History of Keystone Pipeline in Timeline
The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010 and jointly owned by TC Energy and the Government of Alberta. It transports oil from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, as well as to oil tank farms and a distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma. The pipeline has been the subject of much debate, raising concerns about its potential environmental impact, particularly regarding greenhouse gas emissions and the risk of oil spills. Proponents, however, argue that the pipeline provides energy security and economic benefits.
1983: Eleanor Fairchild Acquires Land
In 1983, Eleanor Fairchild acquired the land that would later be subject to eminent domain proceedings by TransCanada for the Keystone XL pipeline.
2002: Pipeline crosses active seismic zone
In 2002, it was noted that portions of the Keystone Pipeline would cross an active seismic zone, which had experienced a 4.3-magnitude earthquake. Concerns were raised about TransCanada's application to use thinner steel and higher pumping pressures.
2004: TransCanada's Aboriginal Relations Policy
In 2004, TransCanada implemented an Aboriginal Relations policy and donated to the University of Toronto to promote Aboriginal health education and research. An Aboriginal Human Resource Strategy was also developed to facilitate employment and business opportunities for Indigenous people.
2005: Keystone Pipeline Proposed
The Keystone Pipeline project was initially proposed in 2005 by TransCanada Corporation.
September 21, 2007: Canadian Approval for Keystone Pipeline
Canada's National Energy Board approved the construction of the Canadian section of the Keystone Pipeline on September 21, 2007.
October 2007: TransCanada Faces Construction Cost Overruns
In October 2007, TransCanada nearly doubled its construction cost estimates for the Keystone pipeline from $2.8 billion to $5.2 billion. This significant increase led to disputes with refiners who accused TransCanada of misleading them at the time of signing shipping contracts, causing financial controversies.
October 2007: Union Opposition to Keystone Pipeline
In October 2007, the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada opposed the Keystone Pipeline, expressing concerns about its impact on Canadian jobs and energy security.
2007: US Oil Imports from Venezuela High
In 2007, the United States heavily relied on crude oil imports from Venezuela, despite political tensions.
January 22, 2008: ConocoPhillips Acquires Stake in Keystone
ConocoPhillips acquired a 50% stake in the Keystone Pipeline project on January 22, 2008.
March 17, 2008: US Presidential Permit for Keystone Pipeline
The US Department of State issued a Presidential Permit for the Keystone Pipeline on March 17, 2008, during George W. Bush's presidency.
June 2008: Keystone XL Extension Proposed
The Keystone XL extension was proposed in June 2008.
2008: Mechanical damage linked to 2017 pipeline failure
The 2017 Keystone pipeline leak was later attributed to mechanical damage caused by a metal tracked vehicle in 2008, which damaged the pipeline and its coating, leading to the major spill.
September 2009: NEB Hearings on Keystone Pipeline Begin
The National Energy Board (NEB) started hearings on the Keystone Pipeline project in September 2009.
September 2009: CVR sues TransCanada over pipeline tolls
In September 2009, CVR, an independent refiner, sued TransCanada over increased tolls for the Keystone Pipeline, seeking $250 million in damages or release from transportation agreements, citing significant cost overruns on both Canadian and U.S. segments.
October 2009: NRDC lawsuit against Keystone pipeline
In October 2009, the Natural Resources Defense Council filed a lawsuit challenging the Keystone pipeline's permit based on an inadequate environmental impact statement. The case was dismissed by a federal judge on procedural grounds, stating the NRDC lacked the authority to bring it.
2009: Global Environmental Protests Led by Bill McKibben
In 2009, environmental activist Bill McKibben and his organization 350.org led a significant global protest against the Keystone XL pipeline, which was noted by CNN as the most widespread day of political action at that time. This opposition played a crucial role in the broader environmental movement against the pipeline.
2009: TransCanada Becomes Sole Owner of Keystone
TransCanada became the sole owner of the Keystone Pipeline in 2009 after buying out ConocoPhillips' shares.
March 2010: National Energy Board Approves Keystone Project
The National Energy Board approved the Keystone Pipeline project in March 2010.
March 2010: NRDC opposes Keystone XL Pipeline
In March 2010, the Natural Resources Defense Council released a report opposing the Keystone XL Pipeline, arguing it undermines U.S. clean energy goals by transporting costly, environmentally damaging oil sands fuel.
