Richard Nixon, the 37th U.S. president (1969-1974), was a Republican who previously served as a California representative, senator, and vice president under Eisenhower. His presidency was marked by significant events: Vietnam War de-escalation, détente with the USSR and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the creation of the EPA and OSHA. However, his second term was cut short by his resignation due to the Watergate scandal, making him the only U.S. president to resign.
1909: Nixon's Brother Harold is Born
Richard Nixon's brother, Harold, was born in 1909.
January 9, 1913: Richard Nixon's Birth
On January 9, 1913, Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States, was born.
1914: Nixon's Brother Donald is Born
Richard Nixon's brother, Donald, was born in 1914.
1918: Nixon's Brother Arthur is Born
Richard Nixon's brother, Arthur, was born in 1918.
1922: Nixon Family Moves to Whittier
The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, forcing the family to move to Whittier, California.
1925: Nixon's Brother Arthur Dies
Richard Nixon's brother, Arthur, passed away in 1925.
1925: Nixon's Brother Arthur Dies
Richard Nixon's younger brother, Arthur, died in 1925 at the age of seven after a short illness.
September 1928: Nixon Transfers to Whittier High School
At the beginning of his junior year in September 1928, Richard Nixon's parents allowed him to transfer to Whittier High School.
September 1930: Nixon enrolls at Whittier College
Despite being offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, Richard Nixon chose to stay in his hometown due to family obligations and enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930.
1930: Nixon's Brother Edward is Born
Richard Nixon's brother, Edward, was born in 1930.
1933: Nixon's Brother Harold Dies of Tuberculosis
Richard Nixon's older brother Harold, who had previously attended Whittier High School, died of tuberculosis in 1933.
1933: Nixon's engagement
Nixon got engaged to Ola Florence Welch, the daughter of Whittier's police chief, in 1933.
1933: Nixon's Brother Harold Dies
Richard Nixon's brother, Harold, passed away in 1933.
1934: Nixon graduates from Whittier College
Nixon graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Whittier College in 1934.
1935: End of Nixon's engagement
Nixon's engagement to Ola Florence Welch ended in 1935.
June 1937: Nixon graduates from Duke Law School
Nixon graduated third in his class from Duke University School of Law in June 1937, where he excelled academically and was inducted into the Order of the Coif.
1937: Nixon starts his law career
After graduating from Duke Law School, Nixon was admitted to the California bar and began practicing law in Whittier in 1937.
1937: Nixon Graduates Law School
Richard Nixon graduated from Duke Law School in 1937.
January 1938: Nixon meets Thelma "Pat" Ryan
Nixon met his future wife, Thelma "Pat" Ryan, during a local theater production in January 1938.
1938: Nixon opens a branch of his law firm
Nixon opened a branch of his law firm, Wingert and Bewley, in La Habra, California, in 1938.
June 21, 1940: Nixon marries Thelma "Pat" Ryan
Richard Nixon married Thelma "Pat" Ryan on June 21, 1940, after a two-year courtship.
1941: Nixon seeks a position at the Office of Price Administration
Throughout the latter part of 1941, Nixon actively sought a position at the Office of Price Administration.
January 1942: Nixon moves to Washington D.C.
Nixon and his wife moved to Washington D.C. in January 1942, where he started working at the Office of Price Administration.
June 15, 1942: Nixon joins the Navy
Nixon's application to join the U.S. Navy was approved, and he was appointed as a lieutenant junior grade in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 15, 1942.
October 1942: Nixon's first assignment in the Navy
Nixon was assigned as an aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa, marking his first assignment in the Navy, in October 1942.
1942: Nixon Moves to Washington D.C.
Richard Nixon and his wife, Pat, moved to Washington, D.C. in 1942 to work for the federal government.
May 1943: Nixon concludes his assignment at Naval Air Station Ottumwa
In May 1943, Nixon concluded his assignment at the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa.
July 2, 1943: Nixon assigned to South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command
Nixon was assigned to the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command (SCAT) on July 2, 1943, where he played a crucial role in supporting logistics operations during World War II.
October 1, 1943: Nixon promoted to lieutenant
Nixon was promoted to lieutenant on October 1, 1943, in recognition of his service and leadership.
January 1945: Nixon assigned to the Bureau of Aeronautics
Nixon was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia in January 1945.
October 3, 1945: Nixon promoted to lieutenant commander
Nixon was promoted to lieutenant commander on October 3, 1945.
1945: Committee of 100 formed to find a candidate for Congress
Frustrated by their inability to unseat Democratic Representative Jerry Voorhis, Republicans in California's 12th congressional district formed the "Committee of 100" in 1945 to select a strong candidate.
March 10, 1946: Nixon relieved of active duty
Nixon was relieved of active duty on March 10, 1946, marking the end of his service in World War II.
1946: Nixon elected to the House of Representatives
Nixon won the election for California's 12th congressional district in 1946, marking the beginning of his political career on a national stage.
1946: Birth of Tricia Nixon
Richard and Pat Nixon's first daughter, Tricia, was born in 1946.
1946: Nixon Elected to the House of Representatives
Richard Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946, after serving in World War II.
February 18, 1947: Nixon Delivers Maiden Speech to the House
On February 18, 1947, Richard Nixon delivered his first address to the House of Representatives. His speech referenced Gerhard Eisler's defiant stance towards the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).
June 1947: Nixon Supports Taft-Hartley Act and Serves on Education and Labor Committee
In June 1947, Richard Nixon showed his support for the Taft-Hartley Act, federal legislation aimed at regulating labor union activities. During this time, he also contributed his expertise to the House Education and Labor Committee.
