Mongolia is a landlocked East Asian country bordered by Russia and China. It is the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state with approximately 3.5 million people spread across 1,564,116 square kilometers. It's the largest landlocked country without a border on an inland sea. The geography is mainly grassy steppe, with mountains in the north and west, and the Gobi Desert in the south. Ulaanbaatar is the capital and largest city, housing about half of Mongolia's population.
In 1904, the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume was built in the Chinese tradition; today, it serves as a museum.
From 1911 on, the head of the Mongolian Buddhist Church had also been the Khan of the country.
In 1911, after the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Mongolia declared its independence.
Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures.
With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under the Bogd Khaan declared its independence.
The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500.
In 1919, after the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by warlord Xu Shuzheng occupied Mongolia.
In October 1920, as a result of the Russian Civil War, the White Russian Lieutenant General Baron Ungern led his troops into Mongolia.
In 1920, Mongolian press began with close ties to the Soviet Union, establishing the "Unen" ("Truth") newspaper, similar to the Soviet Pravda.
In early February 1921, Baron Ungern defeated the Chinese forces in Niislel Khüree (now Ulaanbaatar) with Mongol support.
On 18 March 1921, the Mongolian army took the Mongolian part of Kyakhta from Chinese forces.
On 6 July 1921, Russian and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree, and Mongolia declared its independence again on 11 July 1921.
From 1921, the People's Party formed the government.
In 1921, Mongolia achieved actual independence from the Republic of China.
The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) included many with Pan-Mongolist ideals.
In 1924, after the Bogd Khaan died, the Mongolian People's Republic was established.
In 1924, the People's Party became known as the People's Revolutionary Party.
In 1924, the number of Buddhist monks in Mongolia was 100,000.
In 1928, Khorloogiin Choibalsan rose to power in Mongolia.
In 1930, the Soviet Union stopped Buryat migration to the Mongolian People's Republic to prevent Mongolian reunification.
In 1931, the Japanese invasion of neighboring Manchuria threatened Mongolia.
In 1937, the Stalinist purges in Mongolia began, resulting in the deaths of more than 30,000 people.
In 1938, the temple of Maitreya, an example of Tibeto-Mongolian architecture, was disassembled.
Choibalsan, who led a dictatorship and organized Stalinist purges in Mongolia between 1937 and 1939, died suspiciously in the Soviet Union in 1952.
During the Soviet-Japanese Border War of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism.
In February 1945, the Yalta Conference provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the Pacific War, stipulating that Outer Mongolia would retain its independence after the war.
On 20 October 1945, a referendum took place in Outer Mongolia, with official numbers reporting 100% of the electorate voting for independence.
Amateur boxing has been practiced in Mongolia since 1948.
On 6 October 1949, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition.
On 26 January 1952, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal took power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan.
By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated in Mongolia.
Choibalsan, who led a dictatorship and organized Stalinist purges in Mongolia between 1937 and 1939, died suspiciously in the Soviet Union in 1952.
The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) included many with Pan-Mongolist ideals.
In 1955, the Republic of China used its Security Council veto to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations.
Freestyle wrestling has been practiced since 1958 in Mongolia.
In 1960, the Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded.
On 27 October 1961, Mongolia was admitted to the UN.
The lowest annual precipitation of 41.735 mm occurred in the Gobi Desert in 1961-1990.
In 1964, the Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing.
In 1967, the government ended the ban on boxing.
In 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman.
In 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman.
By 1981, Mongolia had successfully eradicated smallpox, typhus, plague, poliomyelitis, and diphtheria.
In August 1984, while Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with Jambyn Batmönkh.
According to the Christian missionary group Barnabas Fund, the number of Christians in Mongolia was just four in 1989.
In 1989, in the wake of anti-communist revolutions elsewhere, Mongolia began its own transition.
In January 1990, Mongolia began the peaceful Democratic Revolution.
By 1990, the number of Buddhist monks in Mongolia had dropped to 110, following repression by the communist government.