April 2010: Refineries sue TransCanada over Keystone contracts
In April 2010, three smaller refineries filed lawsuits against TransCanada aiming to break Keystone transportation contracts due to cost overruns on the new pipeline.
June 2010: Keystone Pipeline Becomes Operational
The Keystone Pipeline from Hardisty, Alberta to Patoka, Illinois became operational in June 2010.
June 2010: Keystone Pipeline Phase I Completed
Keystone Pipeline Phase I was completed in June 2010, delivering oil from Hardisty, Alberta to Steele City, Nebraska, and on to Illinois.
June 23, 2010: Congressional Democrats warn against Keystone XL
On June 23, 2010, 50 Democrats in Congress warned Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that the Keystone XL Pipeline could undermine clean energy efforts and international climate commitments, due to the high fossil fuel input required for tar sands oil.
July 21, 2010: EPA Criticizes Keystone Environmental Impact Study
On July 21, 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criticized the State Department's draft environmental impact study for the Keystone Pipeline, citing concerns about oil spill response plans, safety, and greenhouse gas emissions.
December 2010: Launch of No Tar Sands Oil campaign
In December 2010, environmental groups launched the No Tar Sands Oil campaign to oppose the Keystone XL Pipeline, citing environmental concerns associated with oil sands extraction and transportation.
2010: Keystone Pipeline Begins Operation
The original Keystone Pipeline System started operating in 2010, spanning 3,461 kilometers and delivering Canadian crude oil to U.S. Midwest markets and Cushing, Oklahoma. Phase I involved converting existing natural gas pipelines and building new ones in Canada.
2010: Increased Oil Transportation by Rail Due to Pipeline Capacity Issues
Since 2010, the rise in oil production in North Dakota exceeded pipeline capacity, leading to increased transportation of crude oil by rail and truck. This situation was highlighted by the safety concerns following the 2013 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster, emphasizing the perceived safety of pipelines over rail transportation.
2010: Concerns Over Pipeline Construction and Spills
In 2010, pipeline opponents highlighted the potential disruption to farms and ranches during Keystone XL's construction, citing the Enbridge Tar Oil Spill in Michigan as an example of the economic and environmental risks posed by pipeline spills. They warned of significant economic impacts if spills were to occur.
2010: Concerns Over Pipeline Spill Threatening Ogallala Aquifer
In 2010, fears arose that a spill from the Keystone Pipeline could jeopardize the Ogallala Aquifer, a crucial freshwater reserve spanning eight states. Critics warned that a major leak could contaminate drinking water and harm the midwestern U.S. economy.
2010: Keystone operations begin amidst risk assessments
In 2010, Keystone Pipeline operations commenced, despite risk assessments indicating the potential for substantial oil leaks, which later materialized more frequently than initially reported by the company.
2010: Concerns About Pipeline Overcapacity
In 2010, Glen Perry from Adira Energy raised concerns about an overcapacity of oil pipelines from Canada, including Keystone XL and the Alberta Clipper owned by Enbridge. He warned that pipelines might run under capacity, leading to legal actions by refining companies due to construction cost overruns.
2010: Keystone Pipeline System Commissioned
The Keystone Pipeline System was commissioned in 2010.
February 2011: Keystone-Cushing Extension (Phase II) Completed
The Keystone-Cushing extension (Phase II) was completed in February 2011, running from Steele City to Cushing, Oklahoma.
May 2011: Landowners Testify to Congress
In May 2011, several landowners testified before the House Energy and Commerce Committee regarding TransCanada's use of eminent domain for the Keystone XL pipeline project.
June 3, 2011: PHMSA issues Corrective Action Order to TransCanada
On June 3, 2011, the Pipeline Hazardous Materials and Safety Administration (PHMSA) issued a Corrective Action Order (CAO) to TransCanada following leaks in the Keystone Pipeline in May 2011.
August 26, 2011: Final environmental impact report released
On August 26, 2011, the final environmental impact report was published, indicating the Keystone Pipeline would have no significant impacts on most resources, provided environmental measures were followed. However, it noted significant adverse effects on certain cultural resources.
