Manchester United F.C., nicknamed the Red Devils, is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name in 1902 and competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. After playing in Clayton, Manchester, the club moved to its current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910.
On April 24, 1902, after investment from local businessmen, Newton Heath was renamed Manchester United.
After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.
In 1902, Newton Heath LYR Football Club officially changed its name to Manchester United.
In 1902, the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs. Club captain Harry Stafford raised funds, John Henry Davies invested, and a new stand was erected.
In 1903, Ernest Mangnall became the manager of Manchester United.
In 1906, Manchester United finished as Second Division runners-up, securing promotion to the First Division.
In February 1909, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000.
In 1922, the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup final.
In 1910, Manchester United moved to Old Trafford.
In 1911, Manchester United won the First Division for the second time.
In 1922, Manchester United was relegated to the Second Division.
In 1922, the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck as part of their home kits.
In 1925, Manchester United regained promotion to the First Division.
In October 1927, the death of John Henry Davies, a principal benefactor, led to financial difficulties for Manchester United.
In 1927, white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck remained part of their home kits until this year.
In December 1931, James W. Gibson invested in Manchester United, assuming control of the club.
In December 1931, James W. Gibson saved Manchester United from bankruptcy with an investment of £2,000, assuming control of the club.
For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours.
In 1934, Manchester United reached its all-time lowest position, finishing 20th in the Second Division.
In 1937, another relegation for Manchester United led to the resignation of manager Scott Duncan.
In the 1938-39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, Manchester United finished 14th in the First Division.
On 25 March 1939, Old Trafford's record attendance was registered during an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town, drawing 76,962 spectators.
In October 1945, Matt Busby was appointed as the manager of Manchester United, marking a significant era for the club.
In 1945, Matt Busby was appointed as the manager of Manchester United, building a successful team known as the Busby Babes.
In 1947, under Matt Busby, Manchester United finished second in the league.
In 1949, under Matt Busby, Manchester United finished second in the league.
In 1952, Manchester United won the First Division, securing their first league title in 41 years.
In 1956, Manchester United won the First Division title.
In March 1957, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected at a cost of £40,000, each housing 54 individual floodlights for the stadium.
In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup.
In 1994, for the first time since 1957, Manchester United won a second consecutive league title.
On February 6, 1958, the Munich air disaster occurred, resulting in the deaths of eight Manchester United players and several others.
In 1958, following the Munich air disaster, assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager of Manchester United.
From 1959 to 1965, the black socks were changed to white.
In January 1964, Louis Edwards gained control of Manchester United with a 54 per cent shareholding after an investment of approximately £40,000.
As of 2024, no player has been transferred between Manchester United and Liverpool since 1964.
In 1965, Manchester United won the league title.
In 1965, white socks were replaced with red socks up until 1971.
During the 2008–09 season, an all-blue kit was launched to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success.
In 1967, Manchester United won the league title.
In 1993, Manchester United won their first league title since 1967.
In 1968, Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup, a significant achievement in their history.
In 1968, Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup, defeating Benfica 4-1 in the final.
In 1969, Matt Busby resigned as manager of Manchester United, and was replaced by Wilf McGuinness.
In the 1969-70 season, Manchester United finished in eighth place.
In 1970, the devil from the club's nickname "The Red Devils" was incorporated into the club crest.
In January 1971, Lillian Gibson died, and her shares in Manchester United were passed to Alan Gibson, who then sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin.
In 1971, the club crest was included on the chest of the shirt.
In 1971, the club reverted to black socks.
In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager of Manchester United.
In December 1972, Tommy Docherty replaced Frank O'Farrell as manager of Manchester United.
In 1974, Manchester United was relegated.
In 1975, Manchester United agreed a five-year deal with Admiral Sportswear as the club's kit manufacturer.
In 1975, the red devil was granted as a heraldic badge by the College of Arms to the English Football League for use by Manchester United.
In 1976, Manchester United reached the FA Cup final but were beaten by Southampton.
In 2022-23, Manchester United won the EFL Cup, ending their longest period without a trophy since a six-year span between 1977 and 1983.
In the summer of 1977, Dave Sexton replaced Tommy Docherty as manager of Manchester United.
In 1978, Martin Edwards acquired a percentage of shares from Alan Gibson, further solidifying the Edwards family's involvement with Manchester United.