August 1947: Nixon Joins Herter Committee, Advocates for Marshall Plan
August 1947 marked Nixon's appointment to the Herter Committee, where he joined 18 other House members on a European mission to assess the need for US foreign aid. As the youngest member and sole representative from the West, Nixon's advocacy, along with his colleagues', played a pivotal role in the congressional approval of the Marshall Plan.
May 19, 1948: Nixon Co-Sponsors Mundt-Nixon Bill
On May 19, 1948, The Mundt-Nixon bill, co-sponsored by Richard Nixon, was successfully passed by the House of Representatives with a vote of 319 to 58. The bill, which aimed to address communist subversion in the US, marked a significant achievement for Nixon during his time in Congress.
August 1948: Nixon Gains National Recognition in Alger Hiss Spy Case
Nixon's relentless pursuit of the Alger Hiss spy case in August 1948 propelled him into the national spotlight. Despite skepticism surrounding Whittaker Chambers' claims of Hiss, a former State Department official, being a Soviet operative, Nixon remained steadfast in his belief. His persistence led to a defamation lawsuit filed by Hiss, which backfired when Chambers revealed concealed documents, known as the "Pumpkin Papers," supporting his allegations.
1948: Birth of Julie Nixon
Richard and Pat Nixon's second daughter, Julie, was born in 1948.
1949: Nixon Eyes Senate Seat
In 1949, Nixon began contemplating a run for a seat in the U.S. Senate. His sights were set on challenging the incumbent Democrat, Sheridan Downey.
March 1950: Downey Announces Retirement
In March 1950, Sheridan Downey, who was facing a tough primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, made the decision to withdraw from the Senate race.
1950: Hiss Convicted of Perjury
In 1950, Alger Hiss, a former State Department official, was found guilty of perjury. This verdict stemmed from his denial under oath of delivering documents to Whittaker Chambers.
1950: Nixon Elected to the Senate
After gaining national recognition for his anti-communist stance, Richard Nixon was elected to the Senate in 1950.
September 23, 1952: Nixon Delivers "Checkers Speech"
On September 23, 1952, Richard Nixon delivered a televised address, later dubbed the "Checkers speech." This speech was in response to allegations of financial impropriety related to a political fund established by his supporters. The address drew an audience of approximately 60 million viewers, a record-breaking number at the time. Nixon's heartfelt defense, in which he denied any wrongdoing and emphasized his family's modest lifestyle, resonated with the public and helped him weather the scandal.
1952: Eisenhower Nominated for President, Selects Nixon as Running Mate
In 1952, General Dwight D. Eisenhower secured the Republican nomination for president. With no strong inclination for a running mate, party leaders recommended Nixon, which Eisenhower accepted. Nixon's relative youth, his staunch anti-communist stance, and his political base in California, a key state in the election, were seen as assets to the campaign.
1952: Nixon Becomes Eisenhower's Running Mate
Richard Nixon became the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee, in 1952.
June 1, 1953: Nixon promoted to commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve
Nixon was promoted to commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 1, 1953.
1953: Nixon's Far East Tour Strengthens International Relations
During his term, Eisenhower entrusted Nixon with significant responsibilities, surpassing any previous vice president. Nixon participated in Cabinet and National Security Council meetings, assuming the chair in Eisenhower's absence. His 1953 tour of the Far East bolstered relations with the region. It also highlighted its potential as an industrial hub.
1953: Nixon Becomes Vice President
Richard Nixon began serving as the 36th vice president of the United States in 1953 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
1954: John Foster Dulles Refuses to Shake Zhou Enlai's Hand
In 1954, then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles refused to shake hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai when they met in Geneva. This act was seen as a snub by the Chinese and further strained relations between the two countries.
1954: Republicans Lose Control of Congress
The Republican party experienced a setback in the 1954 midterm elections when they lost their majority in both chambers of Congress. This defeat occurred despite Nixon's vigorous campaigning efforts, which included strong criticisms of the Democratic party. The outcome of the elections led Nixon to contemplate stepping away from politics after completing his term.
September 24, 1955: Nixon Steps Up During Eisenhower's Health Crisis
On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack, a health crisis initially deemed life-threatening. The situation sidelined Eisenhower for six weeks. In the absence of the 25th Amendment, which hadn't yet been enacted, the vice president lacked the constitutional authority to assume presidential powers. However, Nixon rose to the occasion, effectively managing affairs in Eisenhower's stead. He presided over Cabinet meetings and ensured that neither aides nor Cabinet members attempted to exploit the situation.
December 1955: Discussion on Nixon's Political Future
In December 1955, President Eisenhower suggested Nixon consider a Cabinet position instead of seeking reelection as Vice President, aiming to provide him with administrative experience for a potential 1960 presidential bid. Nixon, however, believed this would negatively impact his political career.
February 1956: Eisenhower's Reelection Bid and Nixon's Uncertain Future
When Eisenhower announced his reelection campaign in February 1956, he remained noncommittal about his running mate, stating it was premature to address the matter before being renominated.
November 1956: Eisenhower and Nixon Reelected
Eisenhower and Nixon secured a comfortable victory in the November 1956 election, marking the beginning of their second term in office.
November 1957: Eisenhower's Stroke and Nixon's Reassuring Response
Following President Eisenhower's mild stroke in November 1957, Nixon conducted a press conference to assure the nation of the Cabinet's effective teamwork during the President's illness.