September 2011: Cornell ILR Global Labor Institute releases Keystone XL Report
In September 2011, the Cornell ILR Global Labor Institute published its analysis on the Keystone XL Pipeline, assessing impacts on employment, the environment, energy independence, and the economy.
September 2011: Joe Oliver criticizes oil sands opponents
In September 2011, Canada's Minister of Natural Resources, Joe Oliver, gave a speech sharply criticizing opponents of oil sands development. He argued that oil sands contribute minimally to global greenhouse-gas emissions compared to other sources like U.S. coal power plants. Oliver highlighted that California bitumen is more greenhouse-gas-intensive than the oil sands.
September 19, 2011: Indigenous Leaders Arrested Protesting Keystone XL
On September 19, 2011, Indigenous leaders were arrested while protesting the Keystone XL pipeline outside the White House. They voiced concerns about the potential destruction of cultural resources on their treaty lands.
October 2011: Impartiality of Environmental Analysis Questioned
In October 2011, concerns arose about the impartiality of the Keystone XL's environmental impact analysis conducted by Cardno Entrix, a firm with ties to TransCanada.
October 17, 2011: TransCanada Takes Landowners to Court
As of October 17, 2011, TransCanada had filed numerous eminent domain actions against landowners in Texas and South Dakota who refused easements for the Keystone XL pipeline.
October 26, 2011: Senators Request Investigation
On October 26, 2011, several senators and congressmen requested an investigation into potential conflicts of interest in the environmental review of the Keystone XL.
November 6, 2011: Human Chain Protest at White House
On November 6, 2011, several thousand people formed a human chain around the White House to urge President Obama to block the Keystone XL project. Organizer Bill McKibben highlighted the protest as a significant environmental flashpoint of the Obama administration, emphasizing the public's desire for Obama to reflect his 2008 ideals.
November 10, 2011: US Department of State postpones final decision
On November 10, 2011, the US Department of State delayed the final decision on the Keystone XL Pipeline to explore alternative routes in Nebraska due to national interest concerns. TransCanada had suggested various routes to avoid environmentally sensitive areas.
November 16, 2011: Enbridge reverses Seaway pipeline direction
On November 16, 2011, Enbridge announced the purchase of ConocoPhillips's interest in the Seaway pipeline and reversed its flow to address oil oversupply at Cushing by directing oil to the Gulf. This initiative replaced the earlier Wrangler pipeline project proposal.
November 22, 2011: Nebraska Legislature Passes Pipeline Compromise
On November 22, 2011, Nebraska's legislature unanimously passed bills to reroute the Keystone XL pipeline away from environmentally sensitive areas. The governor approved up to $2 million in funding for an environmental study as part of the compromise with the pipeline company.
November 30, 2011: Republican Senators Push for Pipeline Decision
On November 30, 2011, a group of Republican senators introduced legislation to pressure the Obama administration into making a decision on the Keystone XL pipeline within 60 days. Congress later passed a bill in December 2011 setting this deadline.
2011: Keystone Pipeline Phase II Completed
The second phase of the Keystone Pipeline, extending from Steele City, Nebraska to Cushing, Oklahoma, was completed in 2011. This increased the pipeline's capacity.
2011: Kansas Tax Exemption for TransCanada
In 2011, the state of Kansas granted TransCanada an exemption that would result in a loss of $50 million in property tax revenue over a decade. This decision was part of the broader financial implications surrounding the Keystone XL pipeline project.
2011: TransCanada Agrees to Reroute Pipeline
In 2011, facing opposition, TransCanada agreed to reroute the Keystone XL pipeline to avoid the Sandhills region, despite industry claims that existing pipelines had safely crossed the Ogallala Aquifer for years.
2011: Debate Over Keystone XL's Impact on US Energy Security
In 2011, discussions took place regarding the Keystone XL pipeline's impact on US energy independence, with some studies suggesting much of the oil transported might be exported.
2011: Claims of Keystone Pipeline safety
In 2011, TransCanada's CEO Russ Girling claimed the Keystone Pipeline would be the safest ever built, including 57 improvements above standard requirements. However, critics argued these conditions mostly reiterated existing standards.
2011: Discussions and Construction of Additional Phases Begin
Discussions and construction of additional phases (III and IV) of the Keystone Pipeline began in 2011.
