workers. They also implemented measures to address capital flight, allowing private businesses to import and export through state companies.
2019: Cuba Implements Term Limits for President
Cuba ratified a new constitution in 2019 that introduced term limits for the office of the President, restricting them to two consecutive five-year terms.
2019: Cuba's Main Trading Partners and Exports
In 2019, China emerged as Cuba's primary trading partner, followed by Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, and Cyprus. Cuba's key exports included tobacco, sugar, and alcoholic beverages, while its main imports consisted of chicken meat, wheat, corn, and condensed milk.
2019: Cuba Approves New Constitution
In 2019, Cuba adopted a new constitution through a referendum in which 90% of voters expressed their approval. The new constitution introduced some notable changes, including recognizing private property, strengthening the rights of foreign investors, and imposing presidential term limits.
2019: Cuba's Ranking on Healthiest Country Index
In 2019, Cuba ranked 30th on the Bloomberg Healthiest Country Index, the highest among developing countries, due to its robust healthcare system.
2019: Cuba's Forest Landscape Integrity Index Score
In 2019, Cuba received a mean score of 5.4 out of 10 on the Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ranking 102nd globally.
2019: Growth in Remittances to Cuba
Remittances to Cuba continued to grow, reaching US$6,616 million in 2019, highlighting their increasing importance to the Cuban economy and the reliance of many Cuban households on financial support from abroad.
July 2020: Economic Measures to Combat Crisis
In July 2020, to combat an economic crisis exacerbated by U.S. sanctions and the pandemic, Cuba opened stores accepting only foreign currency and eliminated a special tax on the U.S. dollar.
2020: Impact of COVID-19 on Remittances and Tourism in Cuba
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had a severe impact on Cuba's economy, leading to a significant drop in remittances to US$1,967 million. The pandemic also devastated the crucial tourism industry, further exacerbating economic challenges.
2020: Cuba's Ranking on the World Press Freedom Index
Cuba ranked 171st out of 180 countries on the 2020 World Press Freedom Index, indicating significant challenges to press freedom and freedom of expression. This low ranking reflected concerns about government control and censorship of the media in Cuba.
2020: Impact of the Pandemic on Cuban Tourism
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant drop in tourism to Cuba, reducing the number of visitors by 75%. This downturn impacted the economy, which heavily relied on tourism revenue.
2020: World Bank's Estimate of Cuba's GDP per Capita
According to the World Bank, Cuba's GDP per capita stood at $9,500 in 2020. This figure provided an indication of the country's economic output per person.
January 1, 2021: End of Dual Currency System in Cuba
On January 1, 2021, Cuba officially ended its dual currency system, phasing out the CUC and leaving the CUP as the sole currency. This devaluation led to economic challenges, particularly for those previously paid in CUCs.
January 2021: Minimum and Median Wages in Cuba
Following a reform in January 2021, the minimum wage in Cuba was raised to approximately 2100 CUP (US$18), while the median wage rose to around 4000 CUP (US$33). This wage adjustment aimed to address the relatively low income levels in the country.
April 2021: Miguel Díaz-Canel Becomes First Secretary of the Communist Party
On April 19, 2021, Miguel Díaz-Canel assumed the role of First Secretary of the Communist Party, marking the first time since the 1959 Cuban revolution that someone outside the Castro family held this position.
April 2021: Raúl Castro Retires as Communist Party Leader
Raúl Castro announced his retirement as the head of the Communist Party at the party's Eighth Congress in April 2021. Miguel Díaz-Canel, who had succeeded Raúl Castro as president, was subsequently elected as the new party leader.
June 2021: Deadline for CUC Exchange
Cuban citizens had until June 2021 to exchange their CUCs for CUPs.
July 2021: Patria y Vida Protests Erupt
Significant anti-government protests, organized under the banner of "Patria y Vida" (Homeland and Life), swept across Cuba in July 2021. The protests, accompanied by demonstrations by Cuban exiles overseas, reflected growing discontent with the government and economic conditions.
2021: Cuba's Human Development Index
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assigned Cuba a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.764 in 2021. This index measures a country's overall achievements in key dimensions of human development, including health, education, and standard of living.
2021: Raúl Castro's Retirement as First Secretary
Raúl Castro retired as the First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021, and Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected to the position. This event solidified Díaz-Canel's leadership over both the Cuban government and the Communist Party.
2021: Cuba's Ranking on Imprisoned Journalists
In 2021, Cuba was ranked 19th globally concerning the number of imprisoned journalists, according to organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists and Human Rights Watch. This ranking raised concerns about press freedom and freedom of expression in Cuba.
2021: Cuban Protests and Economic Challenges
In 2021, Cuba experienced nationwide protests fueled by economic hardships, including inflation and food scarcity. The protests, supported by social media, were suppressed by the government.
2021: Cuba's Military Personnel Reduction
By 2021, Cuba had reduced its active military personnel to around 49,000, a significant decline from the 235,000 personnel in 1994. This reduction was primarily attributed to the loss of Soviet subsidies after the end of the Cold War, which forced Cuba to scale down its military spending and personnel.
September 2022: Cuba Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage
Cuba held a referendum in September 2022, resulting in the approval of amendments to the Family Code that legalized same-sex marriage, surrogate pregnancies for same-sex couples, and adoptions by same-sex couples. This marked a significant step towards LGBTQ+ rights in Cuba.
November 2022: Cuban and Russian Leaders Meet in Moscow
Amidst Russia's international isolation following its invasion of Ukraine, Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel met with Vladimir Putin in Moscow in November 2022. They unveiled a monument to Fidel Castro and criticized U.S. sanctions against both nations.
2022: Surge in Cuban Migration
In 2022, over 224,000 Cubans attempted to enter the United States, primarily via the Mexican border, marking a significant increase from 39,000 in 2021. Many sold their homes to afford travel through Nicaragua to reach the U.S.
2023: Report on Poverty in Cuba
A 2023 report by the Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH) estimated that 88% of Cuban citizens lived in extreme poverty. The report highlighted concerns about food security and access to basic goods, suggesting significant challenges facing the Cuban population.
2023: Socioeconomic Challenges in Cuba
A 2023 study by the Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH) highlighted significant socioeconomic challenges in Cuba, estimating that 88% of the population was living in extreme poverty, despite the country's universal healthcare system.
2023: Cuba's Socioeconomic Crisis
In 2023, Cuba faced its most severe socioeconomic crisis since the Soviet Union's collapse, leading to record numbers of Cubans fleeing the country. The crisis resulted in internal migration, overcrowding in Havana, and increased shortages of essential goods.
2023: Cuba's Multidimensional Poverty Index
In 2023, the United Nations estimated Cuba's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to be 0.003. The MPI complements traditional poverty measures by considering various deprivations experienced by people in their daily lives, such as access to education, health, and living standards.
2024: Cuba's Ranking in the Global Peace Index
According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Cuba is ranked the 98th most peaceful country in the world. This ranking assesses various factors, including levels of internal peace, relationships with neighboring countries, and contributions to global peace efforts.