College football originated in the late 19th century, evolving from rugby and association football. The first game was played in 1869 between Princeton and Rutgers using modified soccer rules. Early games lacked standardized rules, with home teams dictating gameplay. Throughout the 1870s, rugby-inspired rules were adopted, shaping modern football. In 1876, the Intercollegiate Football Association established the first codified ruleset, but the game continued to evolve substantially for many years.
In May 1900, Yost was hired as the football coach at Stanford University, marking a significant step in his coaching career.
On August 21, 1900, Fielding H. Yost arrived in Palo Alto, California, to begin his tenure as the football coach at Stanford University.
On December 4, 1900, the last victim of the "Thanksgiving Day Disaster", which killed spectators at the Big Game, died, bringing the death toll to 22.
On November 22, 1901, Stetson defeated Florida Agricultural College at Lake City 6-0, marking the first intercollegiate football game played between official varsity teams in the state of Florida.
In 1901, Yost was hired by Charles A. Baird as the head football coach for the Michigan Wolverines football team.
In 1901, led by coach Fielding H. Yost, the Michigan Wolverines began their ascent as the first "western" national power in college football.
In 1901, the University of Colorado continued its early success in American football, marking a period of significant achievement for the program.
On January 1, 1902, Fielding H. Yost's Michigan Wolverines defeated Stanford in the inaugural "Tournament East-West football game", known today as the Rose Bowl Game.
On September 27, 1902, Georgetown beat Navy 4-0 in a game where Georgetown authorities claim to have featured the first ever "roving center" or linebacker when Percy Given stood up.
In 1902, Michigan participated in the first college football bowl game, later known as the Rose Bowl Game, marking a significant milestone in the history of college football and bowl games.
In 1903, Pop Warner used the hidden ball trick at Carlisle against Harvard, garnering national attention.
In 1903, a game between Cumberland and Heisman's Clemson, scheduled in Montgomery, Alabama for an "SIAA championship game", ended in an 11-11 tie, leading to multiple teams claiming the title.
In 1904, notable coaching hires occurred in the south with Mike Donahue at Auburn, John Heisman at Georgia Tech, and Dan McGugin at Vanderbilt.
On October 9, 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt held a meeting with football representatives from Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, urging them to reduce injuries but never threatening to ban the sport.
On November 11, 1905, the Big Game between Stanford and Cal was played at Stanford Field for the first time, with Stanford winning 12-5.
On December 28, 1905, 62 schools convened in New York City to discuss rule changes aimed at enhancing safety in college football. This meeting led to the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States in 1906.
By 1905, college football's increasing popularity was overshadowed by its rising violence, with 330 athlete deaths between 1890 and 1905 due to dangerous formations and tackling.
In 1905, Dan McGugin and Captain Innis Brown of Vanderbilt scouted Sewanee play Georgia Tech, marking the first known instance of scouting in the South.
In 1905, Michigan's remarkable 56-game undefeated streak, which began in 1901, came to an end, marking a significant turning point in the early history of college football.
On September 5, 1906, Bradbury Robinson of Saint Louis University threw the first legal forward pass in a game against Carroll College at Waukesha. This marked a significant change in the sport.
In 1906, Fuzzy Woodruff claims Davidson was the first in the south to throw a legal forward pass.
In 1906, Rugby league introduced the play-the-ball rule, which greatly resembled Camp's early scrimmage and center-snap rules, influenced by Walter Camp's American football innovations.
In 1906, Vanderbilt defeated Carlisle 4 to 0, with the result of a Bob Blake field goal.
In 1906, citing concerns about violence in American football, West Coast universities, including California and Stanford, replaced the sport with rugby union.
In 1906, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) was formed after a series of meetings that started with President Roosevelt. The IAAUS became the original rule-making body for college football and later sponsored championships in other sports.
In 1907, Vanderbilt fought Navy to a 6 to 6 tie.
In 1909, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC) was founded with four members: Colorado, Colorado College, Colorado School of Mines, and Colorado Agricultural College.
In 1909, the scoring rules changed, lowering field goals to three points.
In 1910, Vanderbilt held defending national champion Yale to a scoreless tie.
In 1910, new rules were formally adopted requiring at least seven offensive players on the line of scrimmage, prohibiting pushing or pulling, and banning interlocking interference. These changes aimed to reduce collision injuries.
In 1910, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) adopted its current name, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The NCAA continues to set the rules governing college football.
In 1910, the University of Denver and the University of Utah joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC), expanding its membership.
On November 25, 1911, Kansas played at Missouri in the first homecoming football game. The game was broadcast play-by-play over telegraph to fans in Lawrence, Kansas, and ended in a 3–3 tie.
In 1911, USC joined other West Coast schools in switching from American football to rugby union due to concerns about violence in the sport.
In 1912, the scoring rules changed, raising touchdowns to six points.