April 27, 1958: Nixon's South America Tour and Confrontation with Protests
During a goodwill tour of South America on April 27, 1958, Nixon faced hostile student demonstrations in Lima, Peru. Nixon's bold decision to engage with the protestors at National University of San Marcos, despite facing thrown objects, earned him a degree of respect even from his critics.
July 1959: The Kitchen Debate
In July 1959, during his visit to the American National Exhibition in Moscow, Nixon engaged in a spontaneous debate with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, comparing the merits of capitalism and communism. This exchange, which occurred near a model American kitchen, became known as the "Kitchen Debate".
January 9, 1960: Nixon Announces Candidacy for President
Nixon formally declared his candidacy for President of the United States on January 9, 1960.
1960: Nixon's Early Advocacy for Civil Rights
Nixon's advocacy for civil rights during his 1960 presidential campaign stands in contrast to his later actions as president. This shift in approach highlights the complex interplay between personal beliefs, political realities, and evolving social contexts.
1960: Nixon Loses Presidential Election
Richard Nixon narrowly lost the 1960 presidential election against John F. Kennedy.
1960: Nixon's Narrow Victory in the 1960 Presidential Election
The 1960 presidential election, similar to the 1968 election, resulted in a very close outcome. Richard Nixon lost to John F. Kennedy by a margin of less than one percentage point of the popular vote. Despite the narrow defeat in 1960, Nixon persevered in his political ambitions.
January 1961: Nixon Returns to California After Vice Presidency
After completing his term as vice president in January 1961, Nixon returned to California with his family. He resumed his law practice and authored "Six Crises," a successful book recounting his experiences, including the Hiss Case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis.
1961: Nixon's Vice Presidency Ends
Richard Nixon's term as the 36th vice president of the United States ended in 1961.
1961: Nixon's Support for Kennedy During Bay of Pigs Invasion
In 1961, Richard Nixon, then Vice President, showed strong support for President John F. Kennedy during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
November 11, 1962: Nixon's Concession Speech and Media Criticism
On November 11, 1962, following his defeat in the California gubernatorial race, Nixon delivered an impromptu concession speech, blaming the media for his loss. He famously stated, "You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference." This event garnered public sympathy for Nixon.
1962: Nixon's Unsuccessful Run for California Governor
Despite initial hesitation, Nixon ran for Governor of California in 1962 against incumbent Pat Brown. The campaign was marred by public skepticism about Nixon's true intentions for the office and his own waning interest in the position. Ultimately, he lost to Brown by a significant margin.
1962: Nixon's Support for Kennedy During Cuban Missile Crisis
During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, Richard Nixon, as Vice President, provided steadfast support to President John F. Kennedy.
1962: Nixon Loses California Governor Race
Richard Nixon lost the 1962 race for governor of California.
1963: Nixon Family Travels to Europe
In 1963, the Nixon family embarked on a trip to Europe, during which Nixon held press conferences and engaged with leaders from the countries they visited. Following the trip, they relocated to New York City, where Nixon joined the prominent law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander as a senior partner.
1964: Nixon Stays Out of Presidential Race, Endorses Goldwater
Despite receiving write-in votes and being considered a potential contender, Nixon honored his previous commitment to sit out the 1964 presidential election. He chose to endorse Senator Barry Goldwater, the eventual Republican nominee.
1964: Nixon observes impact of Civil Rights Act on Southern politics
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act influenced Southern politics significantly. Nixon noted Goldwater's success in winning Southern states by opposing the Act, which alienated moderate Southerners but highlighted the region's political volatility.
1964: Goldwater's Defeat and Nixon's Continued Relevance
Nixon campaigned for Goldwater, despite believing he was unlikely to win. Goldwater lost the general election to Johnson in a landslide. Nixon, however, remained one of the few prominent Republicans who wasn't blamed for the party's losses, positioning him for a potential political comeback.
June 6, 1966: Nixon retires from the U.S. Naval Reserve
Nixon officially retired from the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6, 1966.
1966: Nixon's Role in Republican Congressional Gains
Nixon actively campaigned for Republicans in the 1966 congressional elections, aiming to reclaim seats lost in the previous election cycle. His efforts contributed to significant Republican gains that year, solidifying his position as a key figure in the party.
1967: Re-establishment of U.S.-Egypt Relations
Following the Six-Day War in 1967, which led to a rupture in U.S.-Egypt relations, the Nixon administration took a significant step towards reconciliation. They re-established diplomatic ties with Egypt, marking a crucial development in Middle East diplomacy.
1967: Nixon's Decision to Run for President
Richard Nixon informed his family of his decision to run for president again in 1967. Despite her reservations about public life, Pat Nixon remained supportive of her husband's aspirations. Nixon believed that the Democrats' internal divisions over the Vietnam War presented a favorable opportunity for a Republican victory, although he anticipated a close election like the one in 1960.
January 1968: The Tet Offensive and the 1968 Presidential Primaries
The 1968 presidential primaries were marked by significant upheaval, beginning with the launch of the Tet Offensive in January 1968. President Johnson's withdrawal from the race in March, following a poor showing in the New Hampshire primary, added to the political turmoil. On the Republican side, Nixon faced opposition from candidates like George Romney, Nelson Rockefeller, and Ronald Reagan. He ultimately secured the nomination on the first ballot.
October 22, 1968: Allegations of Interference in Vietnam Peace Talks
On October 22, 1968, during the final stretch of the presidential campaign, Richard Nixon received information suggesting that President Johnson was preparing an "October surprise." This involved abandoning key conditions for a bombing halt in Vietnam, potentially influencing the election in favor of Hubert Humphrey. The extent of the Nixon campaign's involvement in these developments, particularly regarding Anna Chennault's role, remains a subject of debate.
