Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked Western European nation bordering Belgium, Germany, and France. Luxembourg City, its capital, is a key EU center, hosting institutions like the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is a small but significant player in European politics and economics.
In November 1918, a motion in the Chamber of Deputies demanding the abolition of the monarchy was narrowly defeated.
In January 1919, a company of the Luxembourgish Army rebelled, declaring itself to be the army of the new republic, but French troops intervened. Marie-Adélaïde abdicated in favour of her sister Charlotte 5 days later.
Since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the nation, exercised by the grand duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law.
In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs.
On May 9, 1940 Luxembourg closed the defensive Schuster line with Germany.
In 1945, the Grand Duchy became a founding member of the United Nations.
In 1948, Luxembourg's neutral status under the constitution formally ended.
In 1952, Josy Barthel won the 1500 metres and Luxembourg won its first gold medal at the Summer Olympics in Helsinki.
In 1952, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Communities, following the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community.
Luxembourg was a founding participant of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1956.
In 1958, Luxembourg was a founding country for the creations of the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community.
Luxembourg did not participate in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1959.
Luxembourg won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1973 and hosted the contest.
Since 1980, it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices.
As determined by the 1984 Language Regimen Act, Luxembourgish is the sole national language of the Luxembourgish people.
Per article 4 of the law promulgated in 1984, if a citizen asks a question in Luxembourgish, German or French, the administration must reply, as far as possible, in the language in which the question was asked.
Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily.
In 1993, the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community were incorporated into the European Union.
Luxembourg was relegated after the 1993 Eurovision competition.
In 1994, the historic city of Luxembourg was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its well-preserved fortifications and historic quarters.
Although Luxembourg was free to participate again in 1995, it chose not to return to the Eurovision Song Contest before 2024.
Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture in 1995.
In 1999, Luxembourg joined the eurozone.
There were an estimated 5,000 illegal immigrants in Luxembourg in 1999.
A 2000 estimate by the CIA Factbook is that 87% of Luxembourgers are Catholic, including the grand ducal family, with the remaining 13% being Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims, and those of other or no religion.
In 2000, there were 162,000 immigrants in Luxembourg, accounting for 37% of the total population.
According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 28% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
The final of the 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship took place at d'Coque, Kirchberg, north-eastern Luxembourg City.
In 2008, a new passenger terminal at Luxembourg Airport was opened.
In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws led to its being added to a "gray list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the G20.
In 2009, Luxembourg was ranked 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study by the University of Oxford and the University of Oviedo.
In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of Kim Jong Il's $4 billion in secret accounts was in Luxembourg banks.
Luxembourg was represented at the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion, designed as a forest and fortress.
According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study, 70.4% are Christian, 2.3% Muslim, 26.8% unaffiliated, and 0.5% other religions in Luxembourg.
According to data from the World Health Organization, healthcare spending on behalf of the government of Luxembourg topped $4.1 Billion in 2010, amounting to about $8,182 for each citizen in the nation.
In 2010, agriculture employed about 2.1% of Luxembourg's active population, with 2,200 agricultural holdings averaging 60 hectares.
In 2010, the Luxembourg Government launched its National strategy for very high-speed networks with the aim to become a global leader in terms of very high-speed broadband by achieving full 1 Gbit/s coverage of the country by 2020.
In 2011, Luxembourg had an NGA (Next Generation Access) coverage of 75% across the country.
In 2011, Luxembourg ranked third on the Tax Justice Network's Financial Secrecy Index.
In 2011, according to the IMF, Luxembourg was the world's second-richest country, with a per capita GDP on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis of $80,119.
In 2011, the telecommunications industry in Luxembourg adopted the legislative framework Paquet Telecom of the Government which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgish law.
In April 2012, The Guardian reported that Amazon.co.uk benefits from Luxembourg tax loopholes.
By May 2012, Luxembourg's unemployment rate reached 6.1% after the Great Recession.
In December 2012, a survey measuring availability and performance of nine international data centers showed that the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers.
According to the 2012 Environmental Performance Index, Luxembourg ranked fourth out of 132 assessed countries.
In 2012, 52% of citizens claimed Luxembourgish as their native language, 16.4% Portuguese, 16% French, 2% German and 13.6% different languages (mostly English, Italian or Spanish).
In January 2013, a survey measuring availability and performance of nine international data centers showed that the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers.
In April 2013, Luxembourg had the sixth highest download speed worldwide and the second highest in Europe with 32.46 Mbit/s.
In 2013, Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time.
In 2013, Luxembourg was elected non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
In 2013, Luxembourg was ranked the second safest tax haven in the world, behind Switzerland.
In 2013, about 88,000 Luxembourg inhabitants possessed Portuguese nationality. In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals.
In November 2014, Jean-Claude Juncker was hit by media disclosures from Luxembourg Leaks, revealing that Luxembourg had become a major European center of corporate tax avoidance under his premiership.
In 2014, Luxembourg School of Business, a graduate business school, was created through private initiative.
In 2014, Luxembourg continued to serve on the United Nations Security Council.
Luxembourg won an Oscar in 2014 in the Animated Short Films category with Mr Hublot.
In May 2015, Luxembourg ranked 11th in the world in holdings of U.S. Treasury securities, totaling $171 billion.
In December 2017, Luxembourg City reintroduced trams.
Luxembourg School of Business received the accreditation from the Ministry of Higher Education and Research of Luxembourg in 2017.
As of 2018, 80% of citizens reported being able to hold a conversation in English, 78% in German and 77% in Luxembourgish.
As of 2019, Luxembourg's public debt totalled $15,687,000,000, or $25,554 per capita. The debt to GDP was 22.10%.
Luxembourg had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.12/10, ranking it 164th globally out of 172 countries.
On 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became the first country to introduce no-charge public transportation, which is almost completely funded by public taxation.
By 2020, the Luxembourg Government aimed to achieve full 1 Gbit/s coverage of the country as part of its National strategy for very high-speed networks.
In 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to provide free public transport at a national scale.
In 2020, Luxembourg ranked second out of 180 countries in Environmental Performance.
In 2021, 98% of citizens were able to speak French to a high level.
On 1 July 2023, The Constitution of Luxembourg, the supreme law of Luxembourg, was last updated.
Luxembourg ranked 6th place in highest health index of countries in Europe in 2023.
On January 1, 2024, Luxembourg's law to modernize the current investment tax credit, adopted in December 2023, took effect.
In 2024, Luxembourg had a population of 672,050, making it one of the least-populated countries in Europe, but with the highest population growth rate.
In 2024, Luxembourg is ranked 2nd in Environmental Performance Index globally.
Luxembourg chose to return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2024 with a particular emphasis on promoting music and artists from Luxembourg.
Luxembourg ranked 20th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.
Luxembourg's climate law sets a goal that by 2030 it would have reduced emission down to 55%.
Luxembourg aims to reach zero emissions by 2050.
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