2011: Job Creation Estimates for Keystone XL
In 2011, there were differing estimates regarding the number of temporary jobs the Keystone XL pipeline would create during its construction. While TransCanada's president and CEO, Russ Girling, claimed it would employ 20,000 US workers and significantly boost the economy, independent groups estimated it would create between 2,500 to 4,650 temporary jobs. This discrepancy was highlighted by a report from the Cornell ILR Global Labor Institute, suggesting that the impact might be offset by higher oil prices in the Midwest, potentially reducing national employment.
January 2012: Obama Rejects Keystone XL Pipeline Application
In January 2012, President Obama rejected the Keystone XL pipeline application, citing insufficient time for a full environmental assessment, particularly regarding its impact on Nebraska's Sandhills region.
January 19, 2012: TransCanada plans pipeline path shortening
On January 19, 2012, TransCanada announced plans to shorten the initial path of the Keystone pipeline to bypass the need for federal approval, with the aim to start construction in June 2012 and have it operational by mid to late 2013.
February 2012: State Department Clears Contractor
In February 2012, following an investigation, the State Department's Office of the Inspector General cleared Cardno Entrix of conflict of interest allegations regarding their environmental impact statement on the Keystone XL.
March 2012: Obama endorses southern segment of Keystone XL
In March 2012, President Obama endorsed the construction of the southern segment of the Keystone XL Pipeline, emphasizing the need to expedite the project by overcoming bureaucratic hurdles.
May 4, 2012: New Environmental Impact Statement Commissioned
On May 4, 2012, the U.S. Department of State commissioned a new Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL, following criticism of previous studies.
May 2012: Canadian Government's Efforts to Promote Keystone XL
By May 2012, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper had invested $9 million to promote the Keystone XL pipeline. This effort was part of Canada's strategy to secure international prices for its crude oil by accessing tidewater through various pipeline projects, including Keystone XL, to mitigate financial losses from discounted oil prices.
May 17, 2012: Seaway pipeline reversed operations begin
On May 17, 2012, the reversed operations of the Seaway pipeline commenced, allowing oil supply from Cushing to reach the Gulf, though industries noted it was not sufficient alone for oil transportation needs.
June 2012: Environmental groups file lawsuit against pipeline permits
In June 2012, Sierra Club and other groups filed a lawsuit seeking to review and block permits issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the Keystone pipeline's section from Cushing to the Gulf, alleging arbitrary and capricious actions in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act.
August 2012: Keystone Pipeline Phase III Construction Begins
Construction on Phase III of the Keystone Pipeline, from Cushing, Oklahoma to the Gulf Coast, began in August 2012.
September 5, 2012: TransCanada Submits New Environmental Report
On September 5, 2012, TransCanada submitted a new environmental report for the Keystone XL pipeline's route in Nebraska, claiming it was based on local feedback to minimize environmental disturbance. However, subsequent evaluations raised concerns about the report's thoroughness.
September 27, 2012: Tree Sitting Protest in Texas
On September 27, 2012, protesters began tree sitting near Winnsboro, Texas, directly in the path of the Keystone Pipeline. Eight individuals occupied tree platforms to prevent crews from cutting down trees for the pipeline. This act was part of broader direct action against the pipeline.
October 4, 2012: Texas Landowner Arrested
On October 4, 2012, Eleanor Fairchild, a Texas landowner, was arrested for protesting pipeline construction on her property, which had been seized by TransCanada through eminent domain.
October 31, 2012: Jill Stein Arrested at Keystone XL Protest
On October 31, 2012, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein was arrested in Texas for criminal trespass as she attempted to provide food and supplies to Keystone XL protesters. This incident highlighted the ongoing resistance against the pipeline.
2012: US State Department's Job Estimates for Keystone XL
In 2012, the US State Department estimated that the Keystone XL pipeline would create 5,000 to 6,000 temporary jobs during its construction. This estimate factored into discussions about the pipeline's potential benefits, such as increasing gasoline availability and expanding Gulf refining capabilities.
2012: State Department's Final SEIS on Keystone Pipeline
In 2012, the State Department released the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone Pipeline, estimating an increase in greenhouse-gas emissions if the pipeline was used to its full capacity. The report suggested that denying the project might not significantly impact oil extraction rates, as alternative transport methods would still result in higher emissions.