1968: Environmental Policy in the 1968 Election
Environmental policy took a backseat in the 1968 election, with candidates, including Nixon, rarely addressing it. This lack of focus underscores the evolving understanding of environmental issues at the time and their relatively low political priority.
1968: Nixon's Southern Strategy
In 1968, Nixon employed a Southern Strategy to gain support among Southern whites by proposing policies, such as desegregation plans, that were broadly acceptable. This strategy aimed to realign Southern voters with the Republican Party post-civil rights movement.
1968: Nixon Campaigns as an ERA Supporter
Nixon's campaign support for the ERA in 1968, while later criticized for lack of follow-through, reflected the growing prominence of feminist issues and the ERA's role as a focal point in the fight for women's rights.
1968: Nixon Elected President
Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968, defeating the Democratic incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey.
January 20, 1969: Nixon's Inauguration and Vision for Unity
Richard Nixon's inauguration as the 37th President of the United States took place on January 20, 1969. His inaugural address, delivered after being sworn in by Chief Justice Earl Warren, was widely praised. Nixon emphasized his commitment to peace and unity, aspiring to bridge partisan divides and usher in a new era of national harmony. His words, "the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker," resonated deeply and were later inscribed on his gravestone.
March 1969: Secret Bombing of Cambodia and Peace Talks
In March 1969, Nixon authorized a secret bombing campaign targeting North Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge positions in Cambodia, known as Operation Menu. This operation was conducted without the consent of Cambodian leader Norodom Sihanouk. Despite the escalation of military action, Nixon initiated peace talks with North Vietnam, sending a personal letter to their leaders. The initial talks in Paris failed to yield an agreement.
May 1969: Nixon's Public Proposal for Troop Withdrawal from Vietnam
In May 1969, facing growing domestic pressure to end the Vietnam War, Nixon publicly proposed a conditional withdrawal of all US troops from South Vietnam. He stipulated that North Vietnam must reciprocate the withdrawal, and that internationally supervised elections, with Viet Cong participation, should be held in South Vietnam.
July 1969: Chappaquiddick incident
In July 1969, the Chappaquiddick incident involving Senator Edward M. Kennedy significantly impacted his political career, removing him from serious contention in the 1972 presidential race against Nixon.
July 1969: Nixon's Visit to South Vietnam and the Implementation of Vietnamization
In July 1969, Nixon visited South Vietnam, engaging with US military leaders and President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. Amidst growing domestic protests demanding an immediate withdrawal from Vietnam, Nixon implemented "Vietnamization." This strategy aimed to gradually replace American troops with Vietnamese forces. He initiated phased withdrawals of US troops while also authorizing incursions into Laos to disrupt North Vietnamese supply lines.
July 20, 1969: Nixon's Conversation with Apollo 11 Astronauts
On July 20, 1969, as the world watched, Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their historic moonwalk. This "most historic phone call ever made from the White House" underscored the magnitude of the Apollo 11 mission and its significance for the nation.
1969: Nixon Inherits Economic Challenges Upon Taking Office
When Nixon assumed the presidency in 1969, the U.S. faced substantial economic hurdles. Inflation stood at a concerning 4.7%, a legacy of the Vietnam War and the Great Society programs. This economic climate presented immediate challenges for the newly elected president.
1969: Nixon Intensifies Covert Operations Against Cuba
Upon assuming office in 1969, Nixon escalated covert operations targeting Cuba and its leader, Fidel Castro.
1969: Nixon cancels Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program
In 1969, Nixon canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program, preferring cost-effective uncrewed spy satellites for reconnaissance. This decision led to the cancellation of the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to prioritize Skylab and the Space Shuttle.
1969: Nixon's Presidency Begins
Richard Nixon began his term as the 37th President of the United States in 1969.
March 1970: North Vietnamese Offensive in Cambodia
In March 1970, North Vietnamese troops, at the request of the Khmer Rouge and with the agreement of Pol Pot's second-in-command, Nuon Chea, launched a major offensive in Cambodia. This offensive resulted in the capture of significant portions of Cambodian territory.
April 1970: The First Earth Day and Nixon's Environmental Policies
The first Earth Day in April 1970 marked a turning point in public awareness about environmental issues. Recognizing the growing concern, Nixon capitalized on this momentum by announcing the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 1970, demonstrating his responsiveness to public sentiment on environmental protection.
April 30, 1970: US Ground Invasion of Cambodia and Protests
On April 30, 1970, Nixon announced the US ground invasion of Cambodia, targeting North Vietnamese bases in the eastern part of the country. This escalation of the conflict sparked widespread protests across the United States, with many viewing it as an expansion of the Vietnam War. Notably, the protests at Kent State University led to the tragic killing of four unarmed students by Ohio National Guardsmen.
May 9, 1970: Nixon's Meeting with Protesters at the Lincoln Memorial
On May 9, 1970, in an attempt to address the growing public outcry against the Vietnam War, Nixon held an impromptu early morning meeting with protesters at the Lincoln Memorial. This unexpected gesture aimed to demonstrate his willingness to engage with those who opposed his policies, although it was met with mixed reactions.
August 1970: Nixon Reaffirms Kennedy-Khrushchev Understanding on Cuba
In August 1970, amidst concerns from the Soviets and Cubans about potential U.S. aggression, Nixon reaffirmed the understanding reached between Kennedy and Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis. This reaffirmation aimed to alleviate fears and maintain stability in the region.