In 1990, the one-party system ended in Mongolia.
In early 1990, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution.
Since 1990, English has been replacing Russian as the most popular foreign language in Mongolia.
Since 1990, Mongolia experienced steady improvement in key health indicators like life expectancy and infant and child mortality.
Since the 1990 revolution there has been a minor revival of the historic Mongolian script.
The lowest annual precipitation of 41.735 mm occurred in the Gobi Desert in 1961-1990.
In 1991, Seventh-day Adventists reported zero members in Mongolia.
The Mongolian Stock Exchange was established in Ulaanbaatar in 1991.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics and youth.
The fall of communism in 1991 restored public religious practice in Mongolia.
On February 13, 1992, with the adoption of the new Constitution of Mongolia, the official name of the state became "Mongolia" (Mongol Uls).
In 1992, Mongolia adopted a new constitution, marking a significant step in its transition.
In 1992, Sükhbataar proposed that the name 'Mongol' derived from Mugulü.
Mongolia has been a member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.
In 1993, the first election victories for non-communist parties came in the presidential elections.
Starting in 1993 there was a six-fold increase in the number of students attending university.
In 1996, the People's Party government ended.
In 1996, there was an election victory for non-communist parties in the parliamentary elections.
In 1997, Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization.
On August 28, 1998, a new law on press freedom was drafted with help from international NGOs.
On January 1, 1999, the new law on press freedom was enacted, paving the way for media reforms.
From 2000, the People's Party formed the government again.
In 2000–2005, fertility was estimated to be about 2.1 children per woman.
In 2003, a missionary from the Philippines was named Mongolia's first Catholic bishop.
From 2004, the People's Party was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties.
In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner.
On 21 November 2005, George W. Bush became the first-ever sitting U.S. president to visit Mongolia.
In 2000–2005, fertility was estimated to be about 2.1 children per woman.
After 2006, the People's Party was the dominant party in two other coalitions.
As of 2006, English was introduced as a subject in all secondary schools across Mongolia, commencing from the fourth grade.
From 2005 to 2006, about 40 Mongolian troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in Kosovo.
Since 2006, the media environment has been improving in Mongolia with the government debating a new Freedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.
As of May 2007, Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul was ranked third in the world in the 25-metre pistol event.
In 2007, a World Bank report highlighted Mongolia's relatively strong health indicators despite its low per capita income, attributing it to the health gains achieved during the socialist period.
Mongolia's population growth rate was estimated at 1.2% in 2007.
As of 2008, the Christian missionary group Barnabas Fund, estimated the number of Christians in Mongolia had grown to around 40,000.
In 2008, Mongolia started the transition to a 12-year education system, with new first-graders using the new system.
In 2008, Otryadyn Gündegmaa won a silver medal at the Olympic Games.
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj was elected as president on May 24, 2009, after defeating incumbent Nambaryn Enkhbayar.
In July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion to Chad in support of MINURCAT.
In October 2009, the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) nominated Batbold Sukhbaatar as the new Prime Minister.
In 2009, Mongolia was in the process of transitioning to a 12-year education system.
In 2009, the Mongolian government negotiated an agreement with Rio Tinto and Ivanhoe Mines to develop the Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold deposit.
By 2010 there was a six-fold increase in the number of students attending university since 1993.
Fiscal revenues from mining represented 21% of government income in 2010.
In 2005–2010, the fertility value increased to 2.8.
In 2010, Citigroup analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "global growth generating" countries.
In 2010, the People's Revolutionary Party became known as the People's Party.
The ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party was in power in 2010.
In 2011, Citigroup analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "global growth generating" countries.
In 2011, Mongolia's national bandy team captured the silver medal at the Asian Winter Games.
In 2011, proposed international partnerships for the Tavan Tolgoi area failed.
Then Vice President of the U.S. Joe Biden, visited Mongolia in 2011 supporting Mongolia's third neighbor policy.
The election of deputies to the national assembly on June 28, 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority.