In 1913, Knute Rockne rose to prominence as an end for the University of Notre Dame, helping the team defeat Army using innovative forward passing.
In 1914, the first roughing-the-passer penalty was implemented, offering quarterbacks additional protection.
In 1915, California returned to American football, citing rule changes, student desire, and a wish to play East Coast schools.
In 1915, the Southwest Athletic Conference, consisting mostly of schools from Texas, was founded.
In 1915, the Yale Bowl stadium was built. It was the inspiration for the Rose Bowl stadium and the naming of bowl games.
On October 7, 1916, John Heisman's Georgia Tech Golden Tornado won 222 to 0 over Cumberland in the most lopsided victory in college football history.
In 1916, Stanford continued to play rugby union, facing Santa Clara in their "Big Game" as California played football against Washington.
In 1916, the Tournament of Roses decided to reattempt the postseason game, after it was not played annually after the initial 1902 game.
In 1917, Georgia Tech's team, led by a powerful backfield and featuring All-Americans Walker Carpenter and Everett Strupper, was the first national champion from the South.
In 1917, Stanford continued to play rugby union, facing Santa Clara in their "Big Game" as California played football against Washington.
In 1917, the Auburn Tigers tied undefeated Ohio State. The same year, Tech center Bum Day became the first player on a Southern team ever selected first-team All-American by Walter Camp.
The year 1917 saw the rise of another Southern team in Centre of Danville, Kentucky.
In 1918, Knute Rockne returned to coach the Notre Dame team, devising the powerful Notre Dame Box offense.
In 1918, Stanford designated the Students' Army Training Corps headquarters switched back to American football due to World War I and the commanding officer's decree.
In 1918, rules regarding eligible receivers were relaxed, allowing eligible players to catch the ball anywhere on the field, opening up the passing game.
In 1919, John Heisman left Georgia Tech, but his "jump shift" offense was still employed by protégé William Alexander.
On October 8, 1921, the game between West Virginia and Pittsburgh saw the first live radio broadcast of a college football game, announced by Harold W. Arlin on KDKA. Pitt won 21–13.
In 1921, Bo McMillin-led Centre upset defending national champion Harvard 6 to 0 in what is widely considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history.
On October 28, 1922, Princeton and Chicago played the first game to be nationally broadcast on radio. Princeton won 21–18.
In 1923, the Rose Bowl stadium was built in Pasadena, California. Its shape, resembling the Yale Bowl, led to the adoption of the term "bowl" for other similar stadiums and games.
In 1924, Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team featured the Four Horsemen backfield.
In 1924, Walter Camp personally selected his annual All-American team for the last time, continuing a tradition he started in 1889, solidifying his lasting influence on recognizing outstanding college football players.
In 1925, Wallace Wade coached Alabama to the South's first Rose Bowl victory. This game is commonly referred to as "the game that changed the south".
In 1925, Walter Camp, a pivotal figure in the development of American football, passed away, marking the end of his active involvement in shaping the sport's rules and traditions.
Wallace William Wade's 1925 Alabama team won the 1926 Rose Bowl after receiving its first national title.
Wallace William Wade's 1925 Alabama team won the 1926 Rose Bowl after receiving its first national title.
Georgia's 1927 "dream and wonder team" defeated Yale for the first time.
In 1927, Glenn "Pop" Warner wrote one of the first important books of football strategy, Football for Coaches and Players.
In 1927, Knute Rockne's complex shifts led directly to a rule change requiring all offensive players to stop for a full second before the ball could be snapped.
William Alexander's 1928 Georgia Tech team defeated California in the 1929 Rose Bowl.
On October 12, 1929, Yale lost to Georgia in Sanford Stadium during its first trip to the South.
William Alexander's 1928 Georgia Tech team defeated California in the 1929 Rose Bowl.
In 1930, Wallace Wade's Alabama team again won a national championship and Rose Bowl.
In 1931, the University of Southern California was awarded the national title.
Knute Rockne died in a plane crash in 1931. His funeral was broadcast nationally on radio, showcasing his fame.
In 1932, the Southeastern Conference (SEC) was formed, consisting mostly of schools in the Deep South.
In 1932, the University of Southern California was awarded the national title.
In 1933, Parke H. Davis marked the end of the "Period of Rules Committees and Conferences" (1894-1933), concluding a specific era in the evolution of college football rules and organization.
In 1934, the rules committee removed penalties for incomplete passes and shrunk the circumference of the ball to make it easier to throw, encouraging the growth of the passing game.
In 1935, the Downtown Athletic Club of New York City awarded the inaugural Heisman Trophy to Jay Berwanger, a halfback from the University of Chicago. This award, designed by Frank Eliscu and modeled after Ed Smith, recognizes the most outstanding college football player.
In 1935, the Orange Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and Sun Bowl were created, expanding the bowl game landscape.