September 1970: Progress in Southern School Desegregation
By September 1970, significant progress had been made in desegregating Southern schools, with less than ten percent of black children attending segregated schools. This progress reflected the impact of federal efforts, including those initiated or continued under the Nixon administration, to enforce desegregation.
September 1970: Nixon and Kissinger's Covert Opposition to Allende in Chile
Following Salvador Allende's election as President of Chile in September 1970, Nixon and Kissinger initiated a campaign of covert operations to undermine his socialist government. These operations included efforts to prevent Allende's confirmation, support for a military coup, and funding for opposition groups.
October 1970: Cienfuegos Nuclear Base Confrontation
In October 1970, a minor confrontation arose between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over the expansion of the Soviet naval base at Cienfuegos, Cuba. The situation de-escalated after the Soviets assured the U.S. that the base would not be used for submarines equipped with ballistic missiles. Diplomatic exchanges continued until November, resolving the issue.
1970: Economic Struggles and Midterm Election Losses
Throughout 1970, the U.S. economy continued to grapple with inflation and other challenges. These economic woes likely played a role in the lackluster performance of the Republican Party during the midterm congressional elections, where Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.
1970: Nixon's "New Federalism" Proposals
In 1970, as part of his "New Federalism" approach, President Nixon proposed grants to states, aiming to devolve power from the federal government. While these proposals faced congressional hurdles, they earned Nixon political capital for advocating for a shift in power dynamics.
1970: Implementation of the Philadelphia Plan
In 1970, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan, a pioneering federal affirmative action program. This plan represented a significant step towards addressing racial discrimination in employment and expanding opportunities for minorities.
1970: Nixon's Alcohol Consumption and Health
Concerns arose in 1970 regarding Nixon's alcohol consumption and use of prescription medication. His occasional excessive drinking, particularly during stressful periods, raised concerns among his staff. Nixon's reliance on alcohol and medication offer insights into the pressures of his presidency and his coping mechanisms.
February 1971: Nixon Calls for Increased Sickle-Cell Research Funding
In February 1971, Nixon called for greater funding for sickle-cell research, treatment, and education. This initiative highlighted his focus on addressing health disparities and his willingness to use his platform to advocate for increased research and support.
July 15, 1971: Announcement of Nixon's Historic Visit to China
On July 15, 1971, a joint announcement from Washington and Beijing revealed President Nixon's planned visit to China in February 1972. This marked a significant shift in US foreign policy, as it would be the first time a US president visited the People's Republic of China. The secret preparations allowed both governments to navigate the political climate in their respective countries and prepare for the historic meeting.
August 1971: Nixon Imposes Wage and Price Controls
In August 1971, facing unresolved inflation, President Nixon took decisive action by imposing temporary wage and price controls, a move he'd opposed throughout his career. This decision, made in an election year, highlighted the economic challenges he faced and his willingness to take dramatic steps to address them.
1971: Tensions Over Busing in Northern Cities
In 1971, tensions flared in Northern cities over busing, a policy designed to achieve racial balance in schools. While personally opposed to busing, Nixon upheld court orders requiring it, demonstrating his respect for legal authority even when clashing with his personal views.
1971: Pentagon Papers Leak
In 1971, The New York Times and The Washington Post published excerpts from the "Pentagon Papers", leaked by Daniel Ellsberg. Initially, Nixon was inclined to take no action, believing the Papers primarily exposed lies of previous administrations regarding U.S. involvement in Vietnam. However, Kissinger convinced him of their potential harm. Nixon's attempts to prevent publication were overruled by the Supreme Court.
1971: Nixon Proposes Health Insurance Reform
In 1971, Nixon put forth health insurance reform proposals, including a private health insurance employer mandate and support for HMOs. This initiative signaled his administration's commitment to addressing healthcare challenges and exploring new models for healthcare delivery.
1971: Nixon's Recorded Remarks on Jews
In 1971, Nixon made several controversial statements about Jewish people, captured on White House audio recordings. These remarks, which included generalizations and expressions of distrust, sparked significant debate and controversy when they were made public years later.
1971: Establishment of the United States Postal Service
In 1971, Nixon's administration oversaw the transformation of the U.S. Post Office Department into the government-run United States Postal Service. This change reflected his "New Federalism" goals and marked a significant shift in the postal service's structure and operation.
January 5, 1972: Nixon announces reelection candidacy
On January 5, 1972, Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot, announcing his candidacy for reelection. Initially expecting Edward M. Kennedy as his opponent, Nixon faced Edmund Muskie and George McGovern instead.
February 1972: Nixon's Groundbreaking Trip to China
In February 1972, Richard Nixon embarked on a historic trip to China, a journey that marked a significant thaw in US-China relations. Upon arriving in Beijing, Nixon made a symbolic gesture by shaking hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, a gesture his predecessor had declined in 1954. The trip was meticulously documented by a large contingent of television journalists, reflecting Nixon's belief in the power of the medium to capture the event's significance. This decision also allowed him to sidestep the print journalists he held in low regard.
May 16, 1972: National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act Signed
Nixon signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972, demonstrating his commitment to addressing this specific health concern. This act aimed to provide funding for research, treatment, and education related to sickle cell anemia.
May 22, 1972: Nixon's First Visit to Moscow
On May 22, 1972, President Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon arrived in Moscow, marking the first visit of a U.S. President to the Soviet Union. During their visit, they engaged in significant discussions on nuclear peace and other critical issues with Soviet leaders, including Leonid Brezhnev.
May 24, 1972: Nixon approves NASA-Soviet cooperation
On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program, leading to the 1975 joint mission where American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft linked in space.