On August 10, 2012, Norovyn Altankhuyag, the leader of the Democratic Party, was appointed prime minister.
The highest-ranking lama of Buddhism in Mongolia has been vacant since the 9th Jebtsundamba's passing in 2012.
In May 2013, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate twenty years of LDS Church history in Mongolia.
Elbegdorj was re-elected on 26 June 2013.
Elbegdorj was inaugurated on 10 July 2013 for his second term as president.
In 2013 alone, 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of paved roads were completed in Mongolia.
In 2013 the fertility value increased to 2.8.
In 2013, Reporters Without Borders ranked the Mongolian media environment as 98th out of 179 in the World Press Freedom Index.
According to a 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited television as their main source of information.
As of the 2014 academic year, the most popular foreign languages in specialized language courses were English, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, and Korean.
In 2014, Norovyn Altankhuyag was replaced by Chimediin Saikhanbileg as prime minister.
In the 2014 academic year, 59% of the overall student population studied English at public secondary schools.
In January 2015, Mönkhbatyn Davaajargal took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo.
As of the 2015 academic year, the most popular foreign languages in specialized language courses were English, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, and Korean.
In 2015, Ulaanbaatar hosted its sixth annual marathon, organized by Ar Mongol, starting at Sukhbataar Square.
In the 2015 academic year, 59% of the overall student population studied English at public secondary schools.
Mongolian's gold production in 2015 is 15 metric tons and proposed international partnerships failed.
In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180 in the World Press Freedom Index.
The MPP won a landslide victory in the 2016 elections.
In June 2017, opposition Democratic Party candidate Khaltmaagiin Battulga won the presidential election.
Khaltmaagiin Battulga was inaugurated on 10 July 2017.
In 2017, Mongolia won the bronze medal of the B division at the Bandy World Championship.
In 2017, Seventh-day Adventists reported 2,700 members in six churches in Mongolia.
In 2018, fiscal revenues from mining represented 24% of government income, up from 21% in 2010.
In 2019, Mongolia continued the transition to a 12-year education system.
Mongolia amended its constitution in 2019, transferring some powers from the president to the prime minister.
In June 2020, the MPP won a landslide victory in the election, taking 62 seats.
According to the 2020 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 59.4% were Buddhists, while 40.6% were non-religious.
Around 2020, the fertility rate stabilised at about 2.5-2.6 children per woman.
As of 2020, 47.6% of the population of Mongolia lived in Ulaanbaatar.
In 2020, Mongolia cancelled an international initial public offering for the Tavan Tolgoi area, citing financial and political difficulties.
In 2020, Mongolia completed the transition to a 12-year education system.
In January 2021, Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh resigned after protests. On January 27, 2021, Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene of MPP became the new prime minister.
In June 2021, former Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh became the country's sixth democratically elected president.
In 2021, de la Vaissière proposed that the name 'Mongol' derived from Mugulü.
In September 2022, Mongolia built and launched a 233-km direct rail link to China.
According to the Asian Development Bank, 27.1% of Mongolia's population lived below the national poverty line in 2022.
As of 2022, 78% of Mongolia's exports went to the PRC, and the PRC supplied 36% of Mongolia's imports.
On May 31, 2023, Mongolia's parliament approved a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system re-introducing proportional party voting.
As per the 2023 constitutional amendment, the Mongolian parliament increased the number of seats from 76 to 126.
In 2023, English was declared the "first foreign language" in Mongolia and would be taught from the third grade.
Mongolia's real GDP grew by 7% in 2023 due to record-high coal production, driven by strong demand from China.
As of 2024, The Mongolian Stock Exchange has 180 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$3.2 billion.
In 2024, Mongolia's total population was 3,544,835, per the National Statistics Office of Mongolia.
Since 2024, Mongolia has observed April 7th as Official Health Day, though it is not a public holiday.
In 2025, Mongolia began using both the Cyrillic and traditional Mongolian scripts for legal papers and official documents.
Citigroup analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "global growth generating" countries for the period 2010–2050.
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