January 2013: Nebraska Governor approves new Keystone XL route
In January 2013, Nebraska Governor Dave Heineman approved a revised route for the Keystone XL pipeline, which aimed to minimize impact on land and water resources.
February 17, 2013: Historic Climate Rally in Washington, D.C.
On February 17, 2013, between 35,000 to 50,000 protesters gathered in Washington, D.C., making it the largest climate rally in U.S. history. Organized by The Sierra Club, 350.org, and The Hip Hop Caucus, the rally featured various speakers and called on President Obama to reject the Keystone XL pipeline extension.
April 2013: Alberta considers alternative pipeline routes
In April 2013, the Alberta government considered an alternative to the Keystone pipeline by investigating a shorter all-Canadian route to the Arctic coast, facilitating oil transport to Asia and Europe via tankers.
April 2013: EPA Challenges State Department's Pipeline Assessment
In April 2013, the EPA contested the U.S. State Department's conclusion that the Keystone XL pipeline would not increase oil sands production. The EPA rated the supplemental environmental impact statement as having environmental objections and insufficient information.
April 2013: TransCanada changes Keystone XL route
In April 2013, TransCanada Corporation altered the proposed route for the Keystone XL pipeline to minimize environmental disturbances. The new route had already been approved by Nebraska Governor Dave Heineman in January 2013.
May 2013: Republicans defend Northern Route Approval Act
In May 2013, Republicans in the House of Representatives defended the Northern Route Approval Act, arguing that it would create jobs and enhance energy independence. The act sought to bypass President Obama's approval and Senate debate, despite concerns over environmental risks, potentially leading to the pipeline's rejection.
June 24, 2013: State Department Reveals Lack of GIS Data
On June 24, 2013, the U.S. State Department disclosed that neither TransCanada nor its consultant had submitted GIS data for the Keystone XL pipeline route, despite requests under the Freedom of Information Act. This revelation added to the controversies surrounding the pipeline's environmental assessments.
September 2013: Public opinion poll on Keystone XL Pipeline
In September 2013, a Pew Center poll showed that 65% of Americans favored the Keystone XL Pipeline, with support from various demographic groups including men, women, Democrats, Republicans, and independents, except for liberal Democrats who were mostly opposed.
2013: Greenhouse gas emissions from tar sands oil
In 2013, it was reported that producing and processing tar sands oil results in approximately 14% more greenhouse gas emissions than the average oil used in the U.S. This was part of ongoing discussions on the environmental impact of the Keystone Pipeline.
2013: Keystone Pipeline Phases I and II Capacity
In 2013, the first two phases of the Keystone Pipeline could deliver up to 590,000 barrels of oil per day to Midwest refineries. Phase III had a capacity of 700,000 barrels per day to Texas refineries.
January 22, 2014: Keystone Pipeline Phase III Opens
Keystone Pipeline Phase III, connecting Cushing, Oklahoma to Nederland, Texas, opened on January 22, 2014.
March 2, 2014: Protest Against Keystone Pipeline at White House
On March 2, 2014, around 1000-1200 protesters marched to the White House from Georgetown University to protest the Keystone Pipeline. A symbolic oil spill scene was created with a black tarp, leading to 398 arrests of protesters who tied themselves to the White House fence.
April 18, 2014: Obama administration extends Keystone XL review
On April 18, 2014, the Obama administration announced an indefinite extension of the review for the Keystone XL oil pipeline. This decision was pending the outcome of a legal challenge in Nebraska that might alter the pipeline's route.
August 2014: Study Shows Higher Pollution Estimate
A study published in August 2014 concluded the Keystone XL pipeline could produce significantly more global warming pollution than estimated by the State Department.
November 14, 2014: Rosebud Sioux Nation Condemns House Vote
On November 14, 2014, the President of the Rosebud Sioux Nation condemned the U.S. House of Representatives' vote in favor of the Keystone XL pipeline as an "act of war".
November 2014: House approves Keystone XL, Senate rejects
In November 2014, the House of Representatives passed a bill approving Keystone XL construction. However, the Senate rejected it, failing to achieve the required 60 votes.