June 17, 1972: Watergate break-in
On June 17, 1972, five men were caught breaking into the Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex. This event led to the exposure of illegal activities by Nixon's administration, marking the beginning of the Watergate scandal.
June 20, 1972: 18½ minute gap in Nixon's tapes
On June 20, 1972, a tape of White House conversations revealed an 18½ minute gap. Nixon's secretary, Rose Mary Woods, claimed responsibility for the gap, which cast doubt on Nixon's denial of involvement in the Watergate cover-up.
November 7, 1972: Nixon wins reelection in landslide
On November 7, 1972, Nixon was reelected in one of the largest landslide victories in U.S. history, defeating George McGovern with over 60% of the popular vote and losing only in Massachusetts and D.C.
1972: Nixon Visits China, Begins Diplomatic Relations
Richard Nixon visited China in 1972, which eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations.
1972: Nixon's Southern Strategy and Desegregation
Nixon, aiming to court Southern white voters for the 1972 election, sought to neutralize desegregation as a political issue. His approach, while achieving progress, also drew criticism from those who felt he prioritized political expediency over fully supporting civil rights.
1972: Nixon's Re-election and Returning Inflation
Nixon's policies effectively curbed inflation through 1972, securing his re-election. However, the aftereffects of these policies, particularly the decision to end the gold standard, contributed to inflation returning during his second term, posing further economic challenges.
1972: Nixon's Endorsement of the Equal Rights Amendment
Nixon endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) after it passed Congress in 1972. Despite facing criticism for not doing enough to support the ERA after his election, his endorsement signaled a stance in favor of gender equality.
1972: Nixon's Veto of the Clean Water Act
In 1972, Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act, not due to its policy goals but rather his concerns about its cost. This decision highlights his approach to environmental protection, balancing policy support with fiscal considerations. Despite his veto, Congress overrode it, demonstrating the growing legislative support for environmental protection.
1972: Nixon's Re-Election Bid and Desegregation
Aiming to secure re-election in 1972, Nixon adopted a strategy that appealed to the racial conservatism of some Southern white voters. This approach, while potentially politically advantageous, also drew criticism for its impact on the pace and extent of desegregation efforts.
June 1973: Nixon Reinstates Price Controls
Amidst rising inflation, Nixon reimposed price controls in June 1973. This decision, aimed at curbing inflation, ultimately proved unpopular and ineffective, leading to food shortages and highlighting the complexities of economic intervention.
July 1973: Revelation of Nixon's secret taping system
In July 1973, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified that Nixon had a secret taping system for recording conversations in the Oval Office. This revelation intensified the Watergate scandal, leading to subpoenaed tapes and further investigations.
September 11, 1973: Coup d'état in Chile, Pinochet Assumes Power
On September 11, 1973, a violent coup d'état led by General Augusto Pinochet overthrew Chilean President Salvador Allende, resulting in Allende's death. This marked the end of Allende's socialist government and the beginning of Pinochet's dictatorship.
October 6, 1973: Yom Kippur War and Superpower Crisis
On October 6, 1973, the Yom Kippur War erupted as an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Nixon's swift authorization of an airlift to resupply Israel proved crucial in shifting the war's tide. As the U.S. and Soviet Union negotiated a truce, tensions escalated into a superpower crisis. When a Soviet threat jeopardized the peace process, Nixon's decisive action, placing the U.S. military on high alert, averted a potential nuclear war.
October 10, 1973: Vice President Agnew resigns
On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned due to charges of bribery, tax evasion, and money laundering from his tenure as Maryland governor. This event was unrelated to Watergate but added to the turmoil of Nixon's administration.
November 17, 1973: Nixon's 'I'm not a crook' speech
On November 17, 1973, during a televised session with Associated Press editors, Nixon declared, 'I'm not a crook,' asserting that he had earned everything he got. This statement was part of his defense against the Watergate accusations.
December 6, 1973: Gerald Ford sworn in as Vice President
On December 6, 1973, Gerald Ford was sworn in as Vice President, replacing Spiro Agnew. Nixon chose Ford, the House Minority Leader, after believing his first choice, John Connally, would not be confirmed by Congress.
1973: Paris Peace Accords and End of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam War
In 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, leading to a cease-fire and the withdrawal of remaining U.S. troops from Vietnam. This marked the end of U.S. combat support in the war. However, fighting resumed shortly after, ultimately leading to North Vietnam's conquest of South Vietnam in 1975.
1973: Nixon Promotes U.S.-Soviet Trade Deal and Seeks Most Favored Nation Status
In 1973, the Nixon administration actively promoted a significant trade deal between the U.S. and the Soviet Union involving Occidental Petroleum. This deal, valued at $20 billion over two decades, involved the export of phosphate from Florida in exchange for Soviet ammonia. Additionally, Nixon's administration sought Most Favored Nation trade status for the USSR, facing opposition from Congress through the Jackson-Vanik Amendment.
1973: Casualties from the Bombing of Cambodia
The bombing campaign in Cambodia, which lasted from 1970 to 1973, resulted in a significant number of casualties. While estimates vary, it is believed that between 50,000 and 150,000 people, mostly civilians, were killed during the bombing raids.
1973: Watergate Scandal Begins
The Watergate scandal began in 1973 with a break-in at the Democratic National Committee office. The scandal, which involved cover-up efforts by the Nixon administration, eroded Nixon's support and eventually led to his resignation.
1973: Passage of a Limited HMO Bill
Nixon's advocacy for health maintenance organizations (HMOs) resulted in the enactment of a limited HMO bill in 1973. This legislative victory demonstrated his ability to advance some healthcare reform measures despite facing a Democrat-controlled Congress.
