West Nile virus (WNV), a Flavivirus related to Japanese encephalitis, causes West Nile fever. Primarily transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, it cycles mainly between birds and mosquitoes. Humans and horses can contract the virus and exhibit disease symptoms, while other animals rarely do. WNV is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, which also includes Zika, dengue, and yellow fever viruses.
Mosquitoes in Marseilles, Illinois tested positive for West Nile Virus. An infectious disease specialist warned most human cases go undetected. South Dakota Department of Health predicted a West Nile Virus outbreak, urging public vigilance.
In 1937, the West Nile virus was first isolated in the West Nile district of Uganda, which is how the virus got its name.
In 1999, the first North American cases of West Nile Virus were reported. Following this, the virus spread throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America. There have been human and equine cases, and many birds are infected.
In 2002, equine West Nile Virus vaccines were introduced in the United States, leading to a significant decline in the number of WNV cases among vaccinated horse populations.
In 2007, a fatal case of West Nile Virus in a killer whale in Texas broadened the known host range of West Nile virus to include cetaceans.
In 2008, lineage 2 of the West Nile virus, previously only seen in horses in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, began to appear in horses in Europe, with the first known outbreak affecting 18 animals in Hungary.
In 2010, Lineage 1 West Nile virus was detected in South Africa in a mare and her aborted fetus. Previously, only lineage 2 West Nile virus had been detected in horses and humans in South Africa.
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