2014: Canadian Ambassador Supports Keystone XL
During the 2014 Pacific Northwest Economic Region Summit, Canadian Ambassador Gary Doer expressed support for the Keystone XL pipeline.
2014: Keystone Pipeline Phase III Completed
Keystone Pipeline Phase III was completed in 2014.
2014: US Oil Imports from Venezuela Decline
By 2014, U.S. crude oil imports from Venezuela had significantly decreased, leading to consideration of alternative sources like the Keystone XL pipeline.
January 9, 2015: Nebraska Supreme Court clears construction
On January 9, 2015, the Nebraska Supreme Court allowed the Keystone XL Pipeline construction to proceed, following approval by Governor Dave Heineman in 2013.
January 29, 2015: Senate passes Keystone XL Pipeline
On January 29, 2015, the Senate passed the Keystone XL Pipeline bill with a vote of 62–36, moving it closer to becoming law despite anticipated opposition from President Obama.
February 11, 2015: House passes Keystone XL with Senate amendments
On February 11, 2015, the House of Representatives approved the Keystone XL Pipeline bill, incorporating amendments from the Senate, with a vote of 270–152.
February 2015: EPA response to Keystone XL Pipeline Project
In February 2015, the US EPA responded to the Final SEIS, indicating that the Keystone XL Pipeline Project would significantly increase greenhouse gas emissions by expanding Alberta's oilsands. The EPA highlighted that the pipeline could release up to 1.37 billion more tons of greenhouse gases over 50 years and suggested revisiting conclusions due to lower oil prices making alternative transport less feasible.
February 24, 2015: President Obama vetoes Keystone XL bill
On February 24, 2015, President Obama vetoed the Keystone XL Pipeline bill, sending it back to Congress for further action, as part of his ongoing opposition to the project.
March 4, 2015: Senate fails to override Keystone XL veto
On March 4, 2015, the Senate attempted to override President Obama's veto of the Keystone XL Pipeline bill but fell short, with a vote of 62 to 37, lacking the necessary two-thirds majority.
March 2015: State Department review ongoing for Keystone XL
In March 2015, the State Department's review of the Keystone XL pipeline's environmental impacts remained ongoing, with scrutiny from various government agencies and stakeholders.
June 15, 2015: House Oversight Committee threatens State Department subpoena
On June 15, 2015, the House Oversight Committee threatened to subpoena the State Department for withholding records related to the Keystone XL review, criticizing the process as "unnecessarily secretive."
July 2015: US Oil Production and Exports Data
As of July 2015, the United States produced an average of 9.4 million barrels of petroleum per day and exported 500,000 barrels per day. This context helps understand the significance of the Keystone Pipeline's capacity.
July 2015: Completion of Enbridge Line 67 Upgrade Project Phase 2
In July 2015, Enbridge completed and brought into service Phase 2 of the Line 67 Upgrade Project, increasing the pipeline's capacity to 800,000 barrels per day, following a capacity expansion started in late 2013.
September 29, 2015: TransCanada drops lawsuit against Nebraska landowners
On September 29, 2015, TransCanada withdrew its lawsuit against Nebraska landowners who opposed pipeline easements on their properties, favoring collaboration over legal action.
November 2, 2015: TransCanada requests suspension of Keystone XL permit application
On November 2, 2015, TransCanada requested the Obama administration to suspend its permit application for the Keystone XL pipeline, amid ongoing legal and political challenges.
November 3, 2015: John Kerry rules Keystone XL not in public interest
On November 3, 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry concluded that the Keystone XL project was not in the public interest, citing concerns over perceived greenhouse-gas emissions and potential impacts on US credibility in climate negotiations.
November 6, 2015: Obama administration rejects Keystone XL
On November 6, 2015, President Obama's administration rejected the Keystone XL pipeline, citing economic and environmental concerns. Technological advancements in fracking and domestic oil production also influenced the decision.
2015: Keystone XL Permit Denied
The Keystone XL pipeline's Phase IV failed to receive the necessary permits from the U.S. federal government in 2015.
2015: Keystone XL Rejected
Keystone XL, Phase IV of the pipeline, was rejected in 2015.
2015: Obama Administration Delays Keystone XL
In 2015, President Barack Obama temporarily delayed the Keystone XL pipeline project.