In 1980, Martin Edwards became the chairman of Manchester United upon his father's death, marking a new era in the club's leadership.
In 1981, Dave Sexton was dismissed as manager, despite the team's winning streak.
At the beginning of the 1982–83 season, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor in an initial five-year deal worth £500,000.
In 2022-23, Manchester United won the EFL Cup, ending their longest period without a trophy since a six-year span between 1977 and 1983.
In 1984, media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy Manchester United but failed to meet Edwards' asking price.
In 1986, Alex Ferguson became the manager of Manchester United, beginning a long and highly successful tenure.
In 1987, the 180-foot (55 m) pylons were dismantled and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand.
At the end of the following season, the club finished eighth in the Premier League, their lowest league finish since the 1989–90 season.
In 1989, Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies became founding members of the North West Women's Regional Football League
In 1989, after an attempted sale to Michael Knighton for £20 million fell through, Knighton joined Manchester United's board of directors.
In 1990, Alex Ferguson's job was saved by a victory over Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final.
In 1990, Manchester United had not qualified for a European competition.
In June 1991, Manchester United was floated on the stock market, raising £6.7 million.
In 1991, Manchester United claimed their first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup title.
In 1991, Manchester United floated on the London Stock Exchange and raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy.
In 1991, Manchester United was floated on the London Stock Exchange.
Between 1992 and 1994, Manchester United's third kit was a green-and-gold halved shirt.
In 1992, Manchester United beat Nottingham Forest to win the League Cup for the first time.
In 1992, Umbro started a second spell as the club's kit manufacturer.
Between 1993 and 1995, the Manchester United away strip was an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings.
In 1993, Manchester United won their first league title since 1967, in the inaugural season of the Premier League.
In 1993, the Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, which was completed in time for the 1993–94 season.
In 1993, the Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered Old Trafford's capacity to around 44,000.
During the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, Manchester United's third kit was a blue-and-white striped shirt.
During the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, Manchester United's third kit was a blue-and-white striped shirt.
In 1995, Manchester United achieved their second Double (winning the Premier League and FA Cup in the same season), becoming the first club to do so twice, and it became referred to as the "Double Double".
In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000.
In 1995, the all-grey away kit was dropped after just five games due to players' visibility issues.
In 1995-96, Manchester United became the first English club to do the Double twice when they won both competitions again.
In 1995–96, Manchester United failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League, after David Moyes was sacked.
During the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, Manchester United's third kit was a blue-and-white striped shirt.
In 1996-97, Manchester United retained the league title once more with a game to spare.
Since 1997–98, white socks have been the preferred choice for European games.
At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising stadium capacity to around 67,000.
During the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, Manchester United's third kit was all-black.
In 1998, Manchester United received a takeover bid from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation, leading to the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch.
In the 1998-99 season, Manchester United began their historic run towards winning the Premier League, FA Cup, and UEFA Champions League.
In April 1999, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission blocked the takeover of Manchester United by Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation.
In November 1999, Manchester United won the Intercontinental Cup, defeating Palmeiras 1-0 in Tokyo.
During the 1999–2000 season, the Manchester United away strip was a navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes.
In 1999, Manchester United became the first English club to win the Treble, marking a historic achievement.
In 1999, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup, and UEFA Champions League in the same season, and Alex Ferguson received a knighthood.
Towards the end of the 1999–2000 season, Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million shirt sponsorship deal with Manchester United.
During the 1999–2000 season, the Manchester United away strip was a navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes.
In the 1999–2000 season, Manchester United secured another Premier League title.
The shirt sponsorship relationship with Sharp Electronics, which started in 1982, ended at the end of the 1999-2000 season.
In 2001, the Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies made an official partnership with Manchester United, becoming the club's official women's team.
In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white and gold away kit was released.
In the 2000–01 season, Manchester United continued their dominance by winning the Premier League title for the third consecutive year.
Between 2002 and 2015, Manchester United had a key sponsorship relationship with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership.
In 2002, Former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson said "My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch".
In November 1999, the Red Devils counted on an unexpected goalkeeper fail by future 2002 FIFA World Cup winner Marcos to win the Intercontinental Cup
In the 2001–02 season, Manchester United finished third in the league standings.