1973: OPEC Oil Embargo and 1973 Oil Crisis
In retaliation for U.S. support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War, OPEC nations initiated an oil embargo in 1973, leading to a global oil crisis. This embargo resulted in severe gasoline shortages and rationing across the United States, impacting the nation's economy and highlighting the geopolitical significance of oil.
1973: Passage of the Endangered Species Act
In 1973, the Endangered Species Act, a landmark environmental legislation, was passed during Nixon's presidency. This act aimed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.
April 30, 1974: End of Price Controls
On April 30, 1974, the statutory authorization for Nixon's price controls lapsed, marking the end of an era. The controls, initially implemented to curb inflation, had become increasingly unpopular due to their unintended consequences, such as food shortages.
May 9, 1974: House Judiciary Committee's impeachment hearings
On May 9, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against Nixon, which were televised nationwide. These hearings eventually led to votes for impeachment, adding to the pressure on Nixon during the Watergate scandal.
June 1974: Nixon Becomes First U.S. President to Visit Israel
In a historic event in June 1974, Nixon undertook a significant trip to the Middle East, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to visit Israel. This landmark visit underscored the Nixon administration's commitment to engaging with the region and seeking peaceful resolutions to longstanding conflicts.
August 5, 1974: Nixon Releases "Smoking Gun Tape"
On August 5, 1974, President Nixon released a tape recording that revealed he had been aware of the White House's connection to the Watergate break-ins shortly after they occurred. This tape, known as the "Smoking Gun Tape," also showed that Nixon had approved plans to obstruct the investigation. In a statement alongside the tape's release, Nixon admitted to misleading the country about the timing of his knowledge of White House involvement, attributing it to a lapse of memory.
August 9, 1974: Nixon Resigns From Office
Facing impeachment and removal from office due to the Watergate scandal, Richard Nixon resigned from his presidency on August 9, 1974.
September 8, 1974: Nixon Receives Presidential Pardon
On September 8, 1974, President Ford granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed during his presidency. This decision aimed to move the country past the Watergate scandal, but it sparked controversy as many believed Nixon should have been held accountable for his actions.
October 1974: Nixon Falls Ill and Faces Legal Battles
In October 1974, Nixon faced health issues, requiring surgery for phlebitis. Despite his condition, he remained under subpoena for the trial of his former aides. Adding to his challenges, a legal battle began over the ownership of Nixon's presidential papers, setting the stage for a decades-long dispute over these historical records.
December 1974: Nixon Begins Planning His Comeback
In December 1974, despite facing significant public disapproval, Richard Nixon began planning his return to public life. He started working on his memoirs, aiming to shape his narrative and re-enter the political arena.
1974: Watergate Scandal Unfolds
In 1974, President Nixon faced numerous allegations related to the Watergate scandal, including the improper use of government agencies, accepting gifts while in office, and irregularities in his personal finances and taxes. He expressed willingness to settle any outstanding tax liabilities and eventually paid $465,000 in back taxes during that year.
1974: Nixon's Comprehensive Health Insurance Reform Proposal
In 1974, Nixon proposed a more comprehensive health insurance reform package, aiming to expand coverage and revamp Medicaid. This proposal reflected his ongoing commitment to healthcare reform, even as his presidency faced increasing challenges from the Watergate scandal.
1974: Nixon's Second Visit to the Soviet Union
Building upon progress in U.S.-Soviet relations, Nixon embarked on his second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. Arriving in Moscow on June 27, he engaged in discussions on détente, a proposed mutual defense pact, and MIRVs with Brezhnev in Yalta. However, no major breakthroughs emerged from these discussions.
1974: Nixon's Resignation
In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from his presidency, becoming the only U.S. president to do so. This came as a result of the Watergate scandal.
1975: Joint Apollo-Soyuz mission
In 1975, the joint Apollo-Soyuz mission successfully linked American and Soviet spacecraft in space, culminating from the cooperative program approved by Nixon in 1972.
1975: Fall of Saigon
In 1975, after a brief truce following the Paris Peace Accords, North Vietnam resumed fighting and successfully conquered South Vietnam.
1975: Nixon's Health Improves, Begins Work on Memoirs, and Participates in Interviews
By 1975, Nixon's health had started to improve, leading him to begin working on his memoirs. Facing financial pressures, he also agreed to a series of interviews in 1975 that were aired in 1977. The interviews, conducted by British talk-show host David Frost, offered Nixon a platform to share his perspective on his presidency, Watergate, and other key events.
February 1976: Nixon Visits China After Ford's Presidency
In February 1976, Nixon undertook a significant trip to China, marking his first visit since leaving office. This visit, coming after President Ford's trip to China in 1975, highlighted Nixon's continued interest in US-China relations and his desire to maintain a role on the world stage.
1976: Nixon Disbarred in New York
In 1976, the New York State Bar Association took disciplinary action against Nixon, disbarring him due to his role in obstructing justice during the Watergate scandal. Nixon chose not to contest these proceedings, accepting the consequences for his actions.
1977: Nixon-Frost Interviews Capture Public Attention
The 1977 broadcast of the Nixon-Frost interviews drew a massive audience, becoming one of the most-watched programs of its kind. In these interviews, Nixon discussed his foreign policy decisions and offered reflections on Watergate, admitting his role in the scandal and expressing regret for his actions.