In 1936, Jay Berwanger, the first Heisman Trophy winner, was also the first-ever NFL draft pick. This marked a significant moment in his career, following his recognition as the nation's most outstanding college football player in 1935.
In 1936, the Associated Press (AP) began its weekly poll of prominent sports writers, ranking college football teams and eventually using the final poll to determine the national champion.
In 1937, the Cotton Bowl was created, further expanding the bowl game landscape.
In 1938, Texas Christian University (TCU) won the national championship as part of the Southwest Athletic Conference.
In 1939, Texas A&M won the national championship, continuing the Southwest Athletic Conference's success.
In 1940, at the highest level of college football, only five bowl games existed: the Rose, Orange, Sugar, Sun, and Cotton Bowls. This represented the limited postseason opportunities available to teams at the time.
In 1944, amid World War II, the Army football team secured a national title, with returning players from the war. This was under the guidance of coach Red Blaik, marking a significant achievement during a time of national conflict.
In 1945, Army secured another national title, marking back-to-back wins under coach Red Blaik. Key players Doc Blanchard (Mr. Inside) and Glenn Davis (Mr. Outside) contributed to their success, with Blanchard winning the Heisman Trophy in 1945.
In 1946, Glenn Davis, known as "Mr. Outside", won the Heisman Trophy, following Doc Blanchard's win the previous year. Both players were instrumental in Army's football success during and after World War II.
By 1950, three more bowl games had been added to the college football schedule, bringing the total to eight major bowl games. This indicated a gradual increase in postseason opportunities for college teams.
In 1950, Oklahoma, coached by Bud Wilkinson, won a national title. This marked the beginning of a dominant era for the team, characterized by a strong running game and multiple championships.
In 1952, the NCAA asserted control over all television broadcasting rights for its member institutions' games. The NCAA then exclusively negotiated television rights, influencing how college football was broadcasted and viewed nationally.
In 1953, the Michigan State Spartans joined the Big Ten athletically. This was a period known as the "football factory" era for the Spartans, with coaches Clarence Munn and Duffy Daugherty leading them to national titles.
In 1954, Ohio State, coached by Woody Hayes, won a national title, marking a significant achievement for the program. This was part of a decade that saw a revival of the running game in college football.
In 1955, Oklahoma, led by coach Bud Wilkinson, secured another national title. During this time, the running game was emphasized, with passing attempts decreasing across college football.
In 1956, Oklahoma won another national title under Bud Wilkinson. Additionally, Notre Dame quarterback Paul Hornung, despite being on a losing team, won the Heisman Trophy, a unique achievement in college football history.
In 1956, the Sugar Bowl gained international attention when Georgia's pro-segregationist Governor Griffin publicly threatened Georgia Tech and its President Blake Van Leer for allowing an African American player to participate in the collegiate bowl game in the south. This highlighted racial tensions and segregationist sentiments during that time.
In 1957, Ohio State, under the leadership of Woody Hayes, secured another national title. This continued their success in a decade dominated by strong running teams.
Following the 1958 NFL Championship Game's widespread success, college football began to lose its national popularity to the NFL. While television benefited both sports, the NFL gained broader national appeal, while college football retained strong regional ties.
In 1966, ABC Sports launched a national 'Game of the Week' broadcast, marking the first time key college football matchups and rivalries reached a widespread national audience. This significantly increased the sport's national visibility and popularity.
In 1966, Rugby League introduced a four-tackle rule (later changed to six in 1972), based on Camp's early down-and-distance rules, further illustrating Camp's lasting impact on the sport.
In 1970, the landscape of college football still only featured eight major bowl games, highlighting the limited number of postseason opportunities available for teams at the time.
In 1972, Rugby League changed the four-tackle rule implemented in 1966, based on Camp's early down-and-distance rules, to a six-tackle rule.
By 1976, the number of major college bowl games had grown to eleven, slowly expanding the postseason opportunities for college football teams.
In 1979, an NCAA committee proposed a four-team playoff following bowl games, marking an early challenge to the existing system. This proposal, however, did not gain significant traction at the time.
By 1980, the number of bowl games had increased to fifteen with the rise of cable television and sports networks. This marked a turning point, leading to significant growth in bowl game opportunities.
In 1984, a Supreme Court ruling, stemming from a suit under the Sherman Antitrust Act, challenged the NCAA's exclusive control over television rights. This decision allowed individual schools to negotiate their own television deals, reshaping the landscape of college football broadcasting.
In 1992, seven conferences and independent Notre Dame formed the Bowl Coalition. This coalition aimed to create an annual No. 1 versus No. 2 matchup based on the final AP poll standings, but scheduling issues limited its success.
In 1995, the Bowl Coalition was replaced by the Bowl Alliance, reducing the number of bowl games hosting a national championship to three and limiting participating conferences. This aimed to guarantee a No. 1 versus No. 2 matchup but still excluded key conferences and the Rose Bowl.