Between 2003–04 and 2005–06, Manchester United's third kit was a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes.
In 2002–03, Manchester United regained the Premier League title.
In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer acquired a controlling interest in Manchester United through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd, valuing the club at approximately £800 million.
In July 2005, second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants commenced construction to add 8,000 more seats.
After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester.
Between 2003–04 and 2005–06, Manchester United's third kit was a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes.
In 2005, Manchester United was taken private after being purchased by Malcolm Glazer.
In 2005, following Malcolm Glazer's takeover, the Manchester United women's football club was disbanded as it was seen to be "unprofitable".
In 2005–06, Manchester United's commercial arm generated £51 million.
In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade.
On March 26, 2006, part of the new seating was used for the first time, resulting in an attendance of 69,070, which became a new Premier League record.
Between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants.
In July 2006, Manchester United announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments.
In September 2006, the four-year £56.5 million deal with American insurance corporation AIG became the most valuable in the world.
From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11.
In 2021, United co-chairman Joel Glazer said that "early-stage planning work" for the redevelopment of Old Trafford was underway. This followed "increasing criticism" over the lack of development of the ground since 2006.
In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United secured a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup final.
On March 31, 2007, 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, reaching its peak attendance with just 114 seats unoccupied.
In June 2007, Manchester United's debts reached a high of £777 million.
In the 2006–07 season, Manchester United regained the Premier League title.
In December 2008, Manchester United became the first British team to win the FIFA Club World Cup, defeating LDU Quito 1-0 in the final.
During the 2008–09 season, an all-blue kit was launched to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success.
In 2008, Manchester United won the FIFA Club World Cup, making them one of only three British clubs to achieve this feat.
In 2009, a reorganisation of the seating at Old Trafford resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.
In the 2009–10 season, Manchester United finished as runners-up to Chelsea.
In January 2010, with debts of £716.5 million, Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million.
At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aon became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.
From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11.
In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defense of a knockout cup competition.
In the 2009–10 season, Manchester United finished as runners-up to Chelsea.
On 14 May 2011, Manchester United achieved a record 19th league title, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers.
In August 2011, Manchester United agreed a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million, making them the first training kit sponsor in English football.
In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange.
In 2011, Brand Finance valued Manchester United's trademarks and intellectual property at £412 million.
The 2011–12 Manchester United away kit had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks.
In July 2012, Forbes magazine ranked the Manchester United brand first among sports teams, valuing it at $2.23 billion.
In July 2012, Manchester United announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange.
On July 30, 2012, Manchester United signed a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season.
In October 2012, Manchester United bought back the training kit contract from DHL after over a year, although they remained the club's official logistics partner.
From 2012, some shares of Manchester United were listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
In 2012, Manchester United offered shares to the public with lesser voting rights than those retained by the Glazers.
In 2012, The Guardian estimated that Manchester United had paid over £500 million in debt interest and fees on behalf of the Glazers.
Manchester United and Manchester City fought for trophies, such as the league title in 2012.
The 2012-13 season saw the beginning of Manchester United's journey to their 20th league title, secured in April 2013.
In January 2013, Manchester United became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion.
In April 2013, the contract for the training kit sponsorship was sold to Aon for a deal worth £180 million over eight years, which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre.
On 22 April 2013, Manchester United secured their 20th league title, achieving the championship with a 3–0 home win against Aston Villa.
On 8 May 2013, Alex Ferguson announced that he would retire as manager at the end of the football season, remaining at the club as a director and club ambassador.
From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11.
In 2013, Alex Ferguson retired as Manchester United's manager, concluding his 26 year long tenure.
In 2018, United finished second in the league, their highest league placing since 2013.
Manchester United and Manchester City fought for trophies, such as the league title in 2013.
On 22 April 2014, Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager after David Moyes was sacked following a poor season.
On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs as his assistant. Malcolm Glazer died on 28 May 2014.
A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League.
In the 2014–15 season, a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors began, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor.
In the 2014–15 season, the Manchester United third kit was traditionally all-blue.
Between 2002 and 2015, Manchester United had a key sponsorship relationship with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership.
In 2015, Nike's record-breaking £302.9 million deal with the club ended.
Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.
On 27 May 2016, José Mourinho was appointed as the manager of Manchester United.
In 2016-17, Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €676.3 million.