January 2016: TransCanada files NAFTA claim against the U.S.
In January 2016, TransCanada announced a NAFTA claim against the United States, seeking $15 billion in damages due to the denial of a permit for the Keystone XL, labeling the decision as arbitrary and unjustified.
April 2, 2016: PHMSA issues CAO for South Dakota leak
On April 2, 2016, PHMSA issued a Corrective Action Order to TransCanada due to a significant 16,800 US gallons leak in Hutchinson County, South Dakota. The pipeline resumed operations on April 10 after approval of corrective actions.
2016: Oil leak due to weld anomaly in Keystone
In 2016, approximately 400 barrels of oil leaked from the original Keystone pipeline due to a "weld anomaly," according to federal investigators.
January 24, 2017: Trump Approves Keystone XL
President Donald Trump signed actions to permit the completion of the Keystone XL pipeline on January 24, 2017, reversing the Obama administration's decision.
February 2017: Decline in support for Keystone Pipeline
In February 2017, a Pew poll revealed a decline in support for the Keystone Pipeline, with only 42% in favor and 48% opposing. The drop was attributed to decreased support among Democrats and Democrat-leaning independents, with only 17% of Democrats favoring the pipeline.
March 9, 2017: Trudeau and Notley attend CERAWeek, support Keystone XL
On March 9, 2017, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Alberta Premier Rachel Notley showed support for Keystone XL at the CERAWeek energy conference in Houston, Texas, reflecting positive Canadian public sentiment towards the project.
March 24, 2017: Trump signs permit for Keystone XL Pipeline
On March 24, 2017, President Trump issued a presidential permit for TransCanada to construct the Keystone XL Pipeline, marking a policy reversal that declared the project in the national interest.
November 16, 2017: Leak in Marshall County, South Dakota
On November 16, 2017, a leak occurred in the Keystone Pipeline near Amherst, South Dakota. The leak was significant at 9,700 barrels but was contained shortly after being detected.
November 17, 2017: Keystone leak in South Dakota
On November 17, 2017, the Keystone pipeline leaked around 9,600 barrels of oil onto farmland in South Dakota. The spill was the largest in the state's history, leading to a temporary shutdown and subsequent reduced pressure operation for the pipeline.
November 21, 2017: Nebraska approves Keystone XL via alternative route
On November 21, 2017, the Nebraska Public Service Commission approved Keystone XL construction with an alternative route to minimize environmental impact, posing additional challenges for TransCanada due to potential reviews and legal obstacles.
January 2018: Keystone XL Development Costs Start
The period for calculating Keystone XL development costs started in January 2018.
April 2018: Documents show Keystone leaked more than reported
In April 2018, Reuters reported that Keystone had leaked more oil than the company had initially disclosed to regulators, based on a review of documents showing frequent leaks in the U.S. since operations began in 2010.
April 2018: Investigation reveals underreported Keystone spill
In April 2018, a federal investigation revealed that the 2017 Keystone pipeline spill was nearly twice as large as initially reported by TransCanada, totaling 408,000 gallons, ranking it among the largest onshore spills since 2002.
November 2018: Judge blocks Keystone XL construction, vacates permit
In November 2018, U.S. District Judge Brian Morris halted Keystone XL construction, invalidating the new permit for violating several environmental and administrative laws.
February 2019: Judge denies construction of worker camps for pipeline
In February 2019, District Judge Morris denied TransCanada's request to construct worker camps for Keystone XL, though allowed some construction activities not directly within the proposed pipeline route.
March 2019: Trump issues new permit for Keystone XL
In March 2019, President Trump revoked a prior permit and directly issued a new permit for the Keystone XL Pipeline, aiming to advance the project despite previous legal setbacks.
May 2019: TransCanada changes name to TC Energy
In May 2019, TransCanada Corporation officially changed its name to TC Energy Corporation. This change was made to better reflect the company's extensive operations across North America, including the United States, Mexico, and Canada, where it engages in pipelines, power generation, and energy storage. The rebranding marked a significant milestone for the company in May 2019.
June 2019: Court lifts injunction on Keystone construction
In June 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit granted a motion by the Justice Department to lift an injunction that had previously blocked the construction of the Keystone Pipeline. The court found that a new permit rendered the prior lawsuit in Montana moot, allowing the project to move forward. This decision was a significant legal update in June 2019.