1978: Nixon Visits the UK, Addresses Oxford Union
In 1978, Nixon embarked on a visit to the United Kingdom, where he faced a mixed reception. While some government officials and diplomats distanced themselves, he found support from others, including Margaret Thatcher. During this visit, Nixon delivered an address at the Oxford Union, reflecting on Watergate and his political career.
1978: Nixon Publishes His Memoirs
Nixon's memoir, "RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon," was published in 1978. This book, the first of ten he authored after leaving office, provided his perspective on his life, career, and the Watergate scandal. The memoir became a bestseller, reflecting continued public interest in Nixon's story.
August 10, 1979: Nixon Purchases New York City Condominium
On August 10, 1979, Richard Nixon and his wife, Pat Nixon, purchased a 12-room condominium on Fifth Avenue in New York City. This move marked a new chapter in their lives after facing challenges in securing a residence due to the Watergate scandal.
1979: Nixon Returns to the White House and Visits China
In a significant symbolic moment in 1979, Nixon returned to the White House for the first time since his resignation. Invited by President Carter for a state dinner honoring Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, Nixon's presence underscored the evolving relationship between the US and China. Later that year, Nixon made another trip to Beijing, demonstrating his continued engagement with Chinese leaders and his interest in foreign affairs.
July 1980: Nixon Attends Shah of Iran's Funeral
In July 1980, Nixon made the decision to attend the funeral of the deposed Shah of Iran, going against the State Department's stance of not sending an official representative. This act highlighted Nixon's independent approach to foreign affairs and his willingness to engage with controversial figures.
1981: Nixon Moves to Saddle River, New Jersey
In 1981, Richard Nixon and his wife, Pat Nixon, relocated from their New York City residence to a new home in Saddle River, New Jersey. This move signaled a shift toward a quieter life for the former president as he continued to write, reflect on his career, and engage in selected public appearances.
1983: Nixon's Foreign Policy Legacy
In 1983, George McGovern, Nixon's former political rival, acknowledged Nixon's pragmatic approach to foreign policy, particularly regarding China and the Soviet Union. Despite criticisms of his Vietnam War policies, Nixon's handling of the Cold War superpowers earned him recognition for his statesmanship on the world stage.
1983: Nixon discusses his poker playing
In a 1983 interview, Nixon discussed his poker playing during his time in the Navy.
1986: Nixon's Post-Presidency Influence
In 1986, Nixon continued to engage in international affairs, visiting the Soviet Union and providing President Reagan with a detailed memo on his observations of Gorbachev and suggestions for foreign policy. His insights and global perspectives earned him recognition, ranking him among the top ten most admired men in a Gallup poll.
1986: Nixon's Return to Public Recognition
Nixon's 1986 address at a newspaper publishers' convention highlighted his knowledge and insights into global affairs, impressing even his former critics. This event marked a turning point in his public image, with media outlets like Newsweek acknowledging his "comeback" after the Watergate scandal.
1987: Nixon's Brother Donald Dies
Richard Nixon's brother, Donald, passed away in 1987.
July 19, 1990: Opening of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace
On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California, was opened. The event saw the attendance of Nixon, his wife, and a large crowd, including former Presidents Ford, Reagan, and George H.W. Bush, along with their wives.
June 22, 1993: Death of Pat Nixon
On June 22, 1993, Pat Nixon passed away due to emphysema and lung cancer. Her funeral was held at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, where her husband delivered a heartfelt tribute.
1993: Nixon's Role as Elder Statesman
By 1993, when Bill Clinton became president, Nixon had successfully rebuilt his image and was widely respected as an elder statesman. Despite past conflicts, Clinton frequently consulted with Nixon on policy matters, demonstrating Nixon's lasting influence on American politics.
January 1994: Establishment of the Nixon Center
In January 1994, Nixon founded the Nixon Center, later renamed the Center for the National Interest, a Washington D.C.-based policy think tank and conference center.
April 18, 1994: Nixon Suffers Stroke
On April 18, 1994, Richard Nixon suffered a debilitating stroke.
April 22, 1994: Richard Nixon's Death
On April 22, 1994, Richard Nixon passed away.
April 27, 1994: Richard Nixon's Funeral
Richard Nixon's funeral was held on April 27, 1994, at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California. Notable figures, including President Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, Bob Dole, Pete Wilson, and Reverend Billy Graham, delivered eulogies. Former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and their wives also attended.
1998: Nixon's Legacy and the Impeachment of Bill Clinton
During Bill Clinton's impeachment trial in 1998, both Democrats and Republicans invoked Nixon's legacy and the Watergate scandal. This event highlighted the lasting impact of Nixon's actions, with his presidency continuing to shape political discourse and public perception of presidential power decades later.
October 1999: Release of Controversial White House Tapes
The release of previously classified White House audio tapes from 1971 in October 1999 revealed Nixon making derogatory remarks about Jewish people. These tapes ignited controversy, as Nixon's words contradicted his previous denials of anti-Semitism and fueled debate about his personal views and their potential influence on his presidency.
2011: Nixon's Environmental Legacy
In 2011, historian Paul Charles Milazzo highlighted Nixon's significant contributions to environmental protection, including the establishment of the EPA and the enforcement of crucial legislation like the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Despite not actively promoting his environmental record, Nixon's actions in this area had a lasting positive impact.
2011: Nigel Bowles Publishes Study on Nixon's Economic Policies
In 2011, political economist Nigel Bowles published a study analyzing Nixon's economic policies. The study suggested that, during his first year in office, Nixon made minimal changes to the economic policies implemented by his predecessor, Lyndon B. Johnson.
2019: Nixon's Brother Edward Dies
Richard Nixon's brother, Edward, passed away in 2019.