In 1998, during the final year of the Bowl Alliance, Michigan won the Rose Bowl and Nebraska won the Orange Bowl. This outcome highlighted the complexities of determining a national champion when major conferences were not fully integrated into the system.
In 1998, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was introduced, including all major conferences and four major bowl games, with one serving as the national championship. This system used a complex ranking formula to determine the No. 1 and No. 2 teams for the championship game.
In the 1998 season, the Bowl Championship Series was first used as a selection method to determine the national championship game participants.
In 2005, Utah was selected for a BCS bowl game, marking one of the few instances a team from a non-AQ conference received a BCS bowl invitation. This highlighted the changing landscape of college football and the potential for broader representation.
In 2006, the BCS system was adjusted with the addition of a fifth game, the National Championship Game. This allowed the four other BCS bowls to use their normal selection process, while the top two teams in the BCS rankings played in the new National Championship Game.
Starting with the 2006 season, a fifth game, the BCS National Championship Game, was added to the schedule, expanding the BCS to include two additional at-large teams. This created more opportunities for non-AQ conference teams to participate in BCS bowl games.
By 2008, a total of 20 additional bowl games had been added to the schedule since 1980, reflecting a substantial increase in postseason opportunities. This growth has been both praised for increased revenue and criticized for diluting the significance of bowl games.
In 2009, the Fiesta Bowl featured a matchup between Boise State and TCU, marking the first time two schools from non-AQ conferences played each other in a BCS bowl game. This showcased the rising prominence of teams from outside the traditional power conferences.
In the 2009 season, there were 34 bowl games, which meant that 68 out of 120 Division I FBS teams were invited to participate. Bowl eligibility requires teams to win at least 6 games during the season.
In 2012, Northern Illinois reached a BCS bowl game, becoming the last team from a non-AQ conference to do so during the BCS era. This appearance highlighted the challenges and opportunities for teams outside the major conferences.
In 2013, Northern Illinois played in the Orange Bowl but lost, marking the final appearance of a non-AQ conference team in a BCS bowl game. This event capped an era of attempts to provide access for teams outside the major conferences.
In 2013, the Division I FCS playoff expanded from 20 to 24 teams, providing more teams an opportunity to compete for the national championship. This change altered the structure and accessibility of the FCS playoffs.
The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) ended after the 2013 season, marking a shift in how the national champion was determined.
Beginning with the 2014 season, the FBS national champion was determined by a four-team tournament known as the College Football Playoff (CFP). A selection committee of college football experts decides the participating teams.
In 2014, a majority of major collegiate football programs operated at a financial loss, highlighting a disconnect between the perception of profitability and the actual financial outcomes.
In 2014, the College Football Playoff (CFP) was established, though it is not directly run by the NCAA. Despite this, the NCAA still does not recognize an official FBS national championship, continuing its policy even after the CFP's creation.
In 2014, the NAIA initially allowed all student-athletes at its member schools to receive Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) compensation, marking the beginning of reforms in this area.
Started in 2014 season, four Division I FBS teams are selected at the end of regular season to compete in a playoff for the FBS national championship. The inaugural champion was Ohio State University. The College Football Playoff replaced the Bowl Championship Series
According to a 2017 study on the brains of deceased gridiron football players, a high percentage of players at various levels (NFL, CFL, semi-professional, college, and high school) had various stages of CTE.
In 2020, the NAIA specifically allowed student-athletes to reference their athletic participation in their endorsement deals, expanding the scope of NIL compensation.
In July 2021, the NCAA passed its own Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) reform, similar to the NAIA's recent reform, after being influenced by multiple states passing legislation allowing NIL compensation.
On June 3, 2021, the NCAA's board of directors adopted a temporary rule change that opened the door for Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) activity, instructing schools to set their own policies with minimal guidelines. On July 1, 2021, the new rules went into effect, allowing student-athletes to start signing endorsements using their NIL.
In 2023, the NCAA established separate rules committees for each division (I, II, and III). This initiative aimed to give each division greater autonomy over its governance and playing rules.
As of 2024, colleges are able to field a team in NCAA and are not restricted from fielding teams in club or sprint football. Some colleges field two teams, but no schools field both club and sprint teams at the same time.
In 2024, an agreement was reached on College Football Playoff expansion to 12 teams.
In 2024, it was observed that the vast majority (88.6%) of NFL players had previously played college football, highlighting college football's role as a primary source for professional football talent in the NFL, CFL, and UFL.
In the 2025 College Football Playoff, the Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the Notre Dame Fighting Irish 34–23. The Ohio State Buckeyes won the most recent playoff.
The current arrangement for the College Football Playoff (CFP) with six major bowl games rotating as semi-final games, was contractually locked in until the 2026 season.