A supreme court, the court of last resort in many legal systems, sits atop the judicial hierarchy. Its decisions are binding on all lower courts within a nation, and are not subject to review. While primarily functioning as an appellate court, hearing appeals from lower courts, a supreme court may also, in certain cases, act as a court of original jurisdiction, hearing cases for the first time.
In 1903, the High Court of Australia was formally established, and its initial members were appointed under the Judiciary Act of 1903.
In 1909, the Supreme Administrative Court was founded in Sweden to function as the highest court for disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs.
On February 16, 1920, the Supreme Court of Iceland held its first session, marking the exercise of the highest judicial power in the country.
In 1920, Austria's Constitution, based on Hans Kelsen's draft, introduced judicial review of legislative acts performed by the Constitutional Court.
In 1933, the federal Parliament of Canada abolished appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in criminal matters.
In 1933, the right of appeal to the Privy Council from the Supreme Court of the Irish Free State was abolished.
In 1945, The Supreme Court of Indonesia was founded at the country's independence.
From 1947 to 1950, the Privy Council had the function of apex court.
In 1949, all appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were abolished in Canada, although pending appeals could still be decided by the Judicial Committee.
In January 1950, the Supreme Court of India was created following the adoption of the Constitution.
From 1950 to 1956, the Federal Court of Pakistan had the function of apex court.
Since 1956, the Supreme Court has been the apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic.
In 1972, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh was established according to the provisions outlined in the Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972.
In 1972, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was established following the adoption of a new Constitution.
In 1973, the Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates was created after the adoption of the Constitution.
In 1976, an agreement between Nauru and Australia was established, allowing appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases, with the exception of constitutional cases.
In 1979, the High Court of Australia Act 1979 further defined the operations of the court.
Until 1980, the High Court of New Zealand was known as the Supreme Court.
In 1987, the Philippine Constitution explicitly granted the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions.
In 1994, the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in South Africa, replacing the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters.
In 1997, Hong Kong's Supreme Court (now known as the High Court) ceased to be the final court of appeal due to the transfer of sovereignty.
Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998 were transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act.
In 1999, the right of abode issue in Hong Kong caused controversy and raised concerns for judicial independence.
In 2001, the constitutional amendment to establish the Constitutional Court of Indonesia was passed.
In 2003, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia was established.
In 2003, the right of appeal to the Privy Council from New Zealand was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act (2003).
Until 2003, there was a Supreme Military Court for the military jurisdiction. Now, the Supreme Court of Justice includes four military judges.
In 2004, the new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of the year, but did not begin operating until July.
The Constitutional Reform Act of 2005 established the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
Since a constitutional amendment of 2007, the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament.
On October 1, 2009, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom was established, replacing the judicial functions of the House of Lords.
In 2009, the Supreme Court was established, taking over the judicial functions previously held by the House of Lords.
In August 2013, the Constitution of South Africa was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.
In 2015, the case of Teina Pora was the final case from New Zealand to be heard by the Privy Council. The Privy Council ruled in his favor.
In 2018, the court system in Iceland was transformed from a two-level system to a three-level system with the establishment of Landsréttur.
The Justice Court of the Republic is scheduled for deletion in a constitutional amendment due for 2019.
Until 2022, the Council of Grand Justices was a previous form of Constitutional review organ.
As of 2023, the High Court has never been convened.
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