In 2016-17, Manchester United won the UEFA Europa League under José Mourinho.
In the 2016-2017 season, Manchester United won the UEFA Europa League.
Since 2016, the Manchester United team has experimented with various colors and designs, moving away from the traditional white for the away kit.
In January 2017, Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal for United, surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as the club's all-time top scorer.
The bonds worth £504 million issued in January 2010 by Manchester United matured on 1 February 2017.
In June 2017, Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list with a valuation of $3.689 billion.
In 2017, Manchester United won the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, beating Ajax in the final and becoming the fifth club to win the "European Treble".
On 18 December 2018, José Mourinho was sacked as manager after 144 games in charge.
Ahead of the 2018–19 season, plumbing products manufacturer Kohler became the club's first sleeve sponsor.
For 2018–19, black shorts and red socks became the primary choice for the home kit.
In 2018, Manchester United formed a new women's football team, which entered the second division of women's football in England for their debut season.
On 28 March 2019, Ole Gunnar Solskjær was appointed permanent manager on a three-year deal.
As of 2019, the Glazers retain ultimate control over Manchester United, holding over 70% of shares and higher voting power.
In 2019, Manchester United was ranked as the world's third-most-valuable football club, valued at £3.15 billion ($3.81 billion).
In 2019, reports indicated that the total sum paid by Manchester United for debt interest and fees had risen to £1 billion, with a net debt of nearly £400 million.
On 2 February 2021, Manchester United equalled their own record for the biggest win in Premier League history with a 9–0 win over Southampton.
On 18 April 2021, Manchester United announced that they were joining 11 other European clubs as founding members of the European Super League, but withdrew two days later due to backlash.
On 2 May 2021, protests against Woodward and the Glazer family led to a pitch invasion ahead of a league match against Liverpool, which saw the first postponement of a Premier League game due to supporter protests in the competition's history.
On 20 November 2021, Solskjær left his role as manager.
Ahead of the 2021–22 season, Manchester United signed a five-year, £235 million sponsorship deal with TeamViewer.
Erik ten Hag was appointed as the manager from the end of the 2021–22 season.
In 2021, United co-chairman Joel Glazer announced that "early-stage planning work" for the redevelopment of Old Trafford was underway.
On 21 April 2022, Erik ten Hag was appointed as the manager from the end of the 2021–22 season.
In March 2023, Finnish entrepreneur Thomas Zilliacus made his interest in Manchester United public.
On 5 March 2023, Manchester United suffered their joint-heaviest defeat, losing 7–0 to rivals Liverpool at Anfield.
On 24 December 2023, it was announced that Ratcliffe had purchased 25 per cent of Manchester United, and that his Ineos Sport company was taking control of football operations.
At the end of the 2023–24 season, TeamViewer were replaced by Snapdragon, who agreed a deal worth more than £60 million a year to take over as the club's main sponsor.
In 2023, the Red Devil motif alone was used as the sole badge on the Manchester United third kit.
Manchester United and Manchester City played in two consecutive FA Cup finals, one of which was in 2023.
In August 2024, Snapdragon's parent company Qualcomm triggered an option to extend the deal by two years, taking it through to 2029.
On 28 October 2024, Manchester United sacked Erik ten Hag after the club managed just three wins in the opening nine games of the Premier League season.
In November 2024, it was revealed that the majority of fans surveyed are in favor of a new stadium build rather than redevelopment of the existing Old Trafford.
On 1 November 2024, Manchester United announced that they would be appointing Sporting CP boss Ruben Amorim as their new head coach from 11 November 2024.
In December 2024, Ratcliffe's shareholdings in Manchester United increased to 28.94%, although the Glazers remain as majority shareholders.
Manchester United and Manchester City played in two consecutive FA Cup finals, one of which was in 2024.
On March 11, 2025, the club announced that it had retained Foster and Partners to construct a new, 100,000-capacity stadium adjacent to Old Trafford.
Erik ten Hag's contract signing of 21 April 2022 states that the contract continues until June 2025 with the option of extending for a further year.
In August 2024, Snapdragon's parent company Qualcomm triggered an option to extend the deal by two years, taking it through to 2029.
In March 2025, the club announced that the new stadium being built would be under consideration as a host venue for the 2035 FIFA Women's World Cup.
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