August 2019: Nebraska Supreme Court affirms pipeline approval
In August 2019, the Nebraska Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Nebraska Public Service Commission, approving TransCanada's application for the Keystone Pipeline. This legal decision marked a significant step forward in the project's progress in August 2019.
October 2019: State Department drafts environmental statement
In October 2019, the U.S. State Department sought public comments on a new draft supplemental environmental impact statement related to the Keystone Pipeline project. This step was part of the ongoing environmental review process as of October 2019.
October 31, 2019: Keystone pipeline rupture in North Dakota
On October 31, 2019, a rupture in the Keystone pipeline near Edinburg, North Dakota, resulted in an estimated spill of 9,120 barrels of oil, contaminating 5 acres. This incident occurred amid hearings on water usage for Keystone XL construction.
2019: NEB Replaced by CER
The National Energy Board (NEB) was replaced by the Canadian Energy Regulator (CER) in 2019.
2019: Sioux Nation Public Hearing Against Keystone XL
In 2019, the Sioux Nation conducted a public hearing for native and non-native individuals to express concerns about the Keystone XL pipeline. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe announced a lawsuit against the Trump Administration, challenging the legality of the pipeline's permit process.
December 31, 2019: Keystone XL Development Costs
As of December 31, 2019, the development costs for the Keystone XL pipeline reached $1.5 billion, covering the period from January 2018.
March 2020: Alberta supports Keystone XL with financial commitment
In March 2020, Alberta Premier Jason Kenney announced that the provincial government would take an equity stake and provide a loan guarantee for the Keystone XL project, amounting to a financial commitment of over $7 billion. This move was aimed at promoting Alberta's oil and gas industry as of March 2020.
March 2020: Alberta Government Acquires Stake in Keystone Pipeline
In March 2020, the Government of Alberta acquired a stake in the Keystone Pipeline System.
March 31, 2020: TC Energy announces Keystone XL construction
On March 31, 2020, TC Energy's CEO Russ Girling declared that the company would proceed with the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline. He expressed gratitude to President Trump, Alberta Premier Jason Kenney, and other officials for their support. The construction was set to commence during the COVID-19 pandemic, adhering to health guidelines for safety. This announcement was a key development in March 2020.
April 15, 2020: Pipeline construction halted by court order
On April 15, 2020, District Judge Brian Morris ordered the suspension of the Keystone XL construction following a lawsuit by the Northern Plains Resource Council. The court found that the project's reauthorization in 2017 violated the Endangered Species Act, leading to the voiding of the permit. This ruling was a significant legal setback as of April 15, 2020.
May 3, 2020: TC Energy reflects broader operations with name change
On May 3, 2020, the company formerly known as TransCanada Corporation officially rebranded as TC Energy Corporation. This change aimed to better represent its status as a leading North American energy infrastructure entity. This name change was a strategic update as of May 3, 2020.
May 28, 2020: Appeals Court denies stay on pipeline ruling
On May 28, 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit refused to stay a district court's ruling suspending Keystone XL construction. This decision prompted an appeal to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. This development marked an important legal update on May 28, 2020.
July 6, 2020: Supreme Court halts Keystone XL work
On July 6, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a halt to all work on the Keystone XL pipeline in the case of US Army Corps of Engineers v. Northern Plains Resource Council. This decision would remain in effect until further rulings by the circuit court and Supreme Court. TC Energy indicated that the U.S. portion of the project would be reassessed, though the Canadian part would continue. This order was a significant judicial intervention in the project's progress as of July 6, 2020.
January 20, 2021: Biden Revokes Keystone XL Permit
President Joe Biden revoked the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline on January 20, 2021.
June 9, 2021: Keystone XL Pipeline Abandoned
TC Energy abandoned the Keystone XL pipeline project on June 9, 2021.
December 7, 2022: Keystone Pipeline System leak and shutdown
On December 7, 2022, TC Energy shut down the Keystone Pipeline System following a pressure loss alarm, leading to the discovery of an oil spill in Kansas. Approximately 588,000 gallons of crude were released, marking the largest U.S. pipeline leak in nearly a decade.